Plant Science Today

Millets based alternative sustainable cost-effective culture media for microbial growth

Jasmitha Monis — 2024-04-01

Millets are a rich source of starch, proteins, lipids, and other nutrients. This study aimed to assess whether millets can be used to formulate sustainable and economically viable culture media, thus potentially replacing the expensive traditional media used for growing microorganisms. Millet samples from Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu were assayed for their protein and lipid content. Sorghum vulgare (Jowar), Pennisetum glaucum (Bajra), and Eleusine coracana (Ragi) demonstrated high protein content ranging from 0.63–0.78 mg/ml. Using Thin Layer Chromatography, lipids extracted with hexane were fractionated into several bands and compared against standard fatty acids and cholesterol. Panicum miliaceum (Proso) and Setaria italica (Kang) showed the maximum levels of free fatty acids and cholesterol. Based on the protein, lipid, and nutrient content, millets were used in different compositions to formulate media for growing bacteria and fungi. A mixture of Ragi and Bajra, which serves as calcium and phosphate sources respectively, exhibited zones of phosphate solubilization, thus confirming its potential as an alternative to Pikovskaya medium, which is used to cultivate phosphate- solubilizing bacteria. A mixture of Varai and Rajgira, which serves as carbohydrate and protein sources respectively, showed luxurious growth of fungi, thus confirming its potential as an alternative to Sabouraud’s Agar medium. Phosphate-solubilising bacteria are utilized in biofertilizer formation, thereby contributing to increased agricultural productivity. Besides proving a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective alternative, the use of millets for media preparation can boost the agriculture sector and the economy of farmers as well.

Evaluation of the content of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins, the antioxidant capacity, and the antimicrobial activity of different organic and aqueous fractions of stems of Retama monosperma

Fatima Zahra Benkhouili — 2024-04-14

Retama monosperma is an endemic plant of the Mediterranean region that has been traditionally used in folk medicine to treat various ailments. It contains a variety of bioactive phytochemicals and exhibited several biological activities. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical screening, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin compounds, as well as the antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical screening involved color reactions, characteristic reagents, and precipitation methods. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin compounds were quantified using colorimetric methods across four fractions. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging, and phosphomolebdenum assay. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated through disc diffusion method and the microdilution assay. Qualitative phytochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and sterols. Quantification of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin compounds confirmed the richness of polyphenolic compounds in all fractions. The antioxidant capacity measurements revealed that the ethanol fractions exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power assays, and phosphomolebdenum assay. Conversely, the aqueous fraction showed highest activity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated superior efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. These findings suggest that R. monosperma could serve as a valuable source of antioxidant and anti-infective phytocompounds.

Study of medicinal and allelopathic effect of different weeds of Odisha, India

Ipsita Priyadarsini Samal — 2024-04-01

The term "allelopathy" refers to a biological process in which one organism produces biochemicals that impact another organism's growth, survival, and reproduction. Weeds pose a considerable risk to agricultural output because they prevent or stunt crop growth and development, resulting in substantial yield losses. Here, we examine the wide range of weeds in farming and other non-forested areas of Odisha's coastal districts. As many as 63 weed species, representing 31 families, were discovered here. The Asteraceae family has the most weed species (11), followed by the Euphorbiaceae family (9 species) and the Poaceae family (6 species). Amaranthaceae and Cucurbitaceae are also commonly found in the area of study. The data combing from the field with those from academic studies, this study improved our understanding of weeds. The paper also discusses the myriad ways natives have found to put weeds to good use. Many common weeds in the study area have long histories of use as a primary source of basic medical care. Most skin ailments, diarrhoea, jaundice, piles, and urinary problems treated with ethnomedicinal weeds are caused by parasites. Traditional cultures often used weeds in various ways, including food, animal feed, and medicine. Some plants have allelopathic impact in addition to their ethnomedical benefits. The authors of this paper present a complete and up-to-date inventory of the weed species detected in Odisha's coastal districts. It will be put to work protecting the region's unique plant and animal life. The allelopathic impacts on crops and the ethnobotanical uses of weeds have been uncovered through research.

Variation of the chemical and biochemical responses to salinity during germination and early growth of seedlings of two populations of Agave durangensis Gentry

Génesis Gallegos-Hernández — 2024-04-01

Agave durangensis (Asparagaceae) sustains a mescal industry in Mexico. The main reproductive strategy of the species is by seeds. The increased demand for agave-based beverages encourages producers to seek new cultivation areas. However, more than half of the territory of the country includes arid and semiarid zones, which are highly affected by salinity. The aim of the current study was to determine if salinity triggers different seed germination potential and variable biochemical and chemical responses in seedlings of two populations of A. durangensis, that might confer different tolerance to salinity. Seeds from each population were irrigated with four salinity treatments. Germination potential, as well as growth parameters and biochemical and chemical attributes of seedlings, were determined. Although with reduced germinability and germination speed, seeds of the two populations were able to germinate even under the strongest NaCl concentration (100 mM) evaluated. Effects in the growth parameters were registered; however, the seedlings of both populations survived throughout the experiments, increasing chlorophyll content and cell viability in most saline treatments. The enzymatic defense mechanism and the accumulation of proline were activated in a salt-dependent manner, which did not occur with the phenolic compounds; however, monomeric anthocyanin accumulation was outstanding under the two strongest NaCl concentrations evaluated. Important interpopulation differences were registered in each type of response, which were differently regulated under variable NaCl concentrations, some of them being more important than others under a particular saline condition. Seeds from the population Durango were more sensitive to salinity.

Chemical profiling of endangered Citrus macroptera leaf extracts and evaluation of its cytotoxic activity

Ritupriya Singh — 2024-04-01

The main component of drug production and formulation, with minimal to no adverse effects, is plant-based medicine. Citrus macroptera is an endangered species of North-Eastern India and has a diverse array of pharmaceutical applications owing to the presence of several bioactive compounds. The study aimed to evaluate the presence of bioactive metabolites, antioxidants, and cytotoxic mechanisms of the in vitro and ex-vitro leaf extracts of C.macroptera. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling was performed using the ethanolic leaf extracts. Methanolic and aqueous extracts were profiled using High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the methanolic leaf extracts was assessed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test against SH-SY5Y, human neuroblastoma cell lines. GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of numerous pharmacologically significant components such as esters, hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, and ester compounds. The presence of flavonoids and stigmasterol was exhibited by the HPTLC profile. The in-situ HPTLC analysis revealed white fluorescence after derivatization under white light that explicitly confirms the antioxidant potential of the extracts and can serve as a lead source of natural antioxidants. The cytotoxic efficacy of the extracts was observed in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the in vitro leaf extract displayed better suppressive effects against the SH-SY5Y cells with a 24-h IC50 of 167.71?g/mL compared to the ex-vitro leaf extract. Further, a comprehensive study is necessary to identify the cytotoxic compounds and their mode of action. The outcome of our investigation provides empirical evidence that phytoconstituents present in the leaf extracts of C. macroptera can be used as an effective pharmaceutical agent to combat several diseases.

Role of plant growth promoting fungi and doses of chemical fertilizers in improving agronomic response for sustainable wheat crop production

Azher Hameed AL-Taie — 2024-04-01

Plant growth promoting fungi PGPF is considered a major biological technique that results in significant plant growth and yield. Use of high doses of chemical fertilizers increased cost of crop production and environmental pollution. PGPF could be a reliable alternative to reduce application of agrochemicals such as chemical fertilizers in modern agriculture. The present study evaluated the role of these fungi with chemical fertilizer of DAP applied through different doses in agronomic response of production of 2 varieties of Wheat (Ibaa99 and Rasheed) at 2 agricultural seasons 2019-2020-2021. Field plots conducted during 2019-2020 cropping season, to evaluate the role of adding fungal isolate called PGPF-AT with doses of DAP were (0, 50 and 100%) in 0, 120 and 240 Kg ha-1 respectively, compared with (Commercial Biofertilizer) called Natrusoil as positive control on wheat var. Ibaa99 to improve growth and yield attributes. The study was repeated in the 2020-2021 cropping seasons with var. Rasheed (to discover a variety of effects and confirm results). The results revealed that treatment PGPF-AT was exerted a highly significant increase without differences between doses of DAP 120, and 240 Kg ha-1 compared to untreated plots for both Ibaa 99 and Rasheed varieties attributes: no. of plants m-2, plant height (cm), plant dry weight (g), no. of tillers plant-1, no. of spike plant-1, spike length (cm), spike weight (g), no. of seeds spike-1, weight of 100 grain (g) and grain yield Kg m-2 in addition to fertilizer use efficiency (Kg Kg-1) in both cropping seasons.

Development of technology for the manufacture of yogurt from combined cow and mare's milk enriched with plant extract in Kazakhstan

Kalamkas Tleuova — 2024-04-01

In recent decades, more and more consumers are paying attention to a healthy diet and foods enriched with nutrients. In response to this demand, new production technologies are being actively developed in the food market. One of the interesting innovations in this area is the development of a technology for making yogurt from combined cow and mare milk enriched with plant extract in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this work is to determine the optimal technology for the manufacture of yogurt from combined milk, with the integration of advanced methods for processing the finished product and raw materials and to consider ways to obtain industrial strains of lactic acid bacteria that can potentially be used in the manufacture of such a product. To determine the list of bacteria, the data prescribed in the state standards and the results obtained in the publications of the reviewed studies were used. Also, the work uses theoretical methods of scientific knowledge, such as deduction, induction, abstraction, analysis and comparison of methodologies described in the scientific literature and synthesis based on their theoretical methodology for further testing. The state regulatory documents regulating various aspects of the manufacture of fermented milk products have been studied. The probable optimal sequence of processes for the manufacture of a fermented milk product has also been determined, starting from the preliminary preparation of raw materials of animal origin, to their combination and fermentation itself. At the same time, the number of manipulations carried out due to exposure to high temperatures is minimized. The main directions for checking the compliance of the finished product with state standards defined for similar products and how such a product will meet consumer expectations are outlined. The results of this work will form the theoretical basis for experimental studies to be carried out in the future.

Assessment of heavy metals retention in sediments and mangroves along the Saurashtra coast, Gujarat

Ridhdhi Karangiya — 2024-04-01

This study aimed to investigate the impact of heavy metal pollution on the mangrove ecosystem on the Gujarat coast, which is facing pressure due to rapid industrialization. The concentrations of 5 heavy metals, including Pb+2, Cd+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, Fe+2 and Mn+2, were measured in the sediments and tissues of 4 mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Family: Acanthaceae), Rhizophora mucronata (Family: Rhizophoraceae), Ceriops tagal (Family: Rhizophoraceae) and Aegiceras corniculatum (Family: Primulaceae), in 8 habitats along the coast of Gujarat, India. The results indicated that the sediments in the study sites had relatively high heavy metal accretion (Pb+2 > Cu+2 > Fe+2 > Zn+2 > Mn+2 > Cd+2), but A. marina selectively accumulated only Cu (3.59 ppm) and Zn (0.63 ppm), while avoiding other heavy metals. The morphology of the plants did not show any visible impact from heavy metals stress. These findings highlight the significance of comprehending how industrial pollution affects mangrove ecosystems and the potential processes by which these plants can adapt to survive in such settings. Another advantage of mangroves is their capacity to absorb pollutants from many environments. Mangrove stems play a major role in absorbing pollutants.

Microscopical, phytochemical, and LC/MS analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves

Rasha Eldalawy — 2024-04-14

Every medicinal practitioner knows Ginkgo as the plant source of an extract that is good for memory improvement. Ginkgo biloba extract is classified as one of the medicines in the treatment of dementia and social exclusion brought by vascular or neurodegenerative disorders. In such disorders, the extract was reported to be successful in improving symptoms such as depression, attention, memory disturbances, vertigo, tinnitus, and anxiety. The aerial part of Ginkgo bioloba was obtained from China, Utilizing fresh leaves allows for a microscopic inspection, the concentrated extracts by soxhlet were screened by standard methods for the qualitative investigation of secondary metabolites present in the plant, and a small quantity of extract was analyzed by LC/MS instrument. Microscopical examination shows diacytic stomata, helical vessels, fiber, and unicellular unbranched trichomes. Qualitative analysis is positive for tannin, glycoside, flavonoid, terpene, and phenolic compounds detected while saponin, coumarin, and alkaloid gave a negative result. While LC/MS shows important compounds that have important biological activities such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides which are reported for their different pharmacological activity, the Ginkgo plant is a promising drug that can help in the treatment of different diseases and required further studies.

A modified CTAB method for extracting high-quality genomic DNA from aquatic plants

Jaseela Valiya Thodiyil — 2024-04-01

This study introduces a streamlined approach for extractinghigh-quality DNA fromaquatic plants using CTAB, catering to molecular studies. Seven aquatic plant species(Hygrophilaauriculata, Limnophilarepens, Crinum malabaricum, Lagenandraovata, Ludwigiaperuviana, Eichhorniacrassipes, and Ipomoea aquatica) spanning six orderswere subjected toDNA extraction. The method combinesmechanical lysis and chemical treatments to effectively disrupt cells, coupled with RNase treatment and phenol extraction to mitigate RNA and protein contamination. The optimizedCTAB protocol facilitatesthe extraction of high-quality genomic DNA, suitable for amplifying plant barcode genes such as ITS and rbcL, as well asmarkerslike RAPD and ISSR, thereby enhancing the efficiency and reliability of genomic studies in aquatic plants.

Influence of different factors on in vitro multiplication and rooting of three local Juglans regia L. genotypes in Uzbekistan

Guljakhon Eshbekova — 2024-04-01

The Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most lucrative and widely distributed nut crops. It is appreciated as a forestry and ornamental tree in addition to its benefits as a fruit crop. Although Central Asian countries, especially Uzbekistan, are among the origins of the Persian walnut; they are not considered as top industrial producers of walnuts. Uzbekistan possesses a wide range of walnut genetic resources and as a result of conducted research, several promising, fruitful, early-harvesting varieties and forms have been selected. The aim of this study is to optimize microclonal in vitro propagation of selected Uzbekistan local varieties and forms by evaluating concentrations of different plant growth regulators and genotype on multiplication and rooting stages. As mother plants, 2 forms and one variety were selected: the Ideal variety, 'Form PDM23' and 'Form 202YaKT'. ?n the proliferation stage, the growth rate of walnut microshoots on basal medium Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut Medium (DKW) with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.01 mg/L) was studied. The rooting stage was assessed in half strength macronutrient DKW medium containing different IBA concentrations (0.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg/L). The Ideal variety and 'Form PDM23' performed best in DKW medium supplied with 1.5 mg/L BAP and 0.01 mg/L IBA, whereas 'Form 202YaKT' performed best in DKW medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.01 mg/ L IBA for the proliferation stage. For all genotypes, 6.0 mg/L IBA provided the best rooting results.

Exploring the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials of Spinifex littoreus Burm f. Merr. against human cervical cancer

J Vedhamani — 2024-04-01

Spinifex littoreus Burm f. Merr. is considered as a pharmaceutically important coastal weed whereas, therapeutical applications of this plant are least studied. The current study aimed to identify the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties in the chloroform extract of Spinifex littoreus. Six bacterial and 4 fungal human infections were tested for antibacterial activity in the chloroform extract of S. littoreus (SL-CH). The antioxidant ability of SL-CH was screened using the DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 assays. MTT assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of SL-CH and ROS, Annexin V, PI, and cell cycle analysis were used to determine its efficacy. The bacterial strain Propionibacterium acnes and the fungal strain Sporothrix schenckii were found to have the largest zones of clearance when the SL-CH extract was used at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. The antioxidant potentials of SL-CH extract showed the maximum radical scavenging activity against ABTS (83.98%), H2O2 (63.73%), and DPPH (52.02%) and their IC50 value was 31.74 ?g/ml, 53.93 ?g/ml, and 139.6 ?g/ml respectively. The IC50 concentration for the chloroform extract of Spinifex littoreus was determined to be 117.5 µg/ml and it showed concentration-dependent anticancer activity against HeLa cells. The ROS fluorescence staining result of SL-CH demonstrated the production of reactive oxygen species, which caused HeLa cells to undergo apoptosis. It was demonstrated by annexin V staining, PI staining technique, and cell cycle analysis that SL-CH extracts caused apoptosis in HeLa cells, preventing their growth. Taken together, these results showed that Spinifex littoreus chloroform extract is rich in antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials. Therefore, Spinifex littoreus extract can treat and prevent various ailments.

Bacillus cereus: an effective bio-inoculant for promoting salt stress tolerance of rice seedlings under saline soil conditions

Debapriya Choudhury — 2024-04-01

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a powerful tool to maintain sustainable agriculture and promote plant resistance to biotic and abiotic types of stress. Salinity, a major abiotic stress hampers plant growth, development, and yield. Salt-tolerant PGPR are effective agents for ameliorating salinity effects on rice plants. The present study endeavored to isolate, determine halotolerant ability, characterize Plant Growth Promoting (PGP) traits, and finally observe the effect of PGPR strain on plant growth promotion of rice plants under saline and non-saline conditions. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique, the rhizobacterial strain DB2 was identified as Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579(T) from NCMR, NCCS Pune. To check the growth-promoting ability, the strain was inoculated with two rice genotypes named Chinsurah Nona I (salt tolerant-non aromatic) and Badshabhog (aromatic) under polyhouse conditions. Results showed a significant increment in relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content (TCC), root length (RL), and shoot length (SL) in both rice genotypes inoculated with DB2 under both saline and non-saline conditions. Under non-saline conditions enhancement of RWC, TCC, RL, and SL was better in DB2 inoculated Chinsurah Nona I than in Badshabhog inoculated with DB2. Whereas, DB2-inoculated Badshabhog showed more recovery of RWC, TCC, RL, and SL than DB2-inoculated Chinsurah Nona I under saline conditions. Under salt stress conditions, inoculation with the rhizobacterial strain showed a significant reduction in electrolytic leakage (EL) in rhizobacteria inoculated with both rice genotypes. Moreover, DB2 inoculation showed a significant reduction in Na+ content in the roots of Chinsurah Nona I (44.6%) and Badshabhog (24.5%) rice genotypes. The present study has indicated that the application of salt-tolerant PGPR may be an effective and sustainable solution for rice cultivation under salt-stress conditions.

Foliar Application of Humic Acid on Growth and Biomass Improvement of Bok Choy and Red Leaf Lettuce

Selvaraj Anandakumar — 2024-04-01

Humic acid (HA) is an organic product that is applied as a foliar spray to stimulate the growth and health of various horticultural and agricultural crops. However, its impact on the growth, yield, and health of exotic vegetable crops such as bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) and red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) needs to be further explored. The current study aimed to assess the impact of foliar application of HA on the growth and biomass production of bok choy and red leaf lettuce. Notably, the foliar spray of 2% HA resulted in increased plant height, leaf length and width, leaf area, and overall plant biomass production in both bok choy and red leaf lettuce compared to the control group. However, the foliar spray of HA did not significantly affect the shoot and root length, nor the number of leaves of bok choy compared to a control. Moreover, the application of HA significantly improved the shoot length and the number of leaves of red leaf lettuce compared to the control group. Hence, HA emerges as a promising natural resource for enhancing agricultural production sustainably. It could serve as a superior growth enhancer for both bok choy and red leaf lettuce.

Extraction of Synephrine from Waste Peels of Citrus sinensis and Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from it against Dermatophytes

Ayat Subhi Jadou — 2024-04-01

The main object of the current work was to determine the antifungal efficiency of secondary metabolites product called synephrine that extracted from Citrus sinesis peels and the ability of synephrine to biosynthesis gold nanoparticles from HAucl4 which consider environmentally favourable method, then determine their activity against pathogenic human dermatophyte. The identification of synephrine done by Thin layer chromatography (TLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Ultra Violet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Field – Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), confirmed the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles in diameter and morphology for AuNps biosynthesis by C. sinensis was 9.7-31 (nm) rounded to oval shape. The synephrine and AuNps that formed use it against some dermatophytes Trichophyton mentographytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis, the activity of synephrine against T. mentographytes at (10, 15 and 20 mg/mL) give less inhibition effect as compare with antifungal effect, while M. canis in 15 mg/mL show best effect than antifungal and for gold nanoparticles most concentration effective was (20 mg/mL).

Exogenous gibberellin improves the yield and quality of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L.) plants grown under salinity stress conditions

Hamza El haddaji — 2024-04-01

Gibberellins play a crucial role as plant hormones in the regulation of various aspects of plant growth and development. They are involved in processes such as seed germination, breaking plant and bud dormancy, and counteracting the effects of auxin. Additionally, gibberellins promote leaf expansion, stimulate stem elongation, and contribute to flower development and fruit set. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments (T0: 0 ppm, T1: 1 ppm, and T2: 10 ppm) on the growth regulation and physiological parameters of basil and chervil plants under salinity stress conditions (150 mM NaCl). The study explored various growth outcomes and biochemical parameters, including chlorophyll, proteins, soluble sugars, proline, and nitrate. The results indicate that the application of gibberellic acid alleviated the adverse effects of high salinity and resulted in enhanced biomass production. In comparison to the control treatment, foliar surface values for basil and chervil increased by 15% and 35%, respectively, in T2. Moreover, root lengths of basil and chervil reached their highest values in T2, showing a 16% increase for basil and a 33% increase for chervil. Carotenoid levels were positively influenced by GA3 treatments, reaching high concentrations in T2, exceeding T0 levels by 41% for basil and 83% for chervil. Additionally, under T2 treatment, protein and glucose levels increased by factors of 2.7 and 1.7, respectively, in basil plants and by factors of 2.1 and 1.7, respectively, in chervil plants. The application of gibberellic acid led to a 33% reduction in proline content for basil and a 27% reduction for chervil compared to the T0 treatment.

Assessing the infestation-induced response on the plant host by the Indian lac insect

Praveen Shyam — 2024-04-14

Lac, the only natural resin of animal origin is produced by the Indian lac insect- Kerria lacca. It is the by-product of the complex natural interaction between the lac insect and its host plant. Despite several studies on the perspectives of the chemistry of lac and its production, very little work has been carried out to understand the biology of lac and its associated plant taxa. The present work has been designed to understand the preliminary response if any, of the host plant against lac insect infestation. Structural studies and metabolic profiling such as the determination of total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidants, FTIR, and GC-MS were carried out. The anatomical investigations revealed coagulation/deposition of metabolites in the infested sites. The infested bark showed higher phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity in comparison to non-infested bark which was corroborated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and GC-MS biochemical analysis. This preliminary study will shed some light on understanding the lac plant host's physiological response and the putative mechanism used by the lac insect in overcoming the plant response.

Quantitative phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the seeds of Lawsonia inermis L.

Amina Moutawalli — 2024-04-01

Lawsonia inermis, commonly known as Henna, is a plant that has been extensively utilized throughout the ages for its medicinal and cosmetic properties. This plant contains a variety of bioactive compounds and has attracted significant interest due to its potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of our study is to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of Lawsonia inermis seeds. L. inermis seed powder was extracted using hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol and water. The 4 fractions were quantified for polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins contents. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using 4 methods: 2,2?-Diphenyl- picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) , 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) (ABTS), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Phosphomolybdate assay (PMA). Antimicrobial activity was determined by agar diffusion against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The liquid dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration. The highest content of polyphenols and tannins was obtained in the ethanolic fraction, with values of 594.01±6.07 mg GAE/g dw and 242.4±1.6 mg CE/g dw respectively. The ethanolic fraction exhibited significant scavenging of free radicals (DPPH) with an IC50 of 3.06±0.01 µg/mL, lower than the IC50 of the standard quercetin (5.30±0.02 µg/mL). Moreover, the ethanolic fraction showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus and E. faecalis strains, with zone of inhibition values of 15.5±0.7, 14.0±0.0 and 14.5±0.7 mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanolic fraction was found to be 1.563 mg/mL against both S. aureus and B. cereus strains, while the minimum bactericidal concentration was 3.125 mg/mL against B. cereus and 6.25 mg/mL against E. faecalis strains. L. inermis seeds exhibit significant antioxidant capacity and demonstrate antimicrobial activity. These findings indicate the potential of L. inermis seeds as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Genetic diversity in Algerian diploid and tetraploid oats (Avena L.) based on their morphological characters and eco-geographical parameters

Yacer Boudersa — 2024-04-01

This study was conducted to determine the different ploidy levels of various species of the genus Avena, located in northern Algeria, using different morphological and eco-geographical parameters. The specific objectives of the investigation were to estimate phenotypic diversity for different morphological descriptors. One hundred and thirty-eight populations of the genus Avena were collected from 98 different sites in northern Algeria. Harvest sites were determined based on latitude, longitude, and altitude. The pluviothermic Emberger quotient (Q2) was identified by combining three climatic factors (P = annual rainfall, M = average of the maximum temperature of the warmest month, and m = average of the minimum temperature of the coldest month). The interpretation of this quotient required the use of the Emberger climate diagram, which placed each station in one of the 54 combinations of bioclimatic Mediterranean climate. To evaluate intra and inter-specific morphological variations and the extent to which they express genomic variations, the ordination-based Principal Component Analysis was performed. The results showed the presence of the following species: A. barbata with 59 accessions, A. wiestï with 27 accessions, 21 accessions of A. hirtula, 13 accessions of A. longiglumis, 9 accessions of A. macrostachya, 3 accessions of A. clauda, 4 accessions of A. eriantha (ex-Pilosa), and 2 accessions of A. ventricosa. Quantitative traits were crucial for distinguishing inter and intra-specific individuals. Morphological variations proved largely to express genomic variation among the species studied, especially in distinguishing between species carrying both A and C genomes. The morphological differences could not convey the genomic differences among species that share the C genome.

Distribution pattern and management of invasive alien plant species in Sikkim Himalaya, India

Rashmi Nayak — 2024-04-01

An assessment of the distribution pattern of Invasive Alien Plant species in the Sikkim Himalayas was conducted at different elevation gradients and accordingly, management strategies were recommended to combat the ever-increasing condition of invasive plant species threatening the sensitive ecoregions. Among the most relevant factors supporting the present study were changes in the importance value index (IVI), variety, and evenness. There is a greater percentage of domination of invasion at lower elevations than at higher elevations. Species diversity, dominance, and evenness values decreased significantly at higher elevations; interestingly, the fraction of invaded regions is lower at higher elevations. Several factors may contribute to the large cover of invasive plants at lower elevations, including the enabling climate and anthropogenic activities. As a result of invasive alien plant species, such as Ageratum conyzoides, Ageratina adenophora, Bidens pilosa, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, Mikania micrantha and Parthenium hysterophorus, native vegetation, and fauna may suffer adverse consequences, as well as socioeconomic conditions and health issues. This study determined that the invasion of these invasive alien plants in different elevations in the Sikkim Himalaya impacts ecosystem services and depletes several species of commercial importance. The current study recommends quick action to control harmful invasive alien plant species in the Sikkim Himalaya

A Growth and seed yield of seven fennel cultivars with two types of ploughing systems

Bassim Ziydan — 2024-04-01

A field experiment was carried out in Abu Ghraib district-Baghdad Iraq, to evaluate 7 fennel cultivars with ploughing systems. Two tillage systems (tillage and no-tillage) were allocated to main plots, while 7 fennel cultivars: Amigo, Azuria, Dollap, Hannan, Romanesco, Sahoo and Sajjet were allocated to subplots. Characteristics that had been studied were plant height, number of branches, number of umbels, number of umbellates, number of seeds per umbellate, stem diameter, weight of 1000 grains, and seed yield per ha. Significant results were with the no-till system in plant height (134.97 cm. plant-1) and number of umbels (43.56 umbel plant-1). The tillage system's significant results were in the number of seeds, weight of 1000 seeds (8.72 g), and yield per ha (490.03 kg ha-1). Hannan-cultivar remarks yield per ha (742.99 kg ha-1) and 1000-seed weight (10.90 g). Azuria-cultivar remarks on number of seeds of umbellets (24.44 seeds umbellate-1). Romanesco-cultivar remarks on the number of umbels (48.72 umbel plant-1). Therefore, cultivars varied in showing their latent ability through their performance with their phenotypic characteristics. Hannan cultivar was optimal in results that gave the highest seed yield. Thus, it can be entered into a crop breeding program with other cultivars that have outperformed in other characteristics.

Screening and evaluation of bacterial endophytes of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] for plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential

M. Siva — 2024-04-01

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], is a popular leguminous vegetable crop grown in the wetland fallows of Kerala, India. Web blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani has turned out to be a problem in cowpeas, leading to substantial yield loss. We isolated 22 endophytic bacteria from fodder cowpea var. Aiswarya and 16 from bush cowpea var. Bhagyalakshmi, and evaluated their plant growth promotion ability and potential for web blight pathogen suppression. Initially, the isolates were screened in vitro for their plant growth promotional traits and antagonism against R. solani. The potential isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. velezensis through 16S rDNA cataloguing. Plant growth-promoting traits like the production of IAA (Indole acetic acid), ammonia, phosphorus, and siderophore by the promising isolates were also investigated. B. amyloliquefaciens CBSE5 recorded the highest IAA (3.54 microgram/mL) and siderophore production. B. velezensis CBRE5 showed the highest ammonia (177.29 micro moles/mL) production and phosphate solubilization. In the in vivo assay, seed biopriming along with foliar application on 20 and 40 days after sowing, of a consortium of B. amyloliquefaciens CBSE5 and B. velezensis CBRE5 recorded maximum values for all growth parameters viz. shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, pod yield and number of pods per plant. The present study reports for the first time the use of endophytic Bacillus spp. isolated from cowpeas as plant growth-promoting bacteria, with biocontrol potential against the web blight pathogen R. solani.

Vitex negundo L. oil nanoemulsion for the ecofriendly management of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in stored rice

Prajna Prakash Mishra — 2024-04-01

The widespread use of synthetic chemicals as storage protectants makes food hazardous, endangers human health and develops insect resistance. Hence, in the present study Vitex negundo L. oil nanoemulsion (VNO NE) was prepared to manage stored grain pests. V. negundo oil (VNO) had major compounds like Aromandendrene, Beta-caryophyllene, Squalene, 3-octen-5-yne,2,7-dimethyl-, (E)-, 5-(1-isopropenyl-4,5-dimethylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-pentenol acetate, Farnesyl bromide, 4-terpeneol and Elemol. A high-speed homogenizer was used to formulate nanoemulsions of VNO and studies on their physico-chemical and thermal stability revealed that, the optimum nanoemulsion had 5% VNO mixed at a 1:2 (w/w) ratio with tween 80 surfactant. The hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index and mean zeta potential of the nanoemulsion were 166.62 nm, 0.263 and -3.4 mV respectively and droplet sizes varied from 50 to 200 nm in transmission electron microscopy. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) values for contact toxicity of VNO nanoemulsion (VNO NE) were 0.755 and 3.131 micro L cm-2 against Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum respectively which were 41.60 and 29.88% less compared to VNO. In case of fumigant toxicity, LD50 value of VNO NE was 322.28 micro L L-1 against S. oryzae which was 26% less than that of crude oil. Highest repellency increased by 33.33 and 36.58% when treated with VNO NE in S. oryzae and T. castaneum respectively. Also significant Glutathione s transferase enzyme inhibition activities observed in VNO NE treated insects as compared to VNO and control. Thus, VNO NE having improved efficacy and targeted delivery could contribute towards eco-friendly sustainable stored grain pest management in rice.

Nomenclatural updates in the sedge-flora of western Uttar Pradesh

Vivek Kumar — 2024-04-01

Establishing all plant’s correct identity and nomenclature is crucial in the current context. Therefore, an updated list and nomenclature status of sedges of western Uttar Pradesh, India has been provided in this article. This research paper incorporates extensive consultation of taxonomic databases, examination of type specimens and scrutiny of published works, including Ph.D thesis, research papers, books, and floras. To ensure the accuracy of binomial nomenclature, a systematic approach is adopted, starting with the utilization of search engines to cross-verify and validate taxonomic information. This includes a rigorous examination of online databases and repositories to access up-to-date information on botanical nomenclature. This paper aims to provideaccepted binomials with correct author citations of the sedges growing in western Uttar Pradesh because several names in the published literature are not accepted now. Such publications include several synonyms as accepted name, as well as mistakes in authority. A pivotal aspect of this work involves the verification of binomial identities through the examination of protologues and type specimens. Keeping this in mind, a comprehensive study for solving and updating nomenclature issues hasbeen carried out using different databases, websites and recent publications. We updated the nomenclature of all sedges of western Uttar Pradesh included in publications after 1959. Review of literature and field studies shows that western Uttar Pradesh includes a total of 91 species belonging to 14 genera published in 18 publications. In this study, 25 names of past publications were corrected. This is the first report on updated name changes in the floristic component of western Uttar Pradesh, where 41 names of sedges have been updated. This research paper covers the accepted name, synonym, taxonomic treatment, and typification.

Efficient protocol for micropropagation of medicinal forest tree Shyonak (Oroxylum indicum) by silver nitrate promoted high frequency shoot proliferation

Neelu Joshi — 2024-04-01

Oroxylum indicum, a significant medicinal plant in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), faces ecological and economic challenges due to high demand for its traditional herbal remedies, leading to overexploitation. To combat this, the authors have developed an in vitro propagation protocol aimed at achieving robust shoot proliferation. Using nodal segments from in vitro germinated seedlings, the best results were obtained with a medium containing only benzyladenine (BA) at 22.2 µM. Despite basal callus formation and reduced shoot numbers, the addition of silver nitrate improved shoot proliferation and overall plant health. For in vitro root induction and proliferation, a medium enriched with Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 2.85 µM proved the most effective. Successful transplantation of acclimatized plantlets to field conditions was achieved. This protocol not only aids O. indicum conservation but also holds socio-economic potential for Himalayan communities, as its bark is valuable in commercial Ayurvedic preparations, including Dashamoolarishta.

Ceratobasidium sp isolates from native orchid species of Western Ghats, India support enhanced growth of Phalaenopsis hybrid seedlings

Lekshmi Suresh — 2024-04-01

Mycorrhiza-assisted cultivation of orchid seedlings has immense potential for enhanced growth and adaptability of orchids to facilitate conservation and cultivation with minimum application of nutrients and plant protection chemicals. Phalaenopsis hybrids are highly attractive and cultivated mostly as potted orchid plants and are prone to several fungal pathogens. The present study evaluates the effect of 4 orchid symbionts in combination with NPK fertilizer on the seedling growth of symbiotic seedlings of Phalaenopsis white and day-star hybrids under ex-vitro conditions. Four fungal isolates viz., Ceratobasidium_Wyd2 (MW595786; MTCC13384), Ceratobasidium_Idk (MW595787: MTCC13383), Ceratobasidium_Vs1 (OL374050; MTCC13377) and Ceratobasidium _Vs2 (OL374052: MTCC13378) grown on sterilized coir pith medium for 10 days and were transferred onto earthen pots for planting of seedlings. One-year-old seedlings used for the study possessed an average 2.70 g fresh weight. On conclusion of the experiment, after 6 months, the seedlings of day-star hybrid grown in the presence of both fungus and NPK fertilizer exhibited enhanced growth compared to either of them applied individually. The highest weight gain was supported by VS1 (12.4±1.8 g) followed by VS2 (10.7± 4.6 g) and Wyd2 (9.8±1.7 g). Those fungi also supported appreciable growth individually, giving 6.5±3.1, 6.9±2.2, and 6.5±0.8 g weight gain respectively. If the nutrient alone was applied, the weight gain was very low (2.8±0.9 g) nearly equal to control (1.8±1.8 g) without having fungi or nutrients. The mycorrhizae re-isolated from the roots of seedlings exhibiting enhanced growth were confirmed as Vs1 and Vs2 through sequencing of the ITS region. Formulation of a potting medium including Ceratobasidium species isolates VS1 and VS2 is thus possible to grow Phalaenopsis seedlings to get enhanced growth.

Green Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles with In-vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment Using Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Oil: A Promising Approach for Antimicrobial and Anticancer Applications

Pranjali Chole — 2024-04-01

Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their pharmacological implementation have gained importance in the field of nanotechnology. This study primarily aims to explore the use of Punica granatum L. seed oil as a reducing agent for the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles, making it both economically and pharmacologically valuable. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was carried out to study the active metabolites present in P. granatum seed oil. The green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles was established based on the color change of the reaction mixture from dark green to light green. These particles showed a ?max at 279.88 nm for UV-visible spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were performed to confirm the nature of these nanoparticles. The pharmacological potential of these cobalt oxide nanoparticles was tested against microbial pathogens. The results suggest that these nanoparticles exhibited significant activity against various human bacterial and fungal pathogens. Additionally, in in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, demonstrated that CoONPs selectively targeted MCF-7 cancer cells with a significant IC50 value compared to non-cancerous cells (L929). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that green synthesized CoONPs using P. granatum show significant potential against eukaryotic cancer cells and microbial pathogens. Furthermore, this study has implications for medical research centers and pharmaceutical industries in addressing modern challenges such as increasing antibiotic resistance in communities.

Distribution, morphology, and phenology of Piper acutistigmum C. DC. – an endemic species of the Eastern Himalayan region

Tage Yakang — 2024-04-01

Piper acutistigmum C. DC. is an endemic species of the Eastern Himalayan region found in northeast India with the adjacent country Myanmar. A study was conducted to examine the distribution, morphology, and phenology of the species, which is an important step towards its conservation. Field surveys were conducted to locate the population, and observations were made on selected plants from three distinct locations. The study revealed that the species is mostly found in the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh and its bordering areas in Assam. The orthotropic and plagiotropic branches show distinct differences in terms of leaf size and shape, petiole, and internodal length. The average sizes of the leaves were 10 × 6 cm and 21.5 × 12.5 cm; petiole length was 3.7 cm and 2.25 cm and internodal length was 17.5 and 6.5 cm in orthotropic and plagiotropic branches, respectively. Leaf flushing occurs between the March and April months, more or less in synchronization with the emergence of the spike bud. The species starts flowering from April until the end of May. The fruiting spikes are observed from July to December. Sterile vines are most dominant in a population with a few fertile (male and female) individuals. The existing natural population is under threat from various developmental activities in and around their habitat and needs immediate attention for conservation.

Multivariate Genetic Analyses Unveil the Complexity of Grain Yield and Attributing Traits Diversity in Oryza sativa L. Landraces from North-Eastern India

Anjan Roy Anjan Roy — 2024-04-01

In the North-Eastern region of India, rice stands as the predominant staple, with diverse cultivars evolving over the past six decades. This study systematically evaluated 20 rice landraces, analyzing eleven variables related to yield and its attributing traits. The aim was to identify promising genotypes for potential breeding programs and to ascertain the minimum number of components essential for explaining the total diversity. Among the eleven principal components (PCs) examined, four PCs exhibited eigenvalues surpassing 1.0, collectively contributing to 80.45% of the total variability in the traits. PC1, which explained 31.19% of the overall variance, was associated with plant height, days to 50% flowering, panicle length, grain breadth, and grain length-to-breadth ratio. Utilizing cluster analysis, the 20 rice landraces were categorized into seven distinct clusters. Maximum inter-cluster divergence was observed between clusters VI and I, as well as clusters VI and V, indicating greater genetic distinctiveness among genotypes in these clusters compared to others. Notably, rice landraces such as Borosolpana, Phougak, Satyaranjan, Kakcheng Phou, Moniram, Kanaklata, and Bahadur were identified as genetically divergent. These genotypes hold promise for generating segregating populations, serving as valuable source materials for targeted yield improvement through meticulous selection, as indicated by inter-cluster distances.

Diversity, phytogeographical distribution, endemism and conservation status of Zingiberaceae in India

Suparna Debnath — 2024-04-01

Monocotyledonous angiosperm family Zingiberaceae (Ginger family) is one of the most economically important and treasured monocotyledonous families. The members of this family consist of a large number of medicinal plants and they are also well known for their use as spices and condiments. The family is represented by 53 genera and about 1377 species distributed worldwide. Malaysian regions (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines and Papua New Guinea) have the highest diversity in the family. In India, it is represented by about 230 species and eight varieties falling under 22 genera. The largest genera are Hedychium, with 43 species, followed by Zingiber with 41 species, Curcuma, with 38 species and Globba and Amomum, with 20 and 19 species respectively. Two monotypic genera, Parakaempferia and Stadiochilus are found in India of which Parakaempferia and about 102 species are endemic to India. Some of the endemic species are categorized as rare, threatened and endangered as per IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. In this study, the genus-wise representation of species with a position of endemism in India (based on literature) and other geographical analyses were done.

Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of bioactive compounds of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. leaf extract

Walaa Najm Abood — 2024-04-14

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. is a medicinal plant known for its efficacy in treating various, including respiratory conditions and skin inflammation. It possesses antibacterial and anticancer properties. This work investigated the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of C. angustifolia. The ethanol leaf extract of C. angustifolia was utilized to examine gene expression related to angiogenesis cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the viability of treated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, accompanied by an improvement in angiogenesis cytokines expression and a dose-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide production. GC-MS analysis identified 11 active components within the extract, each exhibiting distinct biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Notable compounds include hexadecanoic acid, 2-pentadecanone, phthalic acid, oxalic acid, carbonic acid, tricosane, undecanal and many others. In conclusion, ethanol leaf extract of C. angustifolia exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide production and enhancing the expression of angiogenesis cytokines.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by iraqi herbalists in the management of Nephrolithiasis: A cross-Sectional survey conducted in Southern Iraq “Karbala.”

Suhad Humadi — 2024-04-01

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most significant urinary tract diseases, with an enormous socio-economic impact. Numerous research studies have been conducted to assess the potential of herbal medicine in managing kidney stones; however, further study is required in Iraq. The objective was to document the ethno-botanical uses of medicinal plants in managing nephrolithiasis in southern Iraq and analyse the herbalists’ diagnostic method. A cross-sectional survey was performed through face-to-face interviews with 48 herbalists practicing in Karbala. The results indicated the use of 19 species from 10 botanical families. Zea mays, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Tribulus terrestris exhibited the highest frequency of mentions, accounting for 81.25%, 56.25%, and 52.0%, respectively. The botanical plant families Apiaceae and Fabaceae were predominantly utilized, accounting for usage rates of 31.5% and 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the data indicated that seeds were the most utilized plant parts, and decoction was the predominant preparation technique. Moreover, the data showed that although a significant proportion of herbalists possessed a high level of education, most of these herbalists (72.9%) relied on patient symptoms rather than physician diagnosis when identifying nephrolithiasis, irrespective of their experience or education level. Herbalists commonly suggest cures for nephrolithiasis without considering the specific type and location of the stone. This study concluded that medicinal plants are significant for future research endeavors to treat and manage nephrolithiasis.

The evaluation of total flavonoids, total phenolic content and biological activity of Iraqi Lipedium sativum L. crude extract obtained by optimized ultrasound assisted extraction conditions

Niran Al-Ogaili — 2024-04-01

Lepidium sativum L. also known as garden cress belong to the family Brassicaceae. The plant species composed of various phytochemicals as well as powerful nutraceutical potential and possess several bioactivities like, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, gastrointestinal and bone healing activities. This research paper presents an investigation into the total flavonoids (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and biological activity of Iraqi Lepidium sativum L. The study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to obtain a crude extract with enhanced bioactive components. Three variables were examined including methanol concentration, extraction time and ultrasound frequency. The optimum yields of extract, TFC and TPC were (3.22 ± 0.049 g/10 g of dry plant), (17.03 ± 0.060 mg RE/g) and (10.96±0.020 mg GAE/g) respectively. The optimal extraction conditions contributed to these values of experiment 2 and 3 were 70% methanol, 10 min and 40 KHz and 70% methanol, 15 min and 40 KHz respectively. The lowest IC50 values of optimized methanolic extracts of Iraqi Lepidium sativum aerial parts against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 31.84 µg/mL for TFC and 35.85 µg/mL for TPC . For the first time, the study provided data about the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the Iraqi plant and optimized conditions for extraction by UAE technique using single factor experiment. The plant can be acknowledged as a potential nutraceutical or functional food rich in antioxidants to combat many diseases.

Assessing Oral Acute Toxicity and Histopathological Effects of Strelitzia reginae Aiton Leaf Extracts in Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton)

Danilyn S. Omnes — 2024-04-01

Strelitzia reginae, commonly known as the Bird of Paradise, is a decorative shrub endemic to southern Africa. This study marks the first comprehensive investigation into the safety of S. reginae leaf extract through oral acute toxicity assessments and histopathological examinations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). The interest in this research arises from the historical use of S. reginae components by various indigenous South African societies to treat conditions like swollen glands and sexual problems. GC-MS analysis was used along with traditional methods to look at the phytochemical parts of S. reginae. The results showed the presence of several substances, such as eicosane, hexacosane, 1-octadecene, and neophytadiene. Notably, the analysis also identified certain chemicals with potential cytotoxic properties, such as octacosane and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Drawing upon the biological similarities between Zebrafish and humans, who share a majority of their genes, this study represents the first attempt to evaluate the toxicity and histopathology of S. reginae using D. rerio as the test model, aligning with the OECD recommendations outlined in Article 203. The oral acute toxicity tests were done using ethanolic leaf powdered extracts of S. reginae. Higher concentrations (1200 mg/L) were toxic, but lower doses were less harmful to D. rerio. As observed in the histopathology examination, exposure to higher concentrations of S. reginae extract induced severe histological abnormalities in the Zebrafish's gills, liver, kidneys, intestines, and brain. This work contributes greatly to our understanding of S. reginae's safety profile and its potential therapeutic applications for enhancing well-being.

Day-neutral jute plant: a hallmark for developing new jute genotype

Md. Zablul Tareq — 2024-04-01

Jute has more than 100 globally distributed species and is well known for its bast fibre biogenesis as well as its nutritional and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, year-round jute cultivation is highly limited due to its photosensitive character. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyse the flowering behaviour of selected cultivated jute species and their wild relatives to support the year-round supply of jute vegetables. A total of eight jute genotypes viz., Merha red, Merha green, Merha pink, Birol red, Birol green, Birol pink, BJRI deshi pat shak-1, and BINA pat shak-1 were examined, with the latter two selected as controls. In most cases, the six wild species had more surviving plants per unit area, better plant height, and more leaves and branches compared with controls. The highest stem base diameter, leaf area, leaf dry weight, and shoot dry weight were recorded in the control species. Days to 1st flowering, days to average flowering, and days to seed maturity were significantly earlier in wild species compared with the controls, indicating the existence of photo-insensitive characters. The desired vegetative and reproductive properties with high heritability and genetic variability can likely be transmitted from wild germplasm to cultivated jute species through crossing to produce a photo-insensitive jute variety.

Quantifying the Acceptance and Adoption Dynamics of Biochar and Co-biochar as a Sustainable Soil Amendment

Monowara Khatun — 2024-04-01

Biochar, a carbonized biomass, can be used as a soil amendment for improving soil fertility and productivity as well as ensuring agricultural sustainability. Biochar can be produced from different materials and at different conditions, so its quality varies greatly as a soil amendment. In this respect, the present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of 4 biochars as a soil ameliorator for securing soil health. The biochars were produced from 3 different biomasses viz., rice straw, sawdust and water hyacinth and their mixture (co-biochar at 1:1:1) at 400 ºC. The biomasses and the biochars were characterized and the results revealed that conversion of biomasses into biochars caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in almost all of the biochar properties. Among the 4 biochars, water hyacinth biochar showed higher ash content, water holding capacity, surface area and total P, K, S, Ca and Zn. So, water hyacinth biochar could be a better choice as a soil amendment than the other three biochars. However, rice straw biochar showed higher cation exchange capacity (CEC), total N and Na and conversion efficiency of C, N, P, K, Na and Zn. Whereas, the co-biochar illustrated higher yield and showed the second highest in fixed C, CEC, total S, Ca and Zn and also in conversion efficiency of C, P, S, Na, K and Ca. Finally, it can be assumed to produce a co-biochar using rice straw at a higher ratio which might have a high potential for C storage and for supplying all of the essential plant nutrients.

Effect of phosphate fertilizer-coated Dicarboxylic Acid Polymer on rice yield and components under greenhouse conditions

Tran Van Hung — 2024-04-01

A significant amount of phosphorus (P) becomes fixed by aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) in acidic soils, leading to decreased efficiency in P utilization and subsequently lowering crop yield. Enhanced P fertilization offers a potential solution, as the dicarboxylic acid polymer (DCAP) coating on P fertilizer promotes increased plant productivity and more effective P utilization. The improvement achieved through enhanced P fertilization can contribute to higher rice yields in acidic soils, accompanied by an increase in P solubility. The study aimed to determine the impact of DCAP-mixed phosphate fertilizer on P uptake by plants, absorption efficiency, and rice yield. The results demonstrated a significant increase in available P (about 3.5 mg P/kg) when DCAP was used in a greenhouse setting, resulting in elevated yields and total P absorption (ranging from 0.03 to 0.05 grams/pot). However, the addition of 60 kg of phosphate mixed with DCAP has not yet demonstrated a significant increase in available phosphorus in the soil compared to adding just 60 kg of phosphate. The application of phosphate at a dose of 30 kg of P₂O₅ mixed with DCAP for growth and phosphorus absorption yield results equivalent to using 60 kg of P₂O₅ without DCAP. Furthermore, the use of DCAP in conjuction with 50% P fertilizer increased P availability by the same amount as that achieved with 100% P fertilizer. Consequently, DCAP reduced chemical P fertilizer in the soil by approximately 50%. However, it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of mixed phosphate fertilizer (DCAP) under field conditions before recommending its widespread use.

Amelioration of growth of maize (Zea mays L.) seedling using plant growth promoting bacteria

Jinesh P. Kaneriya — 2024-04-14

This research was aimed to screen plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from soil and study its effect on maize plant growth. PGPB were isolated from Saurashtra coastal region soil and cultured in Nitrogen fixing Ashby’s medium to find potent of PGPBs, we conducted a thorough screening process, assessed their abilities in phosphate and zinc solubilization, siderophore production, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) release and the antifungal activity was performed against Fusarium oxysporum, a pathogenic fungus. These tests helped us identify bacteria with plant growth-promoting characteristics for plants. Bacterial isolates which provided better results were sequenced and sequences were submitted to NCBI. Bacterial isolates selected for application on maize in primary screening showed most treated seeds increased the seedling vigor of maize. In the latter stages of screening where bacterial consortia were developed from primary and secondary screening. In 30 days, the experiment in maize plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and anatomy was analysed. All the bacterium consortiums displayed an increase in height (24.75%), number of leaves (47.77%) and total chlorophyll content (23.59%) as compared to the control maize plant. Additionally, microscopic examination of the treated plants showed improved growth, especially in the increased starch grain content in the leaves, stems and roots. Out of the eleven PGPB consortia, 3 specific PGPB consortia in this study have significantly substantiated the growth of maize plants as evidenced by the comprehensive analysis of anatomical features.

New additions of lichens from Assam, India

Prashant Kumar Behera — 2024-04-01

An account of 7 lichen species new to lichen biota of Assam is presented. The species are Bactrospora paludicola, Buellia pleiotera, Byssolecania deplanata, Graphis urandrae, Gyalidea fritzei, Mycobilimbia philippina and Staurothele fissa. Among them, B. paludicola and G. fritzei are being reported for the first time from India. The lichen samples were collected from various protected areas of Assam and a detailed systematic account is provided.

Influence of plant growth regulators on fruit drop, fruit retention and fruit yield of mango (Mangifera indica l.) cv. Amrapali under west central table land zone of Odisha

Amit Kumar Kundu — 2024-04-01

Farmers in the western region of Odisha are grappling with issues related to low fruit set, fruit drop, and erratic yield in mango cultivation. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a pivotal role in addressing fruit drop at different developmental stages by modulating the nutritional and hormonal status of the plant. This study aims to investigate the impact of specific PGRs on fruit drop, fruit retention, and overall yield of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali in the West Central Table Land zone of Odisha. The experimental setup was implemented at the research plot of the College of Horticulture, Chiplima, Sambalpur, following a randomized block design with ten treatments, each replicated three times. The treatments involved various concentrations of three PGRs: NAA, GA₃, and 2,4-D, applied during the pea and marble stages of fruit growth. The outcomes indicated that the application of 30 ppm GA₃ significantly mitigated fruit drop, with comparable efficacy observed for 30 ppm 2,4-D. GA₃ positively influenced fruit retention, particularly Treatment T7 (30 ppm GA₃), exhibiting the highest retention percentages at 30, 60, and 90 days post-spraying. Furthermore, GA₃ at 30 ppm resulted in the maximum average fruit weight and volume. The highest number of harvested fruits per plant and maximum yield per plant were recorded in Treatment T7. These findings underscore the potential of GA₃ in alleviating fruit drop, enhancing fruit retention, and improving overall yield in mango cultivation, specifically for the Amrapali variety in the West Central Table Land Zone of Odisha.

Development and Content Analysis of Lubeg (Syzygium lineatum)

Mary Ann Baua — 2024-04-01

The study discusses the development and composition analysis of Lubeg Vinegar. According to the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Research, the lubeg fruit was previously an unutilized fruit. Since the fruit is easily accessible and often wasted, the researcher employed it as the primary ingredient in vinegar production. A total of 30 individuals from Isabela State University evaluated the Lubeg Vinegar. The research study utilized Mean (M) and Standard Deviation (SD). The acceptability and marketability scores of two samples of Lubeg (Syzygium lineatum) vinegar (brown sugar and white sugar) were compared using an independent samples t-test. The sizes were calculated using partial eta squared and interpreted according to Cohen's guidelines: 0.01 indicated a small effect, 0.06 a medium effect and 0.14 a large effect. Consequently, it became evident from the research that the method for making Lubeg vinegar from lubeg (Syzygium lineatum) was highly successful and efficient. Furthermore, lubeg (Syzygium lineatum) vinegar influenced consumer acceptability and was generally well-received by tasters. However, concerning color/appearance, aroma/smell, sour/acidity and respondents' willingness to purchase, Lubeg (Syzygium lineatum) vinegar with white sugar was generally more acceptable than Lubeg vinegar with brown sugar. Moreover, the commercialization of Lubeg vinegar has yielded a profitable return on investment.

Chemical components and antioxidant properties of acetone extracts of four different species of Zingiberaceae

Thi Hoi Huynh — 2024-04-01

In this report, the chemical components and antioxidant properties of the acetone extracts obtained from 4 Zingiberaceae species, including Curcuma gracillima Gagnep., Curcuma pierreana Gagnep., Globba marantina L. and Amomum biflorum Jack were investigated for the first time. A total of 142 chemical compounds were determined in 4 studied extracts using GC/MS techniques. Furthermore, the extract obtained from C. gracillima showed the strongest antioxidant effect with an IC₅₀value of 1.76 mg/mL, followed by G. marantina (IC₅₀= 2.45 mg/mL), C. pierreana (IC₅₀= 2.97 mg/mL) and A. biflorum (IC₅₀= 6.32 mg/mL).

Current status and potential of circular agricultural economy for sustainable development in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Vo Quang Minh — 2024-04-14

The study evaluates the circular economy's present state and its potential to advance sustainable agricultural development in Vietnam's Mekong Delta. The study has reviewed data, inherited, compared and synthesized the cycle of agricultural models, thereby making suitable recommendations for land use models. The results show that the current models can apply the cycle of models, ensuring efficiency in economic, social and environmentally sustainable development, including items and by-products of the most popular agricultural farming models that people use to generate things like rice, beef, wood, lotus seeds and fruit trees. The by-products of production and harvesting, such as straw, rice straw, rice husk, bones, fish skin, fruit tree sawdust, bagasse etc., are still plentiful but have not yet been fully utilized. Using circular economy in agricultural models can help improve economic and social efficiency and support and effectively exploit resources and human resources. Thereby orienting the cyclic model development, building product linkage chains, efficiently using resources, which can increase models' efficiency and simultaneously protecting the environment sustainability.

Diversity and Chorotype Analysis of the Pteridophytes of Zimbabwe

Alfred Maroyi — 2024-04-01

In the current investigation, an attempt has been made to document the floristic diversity and chorotype analysis of Pteridophytes growing in Zimbabwe. Previously published literature and online sources were consulted to confirm the nomenclature, precise locations, chorotype, stages of invasion, and conservation status of the Pteridophytes in Zimbabwe. The updated list of Pteridophyte taxa confirms that there are 297 taxa belonging to 83 genera and 19 families. The largest family is Aspleniaceae, with 78 taxa (26.26%), followed by Polypodiaceae and Pteridaceace with 67 taxa (22.56%) and 54 taxa (18.18%), respectively. The largest genus is Asplenium L., with 46 taxa (15.49%), followed by Hemionitis L. with 22 taxa (7.41%), Ophioglossum L. (16 taxa, 5.39%), Thelypteris Schmidel (14 taxa, 4.71%), and Elaphoglossum Schott ex J.Sm. (12 taxa, 4.04%). A total of 20 taxa (6.73%) are threatened with extinction, emphasizing the need for detailed knowledge of the nomenclature, conservation status, and distribution of Pteridophytes taxa in Zimbabwe. Research focusing on the diversity, ecology, and conservation status of Pteridophytes is imperative for biodiversity conservation, as they are an important component of natural ecosystems adapted to different habitats. Therefore, future studies on Pteridophytes in Zimbabwe should explore how the lack of floristic data on the plant group can hinder ecological research.

Taxonomy, traditional uses and biological activity of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): A review

Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara — 2024-04-14

Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), a tree native to the tropics and subtropics that has been used traditionally in folk medicine. The crude extracts have been the focus of many studies due to its wide range of biological effects. Even though the species has been the subject of numerous pharmacologically based studies, very few studies have published on their findings. Attempts to bridge this knowledge gap are being made to enhance the species' utility in modern research. The following review looks at all research articles on anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, drugs, antiviral, traditional medicine, ethnopharmacology, toxicity, and cytotoxic activity. Therapeutically, some of the more fascinating impacts are on cancer prevention, liver diseases, blood sugar and antimicrobial activity. While the leaves, fruits and latex of the F. carica plant have been the primary focus of biological research, the stem and roots have got almost minimal attention. The results of this investigation indicate that extracts from all parts of F. carica are non-toxic. However, further well-planned clinical trials are required to confirm preclinical findings because the safety and effectiveness of F. carica have not been fully evaluated in humans. It is important to investigate the extract's mechanism of action. Establishing the standard dose and safety is necessary.

Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC: A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, ancient medicinal and pharmacological Uses

Dwaipayan Sinha — 2024-04-01

Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC., a member of the Asteraceae family, is an annual herbaceous plant with a rich array of phytochemicals that hold immense therapeutic promise. Commonly known as Karanda jangli muli (in Hindi) and kukkuradru (in Sanskrit), this herb is cultivated for its applications in food, essential oil extraction and various ethnomedical purposes. It thrives in diverse regions, including the Indian plains, the northwest Himalayas, China, Tropical Africa, the Malay Islands, Australia, Ceylon and Malaya. B. lacera boasts a multitude of valuable phytochemical components, including alpha-amyrin, ß-sitosterol, acetates, hentriacontane, stigmasterol, lupeol and lupeol acetate. These phytochemicals exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, diuretic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, astringent, hepatoprotective, sedative, anxiolytic, anti-viral, analgesic, hypothermic, anti-bacterial, anti-atherothrombotic, anti-leukemic and tranquilizing effects. Additionally, the phytochemicals derived from B. lacera align with various Ayurvedic attributes, encompassing dravya (substance), rasa (taste), guna (qualities), veerya (potency), vipaka (post-digestion outcome), karma (pharmacological actions) and prabha (therapeutics). Despite the plant's extensive bioactive chemical profile and therapeutic significance, scientific studies on B. lacera remain surprisingly scarce. In light of its numerous applications, this review aims to elucidate the diversity of phytochemicals, ethnomedicinal uses and therapeutic potentials of B. lacera.