Editor-in-Chief: K K Sabu Publishing model: Fully Open Access Days to First Editorial Decision: 49 days Submission to acceptance: 133 days Acceptance rate: 67% Journal Impact Factor (JIF): 0.8 5 year Impact Factor: 0.9 NAAS score (2025): 6.8 Plant Science Today (PST; eISSN: 2348-1900) is a fully open access peer reviewed international journal devoted to publish scientific articles from all areas of plant science to share advances to a wider audience. Four issues are published each year. PST, published by Horizon e-Publishing Group and powered by Empirion Publishers Private Limited, is covered by Scopus, Web of Science, BIOSIS Previews, Clarivate Analytics, NAAS, and many other indexing/abstracting services. Read more on indexing
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Genetic variability, heritability and correlation analysis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in North Western Ethiopia
Wheat productivity in Ethiopia remains low (3.1 ton ha-1), highlighting the need for genetic improvement programs. This study assessed genetic variability, heritability and correlation analysis in 160 bread wheat genotypes tested across 2 sites and seasons using an alpha lattice design. The study revealed substantial variation in yield and related traits, indicating a strong potential for selection. Grain yield showed high genetic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, while those for 1000 kernel weight (TKW) and spike length were moderate and for most other traits, they were low. Genetic advance was notable only for yield and TKW, with high genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM) observed for yield, TKW and spike length. Spikelet number and kernel number per spike displayed moderate GAM, whereas remaining traits were low. High heritability (>60 %) for most studied traits indicate that the observed variations were predominantly under genetic control and less influenced by the environment. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between agronomic traits. These findings provide valuable guidance for breeders in developing high yielding wheat varieties adapted to diverse environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Workineh Fenta, Assefa Sintayehu, Tesfaye Alemu, Tilahun Mekonnen, Kassahun Tesfaye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of zinc foliar application on productivity and quality characteristics of several cotton varieties
Zinc deficiency is a common issue in cotton cultivation that can significantly impact yield and quality, especially when the soil zinc content is unavailable due to a problem related to nutrient competition. A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2023, on a farmers’ field in Al-Anbar province, Iraq, to investigate the effect of zinc spraying on cotton yield and its components, as well as quality characteristics, for several cotton varieties. The experiment utilised a split-plot design that was arranged within a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots occupied by four zinc concentrations, which were 0, 75, 150 and 225 mg L-1, while the sub-plot contained four cotton varieties: Spearo888, Cocker 310, Pak-cot and Candia. The results showed that the Spearo 888 cotton variety had the highest average in terms of plant height, reaching 156.72 cm, while the Pak-Cot variety had the highest average for traits: branch per plant-1 (12.61), number of total and opened bolls per plant-1 (26.57 and 19.04), boll weight (3.97 g) and total seed cotton yield (2.95 t ha-1). The studied traits improved progressively with increasing zinc concentration, with the highest concentration yielding the best results. The integration of zinc with the varieties led to the best results. The cotton fibre characteristics were not significantly affected by zinc concentrations; rather, variety had the greatest influence, indicating that these characteristics are more influenced by gene action than by environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noaman A H, Imad M Ali, Adil H Abdulkafoor, Almarie A A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable rice production in low-SOM soils: The case for green manure adoption
In intensive rice-based rotations, reliance on high rates of chemical fertilisers (CF) often results in low nutrient-use efficiency and attendant environmental risks. To evaluate the potential of organic amendments (OAs) to mitigate these issues, we conducted a Boro–Fallow–Transplanted Aman (T. Aman) field trial for two years (2022–2024), with 7 treatments: an unfertilised control; farmer-practice CF; full recommended dose (RD) of CF; and 4 treatments combining 75 % RD of chemical fertiliser with farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), compost, or green manure (dhaincha). Dhaincha was cultivated during the fallow interval, while all OAs were applied at T. Aman, with residual effects assessed in the subsequent boro season. All combined OA + 75 % RD treatments produced comparable grain yields (3.01–6.33 t ha-1), each delivering 50–52 % higher grain and 47–50 % higher straw yields than the unfertilised control. Notably, the green manure treatment achieved the highest nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil carbon stocks, boosting soil organic carbon by 12–26 % relative to the control. These findings demonstrate that integrating moderate chemical inputs with targeted organic amendments, especially green manure, can maintain or enhance rice productivity while improving soil fertility and reducing dependence on CF.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jannatul Ferdous, SM Jahida Akter Mousumi, Jannatul Fardus, Ishrat Munmun Anne, Afia Fahmida Jui, Tamanna Akther Mukta, Nusrat Jahan Mim, Md. Hosenuzzaman, Mohammad Golam Kibria, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Md. Anamul Hoque, Mohammad Anwar Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accumulation of copper in tissues of Sonchus arvensis L. grown in copper-polluted soil
Copper (Cu) contamination in agricultural soils poses environmental risks and potential health hazards through food-chain transfer. Sonchus arvensis L., a widely consumed medicinal plant, has not been fully assessed for its capacity to accumulate heavy metals. This study investigated whether the species exhibits sufficient tolerance and uptake ability to evaluate its safety implications for human consumption while also assessing its ability to function as a phytoremediation agent. S. arvensis was cultivated in soils spiked with graded Cu concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Morphological responses, Cu partitioning between roots and shoots and phytoremediation ability were measured to determine its remediation potential. The plant survived across all treatments, showing dose-dependent stress symptoms but maintaining structural viability. Copper accumulation followed a clear pattern of root greater than shoot across all concentrations. Removal efficiency reached up to 43 % within 14 days, indicating rapid metal sequestration and demonstrating the species’ potential for phytostabilisation. However, Cu concentrations in aerial tissues exceeded international food safety limits (WHO) even at the lowest contamination level. These findings highlight a dual implication: S. arvensis is a promising, cost-effective candidate for stabilising Cu-contaminated soils, yet its ability to accumulate Cu in edible parts presents significant safety concerns. Regulation of its harvest in polluted environments is therefore essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alifianti Shinta Putri Pratama, Rr. Khoirunnisa Asyahidah, Fiko Dalili Sharfina, Alfin Fatwa Mei Afifudin, Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative study of phytochemical properties and antioxidant potential of Plagiochasma appendiculatum Lehm. & Lindenb. and Riccia aravalliensis Pande & Udar
Plants have long served as an important source of medicinal agents and bioactive compounds. This has led to using numerous medicinal plants with therapeutic properties due to their valuable bioactive compounds. Bryophytes, a group of non-vascular plants, have been reported to exhibit diverse therapeutic activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic effects. Plagiochasma appendiculatum Lehm. & Lindenb. and Riccia aravalliensis Pandé & Udar, 2 tropical bryophyte species, were examined for their phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds in both species, with some variations across different solvent extracts. Quantitative analysis showed that P. appendiculatum generally had higher total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) compared to R. aravalliensis. Ethanol extracts demonstrated the highest TPC and TFC for both species. Antioxidant assays using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide scavenging methods indicated that P. appendiculatum possessed stronger antioxidant potential than R. aravalliensis, with ethanol extracts exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity, followed by methanol and chloroform extracts. These findings suggest that both bryophyte species, particularly P. appendiculatum, are rich sources of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with significant antioxidant potential. The results highlight the potential of these non-vascular plants as valuable sources of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds, warranting further research to isolate and characterise specific bioactive molecules and elucidate their therapeutic potential in managing oxidative stress-related conditions. This study contributes to the growing evidence supporting the medicinal value of bryophytes and their potential applications in ethnomedicine and drug discovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tripti Sharma, Supriya Kumari Sharma, Afroz Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Species-specific root architecture and its role in soil nutrient dynamics in a multispecies tree stand
Root system architecture (RSA) is important for determining tree stability, nutrient uptake and soil health, as well as for understanding interspecies differences in subtropical agro-ecosystems. Understanding RSA helps clarify species differences in nutrient uptake and soil interactions. The work was conducted to assess root intensity and soil properties of tree species (Pongamia pinnata, Cassia fistula, Tectona grandis, Aegle marmelos and Dalbergia sissoo) at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST), Jammu, India. Fine roots and coarse roots, as well as total root intensity, were measured using the profile wall method at five depth intervals (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm). Soil nutrient parameters were measured at four soil depth intervals (0–15, 15–30, 30–45 and 45–60 cm). Root intensity demonstrated significant interspecific variation, with D. sissoo showing the highest fine root intensity (FRI) (2523.50 no. m-²), followed by P. pinnata and T. grandis, with most fine roots concentrated in the upper 30 cm. Tectona grandis recorded the highest coarse root intensity (1425.75 no. m-²). Soil analysis showed that P. pinnata and D. sissoo had higher surface nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon compared to other species. These findings highlight the promising roles of D. sissoo, T. grandis and P. pinnata, which exhibited intensive root spread, in promoting soil stabilisation and nutrient cycling in subtropical agroforestry systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aatish Kumar Sharma, Meenakshi Gupta, Kamal Kishor Sood, Sarabdeep Kour, Manish Kumar Sharma, Sushil Sharma, Lalit Mohan Gupta, Vishal Mahajan, Vikas Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and characterisation of Celosia cristata L. flower extract-based silver nanoparticles as effective antimicrobial agent for plant protection
Plant systems are a natural reservoir of phytochemicals that may act as agents for reducing silver ions into nanoparticles. This study reports the green synthesis and characterisation of silver nanoparticles using Celosia cristata L. flower extract and evaluates their antimicrobial efficacy against key plant pathogens: Alternaria solani, Fusarium graminearum and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The biosynthesis involved the use of phytochemicals as natural reducing/stabilising agents and silver nitrate. The formation of silver nanoparticles was indicated by a colour change and confirmed by a surface plasmon resonance peak at 426 nm in UV–Visible spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a face-centred cubic crystalline structure with dominant (111) orientation and transmission electron microscopy showed mostly spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 13 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups responsible for capping and stabilisation. Antimicrobial activity was demonstrated through agar well diffusion with notable inhibition zones: 26 ± 1.00 mm (A. solani), 23 ± 2.00 mm (F. graminearum) and 21 ± 0.5 mm (X. oryzae pv. oryzae). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as observed in the investigation was 78.1 mg/mL (for A. solani) and 156.2 mg/mL (for F. graminearum and X. oryzae pv. oryzae). The findings highlight the potential of C. cristata-derived silver nanoparticles as eco-friendly biocontrol agents in sustainable agriculture, offering a promising alternative to conventional chemical pesticides.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sakil M, Abha V, Neelesh K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating dyspareunia in southern Pakistan
The current research is the first conducted to record the native remedial flora utilised by the occupants of southern areas of Pakistan for the curing of dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse). For the contemporary study, an ethnomedicinal exploration of 3 chief rustic locations of southern regions (Thar Desert, Bahawalpur and Cholistan Desert) of Pakistan was conducted during January 2024 to February 2025. All through the current research, 20 curative flora belonging to 16 families were recognised. Lamiaceae was the chief family with 3 species. Likewise, the major life form was herbs (11 species). Similarly, the technique of formulation was decoction (11 species). The greatest value of informant consensus factor (ICF) was about 0.97 which enabled informants to attain orgasm. The maximum consensus index (CI) value was gained for Rosa gallica L. (98.4 %). Correspondingly, the maximum cultural significance index (CSI) was 52.4 for Nigella sativa L. Likewise, the uppermost value of relative frequency of citation for Tribulus terrestris L. was 0.56. The most used medicinal plants in the study area with 100 % FL were Cocos nucifera L., Cousinia stocksii C.Winkl., etc which were used to treat muscular pain along with contractions in the pelvic area, and to relieve aching feelings in non-penetrative sexual activity respectively. The current study recorded that 3 chief distant regions of southern areas of Pakistan have significant diversity of curative plants, for curing of dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse). Therefore, the present research provides a base for further pharmacological and phytochemical investigation for the assessment of their bioactive compounds that might leads to innovative drug discovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huma Zareef, Fazli Malik Sarim, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Muhammad Tayyab Gul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative in vitro efficacy of fungicides and homoeopathic preparations against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in ajwain
Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Sprague is a high-value seed spice crop in India with considerable medicinal and culinary importance, yet its production is severely limited by stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, resulting in yield losses exceeding 50–80 %, with major economic implications for farmers and the spice export market. This study tested the hypothesis that selected homoeopathic formulations can reproducibly suppress fungal growth, providing environmentally safe and economically viable alternatives to chemical fungicides. In vitro evaluation revealed complete inhibition of S. sclerotiorum by propiconazole 11.9 % + azoxystrobin 7.1 % (Apropo), tebuconazole 18.3 % + azoxystrobin 11 % (Custodia) and difenoconazole 11.4 % + azoxystrobin 18.2 % (Amistar Top) at 150 ppm, while hexaconazole 5 % emulsifiable concentrate (EC), propiconazole 25 % EC and azoxystrobin 23 % suspension concentrate (SC) showed substantial inhibition. Among homoeopathic treatments, Calcarea carbonica and Thuja occidentalis achieved over 70 % inhibition. By integrating experimental results with published literature, patents and prior studies, this work provides a robust, interdisciplinary framework connecting plant pathology, homoeopathy and sustainable agriculture. The findings reveal a breakthrough: ultra-diluted biological preparations can complement fungicides, reduce chemical dependency, mitigate resistance development and support low-input, organic and export-oriented spice production systems. Economically, adoption of these strategies could protect yield worth millions of USD annually, while minimising environmental and regulatory risks. Future research should focus on field validation, application optimisation, biochar integration and techno-economic modelling, ensuring global applicability and maximising agronomic, ecological and financial benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bhabani Sankar Rout, Ashim Kumar Mishra, Chandra Sekhar Choudhary, Rabindra Prasad, Ram Kumar Choudhary, Dinesh Rai, Anshuman Raul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of urban ecological conditions using heavy metal accumulation in the leaves of Paulownia and Acer
Amid intensified urbanization and industrial expansion, heavy metal (HM) contamination has become a critical challenge for urban ecosystems. Toxic elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) threaten both public health and environmental stability. This study evaluates the bioaccumulation capacity of two widespread urban tree species-Paulownia and Acer-within different districts of Osh city. Leaf samples were collected across multiple seasons and HM concentrations were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The findings demonstrate pronounced spatial and seasonal variability, with the highest metal levels recorded in districts under strong anthropogenic pressure. Paulownia consistently accumulated more Fe and Cu than Acer, particularly during autumn, when atmospheric deposition intensifies. These results highlight the suitability of Paulownia not only as an effective bioindicator but also as a promising species for phytoremediation. These findings demonstrate the strong influence of urban structure, seasonality and species-specific traits on patterns of metal accumulation. Overall, the results highlight the value of Paulownia as a sensitive bioindicator and a promising species for phytoremediation, providing practical insight for urban ecosystem health assessment and evidence-based planning of sustainable green infrastructure in rapidly developing cities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ermatova Venera, Akilbu Zulushova, Akkulov Abdijapar, Shamshiyev Bakitbek, Ismailov Avaz, Tashbaltaeva Shaarkan, Khaydarov Khislat, Shukrullozoda Roza, Turabekov Shakhzod, Sultonov Ilhomjon, Atayeva Shohira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and toxicological evaluation of rhizome and leaf ethanol extracts of Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos
Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott is a highly aromatic medicinal plant found in Manipur and other parts of Northeast India. Despite its varied traditional medicinal uses, there are limited reports on plant-part-specific toxicological evaluation of the rhizome and leaf ethanol extracts. In vitro toxicological studies may not adequately replicate complex biological interactions such as metabolism and bioavailability. Therefore, this study focused on in vivo evaluation to obtain a comprehensive toxicological profile. This study compared the phytochemical composition of the rhizome and leaf ethanol extracts of H. aromatica from Manipur, India using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays and toxicological profile using zebrafish as a model. The GC-MS analysis of Homalomena aromatica rhizome ethanol extract (HAREE) and Homalomena aromatica leaf ethanol extract (HALEE) revealed the presence of 31 and 25 compounds respectively. The rhizome ethanol extract had a terpenoid-rich composition with the major compounds being Linalyl acetate (monoterpenoid), Oplopanonyl acetate (sesquiterpenoid) and (1R,7S,E)-7-Isopropyl4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol (sesquiterpenoid) while the leaf ethanol extract showed a more diverse chemical composition with 2-Cyclohexen-3-ol-1-one, 2-dodecanoyl- (vinylogous acid), α- Tocopherol-β-D-mannoside (vitamin E glycoside) and n-Hexadecanoic acid (long-chain fatty acid) being the major compounds detected. The rhizome extract showed a higher 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and 2,2´-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than the leaf extract with IC50 values of 51.23 ± 0.10 µg/mL (ABTS) and 248.81 ± 6.23 µg/mL (DPPH) respectively. However, both were less potent than the standard ascorbic acid. In contrast to the antioxidant activity, the leaf ethanol extract was found to have a higher toxic profile as compared to the rhizome ethanol extract with LC50 values estimated to be 198.81 (leaf) and 558.31 µg/mL (rhizome) respectively. This underscores differential distribution of secondary metabolites in the different plant parts. In conclusion, these findings highlight substantial differences between the leaf and rhizome extracts in chemical composition, antioxidant potential and safety profile.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sangeeta Yanglem, Birjit Singh Waikhom, Reema Khangembam, Wairokpam Wangthoinganba Chenglei, Sonali Thokchom, Ophelia Kshetrimayum, Thangal Yumnamcha, Maibam Damayanti Devi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biogenic zinc nanoparticles synthesized from Terminalia chebula Retz: A sustainable approach to synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies
Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) are particularly valuable due to their broad applications, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic and wound healing properties. In this study the phytochemicals of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits were extracted via Soxhlet extraction and cold extraction method using methanol as solvent after that, ZnNPs were synthesized using a green chemistry methodology employing the above methanolic extracts. After the synthesis, qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was executed to precisely identify the key biomolecules responsible for facilitating the nanoparticle formation. The ZnNPs were characterized using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, their effectiveness as an antibacterial agent was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Visual observation confirmed nanoparticles formation through a colour change from brown to creamy. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed characteristic absorption peak around 360–380 nm, which is the typical excitonic peak of Zn nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the highly crystalline and polycrystalline nature of the zinc nanoparticles, while FTIR spectra revealed differences in extraction efficiency between Soxhlet and cold extraction methods. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed irregular morphology and agglomerated clusters of the synthesized ZnNPs. Crucially, the T. chebula mediated ZnNPs demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, often surpassing streptomycin, with optimal activity between 150–200 µg/mL, highlighting its potential as a source for natural antimicrobial compounds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aakanksha Sharma, Neha Behar, Rupal Purena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical characterisation and biosafety profiling of Elsholtzia communis (Collett & Hemsl.) Diels essential oil using zebrafish embryos
Elsholtzia communis (Collett & Hemsl.) Diels is traditionally used in herbal medicine, yet the phytochemical composition and developmental safety of its flower-derived essential oil remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to characterise the essential oil of E. communis flowers (EOEC), evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial activities and assess its developmental toxicity using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The EOEC was extracted by hydro-distillation and characterised using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Antioxidant potential was evaluated through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, while antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was determined using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Developmental toxicity was assessed in zebrafish embryos by monitoring mortality and morphological abnormalities to calculate LC₅₀ values. The GC-MS analysis revealed citral-A (geranial, 45.5 %) and citral-B (neral, 37.8 %) as the major constituents of EOEC, while FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of characteristic OH, C=O and CH functional groups. EOEC exhibited moderate antioxidant activity with EC₅₀ values of 45.12 µg/mL (DPPH) and 43.15 µg/mL (ABTS) and demonstrated significant antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Zebrafish embryo assays showed clear dose-dependent lethality and developmental abnormalities, with LC₅₀ values of 123 µg/mL for EOEC and 145 µg/mL for citral. Notably, adverse developmental effects occurred at concentrations close to those producing biological activity. In conclusion, EOEC possesses promising antioxidant and antibacterial properties but exhibits concentration-dependent embryotoxicity, emphasising the need for careful dose optimisation and biosafety evaluation prior to therapeutic or nutraceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Birjit Singh Waikhom, Sangeeta Yanglem, Keisham Niranjan Singh, Lokendrajit Nahakpam, Thangal Yumnamcha, Maibam Damayanti Devi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and mycorrhizal fungi on total phenolics, peroxidase and glycoalkaloids in Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. infected tomato plants
Pathogenicity tests of Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. isolates on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) demonstrated a significant capacity to induce seed rot and seedling damping-off under greenhouse conditions. The most virulent isolate, confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was selected for further study. Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum and mycorrhizal fungi substantially enhanced the total phenolic content and peroxidase (POX) enzyme activity in F. oxysporum-infected plants. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that these biological control agents significantly boosted the biosynthesis of key secondary metabolites, specifically the glycoalkaloids (GAs) α-tomatine, tomatidine and solanine. The interaction between F. oxysporum and T. harzianum resulted in the highest accumulation of these defense-related compounds compared to plants infected with the pathogen alone. These findings suggest that T. harzianum and mycorrhizal fungi activate the plant’s systemic resistance by modulating physiological and biochemical defense mechanisms against Fusarium wilt.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rusul Abdulatef Abdulhussein Altamemi, Zeinab A M Al-Tememe, Amira Mougou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical profiling and selective cytotoxic activity of the hexane fraction of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. against human prostate cancer cells
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. is a medicinal plant traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes such as treatment of skin disorders, inflammatory conditions, digestive ailments and minor wounds; however, its anticancer potential against prostate cancer (PCa) has not been adequately investigated. This study aimed to characterise the phytochemical composition of the n-hexane fraction (F1) obtained from the whole plant of S. media and to evaluate its selective cytotoxic activity against human PCa cells. The n-hexane fraction (F1) was obtained by cold maceration of the dried whole plant and subjected to phytochemical profiling using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against the human PCa cell line PC3 at different concentrations and incubation periods (24, 48 and 72 hr), while human dermal fibroblast cells (HdFn) were used to assess selectivity. The IC₅₀ values were calculated accordingly. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of various non-polar phytochemical constituents, such as n-hexadecanoic acid, octacosanol and lanosterol. The n-hexane fraction exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against PC3 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with a progressive decrease in IC₅₀ values over time. In contrast, higher IC₅₀ values were observed in HdFn cells, indicating selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Morphological observations further supported cytotoxic and apoptosis-related changes in treated PC3 cells. The n-hexane fraction of S. media demonstrated selective cytotoxic activity against human PCa cells, which may be attributed to identified non-polar phytochemical constituents. These findings suggest that S. media represents a promising source of plant-derived compounds for further anticancer investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Dhaher Mohsen, Thukaa Z Abdul-Jalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Medicinal mosses of Uzbekistan: Biochemical profiling and review of their ethnopharmacological uses
Mosses, a diverse group within the bryophyte division, have been historically used for their medicinal properties. Despite their global distribution and resilience to extreme environmental conditions, their medicinal potential remains underexplored, particularly in regions like Uzbekistan. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation into the medicinal mosses of Uzbekistan, focusing on Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. , Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., Marchantia polymorpha L. and Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda . Using advanced analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the study determines the biochemical composition, amino acid profiles, carbohydrate content, water-soluble vitamins and elemental concentrations of these species. Results revealed that F. hygrometrica had the highest total amino acid content, particularly rich in arginine, aspartic acid and tyrosine, while B. rutabulum exhibited the highest carbohydrate concentration (19.53 mg/g). Marchantia polymorpha contained the highest levels of water-soluble vitamins, including B and C complexes. Mineral analysis confirmed the presence of 41 essential elements, such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese and selenium, with cadmium and lead concentrations remaining below Uzbekistan’s safety thresholds. In addition, the study reviews traditional medicinal applications of mosses globally, with particular emphasis on those within Uzbekistan's bryoflora. These results emphasise the bioactive potential of bryophytes and enhance the knowledge of their biochemical characteristics, therapeutic value and uses in natural medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farrux Abdirasulov, Mushtaq Ahmad, Aqsa Abid, Kholmurod Zhalov, Sakhib Pardaboyev, Mekhrubon Khurramova, Shazia Sultana, Nagmetullayev Marat, Suyunkulova Shahrizoda, Mamadiyarov Muzaffar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenotypic diversity of native melon cultivars in Sar-e Pol Province, Afghanistan based on morphological traits
Afghanistan is a significant source of melon landraces, known for its rich genetic diversity and a wide range of traditional, locally adapted varieties. The phenotypic and genotypic diversity in the country makes them a valuable resource for identification, classification, genetic conservation and crop improvement studies. This experiment was conducted to investigate the phenotypic diversity of native melons of Sar-e-Pol province, Afghanistan based on morphological traits. The results demonstrated that there was a significant variation among phenotypic attributes of native melon cultivars from Sar-e Pol province. Based on germination performance, the Azqalani cultivar showed the highest germination rate (100 %), while Kanawari recorded the lowest (80 %). Regarding to 50 % flowering, the Tordar cultivar flowered earliest (33.5 days), while Aqchaye was the latest (44.5 days). In terms of fruit maturity, the Tordar cultivar matured earliest (83 days), whereas Gargak Sabz required up to 94.5 days to reach 50 % maturity. The finding also showed that Tordar produced the highest yield per plant (12.24 kg), while Gorgak Safeed had the lowest (4.89 kg). In addition, other investigated qualitative traits showed the considerable variation among the cultivars. Cultivars such as Sakhtcha, Kanawari, Kok Gorgak, Gorgak Sabz, Nabatk Safeed, Alapochaqh and Garagozh showed the highest phenotypic stability. These genotypes should be prioritized in breeding programs for development into improved cultivars. Overall, this study focused solely on morphological variation among cultivars. Therefore, further studies on genotypic diversity using molecular markers are crucial to validate genetic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Arif Adel, Shah Mahmoud Faqiri, Kumesa Weldagiyorgis Gebre, Qaderi Ismail, Mohammad Iqbal Adeel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of genetic diversity among high azadirachtin genotypes of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) using ISSR markers
Azadirachtin, a key bioactive compound derived from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), holds paramount importance in various industrial applications due to its potent pesticidal properties and versatile nature. The existence of natural variability for azadirachtin among different Neem genotypes presents an opportunity for strategic selection and breeding. The variability observed across genotypes allows for the identification and breeding of genotypes consistently high in azadirachtin content. Genetic diversity studies of A. indica using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers revealed that the 40 genotypes were grouped into 7 distinct clusters based on Jaccards’ similarity coefficient. The dendrogram obtained at a 0.73 similarity matrix showed the highest genetic diversity between genotypes G1 and G25, in contrary to this, G32 and G37 showed the least genetic diversity. A total of 33 primers were used in the study, but only 20 primers were successfully amplified at different annealing temperatures, with the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranging from 0.201 to 0.385, averaging 0.31. Most of the primers exhibited 100 % polymorphism. The number of bands generated ranged from 6–14. Among all the bands generated, 13 unique bands were identified across 12 primers in 14 genotypes, with G16 and G25 showing the highest number of unique bands. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting superior genotypes as candidate trees for future improvement programs, contributing to better management and commercial utilisation of neem resources. This study also plays a crucial role in advancing the genetic enhancement of A. indica.
Copyright (c) 2026 T V B S Lalitha, Reeja S, Manasa Mogilicharla, Arjun Ramachandran, Shalini Mudalkar, Kumaran K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of antibacterial compounds in Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb. against Staphylococcus aureus
The leaves of Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb. are known to have medicinal properties, including antibacterial activity. Among the bacteria of concern, Staphylococcus aureus poses a significant challenge due to its frequent resistance to antibiotics. This study was driven by the growing urgency to address the resistance of bacteria through the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents derived from natural products such as D. trifasciata. The objectives were to identify the active compounds with antibacterial activity in the potential extracts, fractions and isolates of D. trifasciata against S. aureus and observe the structural changes in bacterial cells after exposure to the leaf fractions of the plant. Compound identification was performed using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), while compound separation was conducted through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and preparative TLC. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the effects of fraction treatment on bacterial cells. The disc diffusion method was used for antibacterial testing, with inhibition zone parameters. The results showed that the leaf extract of D. trifasciata exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, as evidenced by significant inhibition zones and SEM-based detection of structural damage to bacterial cells. Identified active compounds included hexamethylenetetramine, reserpine, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]acrylamide, 2-[(3S)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl]-1H-benzimidazole-5-carbonitrile, palmitic acid, adenosine, acridine-9(10H)-thione, galaxolidone and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Antibacterial research on D. trifasciata was carried out from crude extract to separate fractions using the bioassay test principle and showed the potential of this plant as a natural antibacterial source.
Copyright (c) 2026 Whika Febria Dewatisari, Nelsiani To’bungan, Niken Ayu Lestari, Siska Devi Kusumawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical profiling and antidiabetic potential of Dactylicapnos scandens root tuber using LC-MS, GC-MS and molecular docking
Dactylicapnos scandens (D. Don) Hutch represents the Papaveraceae family as climbing perennial herbs and is used by traditional healers in India, China, Nepal, Tibet and Vietnam to treat inflammation, diabetes and many other ailments. The current study investigates phytochemical composition and biological activities of root tuber of the plant. The crude extract was screened for bioactive compounds by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). The antidiabetic activity was determined by in vitro enzyme inhibition assays involving α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In silico molecular docking was carried out to confirm antidiabetic potential. In LC–MS analysis of the root tuber of Dioscorea scandens, acebutolol, hydrocortisone, disulfiram, corymbosin, vincamine, gentisic acid and andrographolide were identified. In contrast, GC–MS analysis revealed Z,Z-6,28-heptatriactontadien-2-one, 2-ethylthiolane S,S-dioxide, fumaric acid 3-methylbut-3-enyl octyl ester, succinic acid 4-methoxy-2-methylbutyl octadecyl ester, hexacosyl acetate, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2,2-dimethyleicosane, 3-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)furan, oleic acid and octadecanoic acid as major components. The enzyme inhibition assay revealed lower activity than the standard drugs acarbose, but the inhibition could be considered significant. In the α-amylase inhibition assay, acarbose showed an IC₅₀ value of 84.60 µg/mL, whereas the extract exhibited IC50 value of 95.98 µg/mL. Similarly, in the α-glucosidase assay, acarbose had the IC50 value of 46.38 µg/mL and root tuber extract showed activity with IC50 value of 66.04 µg/mL. Among the identified phytocompounds, andrographolide displayed strong binding affinities, with binding energies of −8.27 kcal/mol for human pancreatic α-amylase and −9.24 kcal/mol for human small intestinal α-glucosidase. Likewise, vincamine demonstrated notable binding energies of −7.02 kcal/mol with human pancreatic α-amylase and −8.37 kcal/mol with human small intestinal α-glucosidase. Findings suggest that D. scandens crude extract possesses number of antidiabetic phytochemicals. This has significant translational potential for developing antidiabetic therapies. Cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of D. scandens along with synergistic effects of phytoconstituents could be verified for further utilisation of the plant as a source of therapeutic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rupam Buragohain, Asim Nath, Bhabajyoti Das, Rodali Das, Mehzabin Rahman, Pranjan Barman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Heterosis studies for yield-related traits in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications, 30 F1’s and their 13 parents were evaluated at the Main Experimental Station, Department of Vegetable Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, during the zaid seasons of 2023 and 2024. The optimum genotypes were recommended based on the findings of studies on heterosis and combining ability. To determine the best parental combination and the best-performing hybrid, the hybrids were assessed for seven distinct qualities. The best hybrid combination, both in terms of overall heterosis effects and per se performance, was NDCU-23-11 x Punjab Naveen. The cross combinations NDCU-23-11 x Punjab Naveen, VRCU-2203 x Pusa Uday and NDCU-23-11 x Pusa Uday outperformed the midparent in terms of fruit yield, while the combinations NDCU-23-11 x Pusa Uday, VRCU-2203 x Pusa Uday and VRCU-2203 x Arka Veera outperformed the standard variety in terms of heterosis. Heterosis over normal variety ranged from 15.05 to 112.31 %, whereas over better parent it ranged from 0.00 to 106.49 %. The predominance of dominant gene activation suggests the possibility of hybrid breeding for genetic enhancement in cucumbers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hradesh Shivhare, C N Ram, Aastik Jha, Anil Kumar, D K Upadhyay, Tribhuvan Chaubey, Manoj Kumar Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lactic acid bacteria from flowers and vegetables: A new avenue unlocking non-dairy reservoirs for nutritional and agro-biotechnological applications
Isolation and screening of microbes were the first and important step to explore the diversity of naturally occurring beneficial bacteria. This study hypothesized that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) naturally associated with flowers and vegetables possess unique probiotic traits that could outperform conventional strains in both human and agricultural applications due to their environmental adaptability and enzymatic versatility. The current study is focused on the probiotic potency of LAB associated with flowers and vegetables. A total of 71 strains of bacteria were isolated and 51 were selected based on the LAB characteristics. To ensure probiotic efficacy, a series of in vitro tests were conducted to determine the probiotic potential of the isolates including survival in gut conditions (acid, bile and gastric juice tolerance). Seven strains exhibited remarkable tolerance to low pH, bile salt and gastric juice. The safety evaluation (hemolytic, deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and gelatinase activities) of the selected strains proved the non-pathogenic nature and hence generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, further identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus and Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains by 16S rRNA sequencing. The carbohydrate utilization pattern coincides with the molecular identification and the enzymatic profiling of 7 isolates showed the ability to produce protease and cellulase, proving their adaptability to the natural habitat. This study shows that naturally occurring LAB from unexplored plant-based niches have dual functions as probiotics for humans and plants. This study is the initial step to establishing low-cost probiotic innovations derived from indigenous microbial resources, improving human health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sreelekshmi Kumar, Keerthi Thalakattil Raghavan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of environmental and biological factors influencing oil palm productivity decline
This study assessed environmental and biological factors influencing oil palm fruit set and yield decline. This study was conducted in Malaysia, Teluk Intan, Perak State, at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Research Station during February 2019 to January 2020. The optimal oil palm fruit set is continuously declining, attributed to genetic origins, inflorescence sex ratio, pollinator insect (Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust) and environmental factors (rainfall, field temperature, wind velocity, evaporation rate and sunshine duration). This study was conducted to investigate the most influential factor responsible for the decline in oil palm fruit set. The analysed results showed that oil to bunch was the highest contributor to oil yield, followed by mesocarp to fruit and fresh fruit bunch. The novelty of this study as a unique contribution to the oil palm industry primarily identified E. kamerunicus as the most influential biological factor in fruit set success, followed by wind velocity and field temperature, especially in older or taller palms with reduced male inflorescence. These findings can be used to develop strategies to combat declining oil palm fruit setting and low oil yield.
Copyright (c) 2026 Senesie Swaray, Mohd Rafii Yusop, Momodu Jalloh, Ansumana Joseph Musa, Mohamed Sesay, Sheku Alhaji Koroma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interaction between seeding rates and different wheat varieties in improving yield
An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2023–2024 on the farm of one of the farmers, using a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replications. The study aimed to investigate the effect of three seeding rates (100, 140 and 180 kg ha-1) as the main treatments on the growth and yield of five wheat varieties (Fayad, Al-Rashid, Tamouz, IPA 99 and Al-Hashimiyya) as the subplots. The results showed that the seeding rate of 100 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest mean values for flag leaf area, 1000-grain weight and harvest index, with values of 15.36 cm², 47.20 g and 26.56 %, respectively. On the other hand, the 180 kg ha-1 seeding rate exhibited superior performance in biological yield and total yield, with values of 21.16 t ha-1 and 5.71 t ha-1, respectively. The 140 kg ha-1 seeding rate was distinguished by producing the highest harvest index, with a mean value of 28.87 %. Significant differences were observed among the varieties for most of the traits studied. The variety Al-Rashid achieved the highest mean values for flag leaf area, total yield and harvest index, with 14.71 cm², 5.92 kg ha-1 and 28.90 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the variety Tamouz recorded the highest mean 1000-grain weight, 52.34 g, while the variety IPA 99 exhibited the highest biological yield, reaching 22.58 t ha-1.
Copyright (c) 2026 Husam M Obiad; Zeyad A Abdulhamed; Hamdi J Hammadi, Ahmed Shehab Abd-Allah Ramadan, Ali M Oudah, Akram Mohammed Abood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing storage protocols to preserve the nutraceutical value of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae)
Ficus carica L. (fig) is traditionally used to treat diverse diseases. However, despite its health benefits, fig fruit deteriorates quickly after harvesting due to its delicate nature. This study aimed to examine the influence of storage conditions on the biological efficacy of F. carica. The extracts of F. carica were subjected to analysis of total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and disc diffusion assay. The room temperature drying (RTD) fig extracts, especially those of the purple variety (RTD-P), were more bioactive than their counterparts, with a maximum flavonoid content (77.1 mg QE/g) and excellent antioxidant potential (DPPH IC50 = 20.2 µg/mL, FRAP = 23.6 mmol Fe2+/g). Moreover, the RTD extracts exhibited high potential to inhibit α-glucosidase (IC50 46.2 µg/mL) and potent inhibition against Escherichia coli (17.8 mm), Citrobacter freundii (13.9 mm) and Enterobacter aerogenes (8.4 mm). The RTD results in the retention of more compounds, which contributes to its biological activities. Future studies should profile the chemical composition of each drying method to obtain a better understanding of the effects of the drying methods on the degradation of compounds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulrahaman Mahmoud Dogara, Harmand A Hama , Dogan Ozdemir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimicrobial efficacy of different solvent extracts of Quercus infectoria G.Olivier against UTI pathogens and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects
Multidrug-resistant urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major global concern for the health sector. Quercus infectoria G.Olivier has been used as a medicine for ages in Asia and it is well established of its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. The aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extract and dry powder forms of Q. infectoria were investigated for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities. Various assays were done to determine anti-microbial, cytotoxic effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aqueous extract of Q. infectoria expressed antibacterial properties against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, while the methanolic extract is effective against Klebsiella species by the well diffusion assay. The cytotoxic effects of Q. infectorias’ aqueous extract revealed a 90 % survival rate with 5 and 10 µg/mL in the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) method. The methanolic extract demonstrated an 89.13 % suppression of antioxidant activity at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The methanolic extract demonstrated 85.13 % suppression of antioxidant activity in the H₂O₂ experiment at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. Similarly, aqueous extract showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory actions in egg albumin denaturation inhibition assay (EA assay), bovine serum albumin denaturation assay (BSA assay) and membrane stabilisation assay (MSA assay). The current investigation showed that Q. infectoria has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Moreover, it has antimicrobial actions against selected UTI pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nalini Jeyaprakash, Rajeshkumar Shanmugam, Jabir P K, Sulochana Govindharaj, Philomina V, Neelanjana P, Steffy Dominic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multivariate analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germplasm under temperate agro-climatic niches
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a resilient cereal crop with significant global importance, particularly in temperate regions, where it thrives under a range of climatic stresses. This study assessed genetic variability, trait associations and population structure among 51 barley genotypes under temperate conditions using an augmented block design during the rabi season 2021–2022 at Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops (MRCFC), Khudwani- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST) of Kashmir. Eight agronomically important traits namely, days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, tiller number per metre, spike length, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plot, were evaluated using standard biometric and multivariate analytical approaches. Significant genetic diversity was observed, with high heritability and substantial genetic advance recorded for tiller number per meter and yield, indicating predominant additive gene action. Yield showed strong positive correlations with tiller number and grains per spike, highlighting their significance for selection. Path analysis confirmed the association pattern. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified 2 major components explaining almost 60 % of total variation, with plant height, tiller number per meter, grains per spike and yield being the dominant contributors. Clustering grouped genotypes into 5 clusters, with cluster V yielding highest. Large inter-cluster distances signified broad genetic divergence. Based on a combined selection index integrating PCA scores and yield performance, 6 superior barley genotypes were identified, among which IBYT-HI-2021-14, IBYT-HI-2021-12 and HUB113 exhibited the most consistent and outstanding agronomic performance under temperate conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shabir H Wani, Gazala H Khan, Subhasini Ghosh, Najeeb R Sofi, Gowhar Ali, Shah Mohammad Usman, Zahoor A Dar, Reyaz ul Rouf Mir, Mohd. Anwar Khan, Mehdi Rahimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Floristic survey of Darjeeling Himalaya with emphasis on endemism and conservation status
The Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, is an ideal home to many taxa, like any other part of the Great Himalayas. The floristic survey of the Darjeeling district provides an overview of the region's biodiversity within the Eastern Himalayan hotspot. The present study documented diverse plant taxa from the Darjeeling Himalaya by preparing herbarium specimens using standard methods, identifying them taxonomically and assessing their threat status using the IUCN Red List database. Using floristic inventories analysed through diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson, Margalef), similarity measures (Jaccard, Sørensen), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), quantified the spatial patterns of plant diversity across the study area. This study showed that Orchidaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Acanthaceae are the dominant plant families in the area and recorded 11 plant species that are either endemic or regionally restricted. The study revealed high alpha diversity (species richness 40–109; H′ = 3.69–4.69) and strong beta diversity driven mainly by species turnover (Jaccard dissimilarity 0.28–0.94), with altitude and associated temperature gradients significantly structuring community composition (PERMANOVA R² = 0.316, p = 0.001), whereas precipitation had no significant effect. The conservation status shows that almost 76 % of the plant species are in the "Not Evaluated" (NE) category, followed by "Least Concern" (LC; 19 %), "Endangered" (EN; 1.2 %) and "Critically Endangered" (CR; 1%). The floristic exploration data on species richness and diversity of the flora provide valuable baseline data for future studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Animesh Sen, Kingsuk Sarkar, Syed Abdul Hakeem Ashraf, Shriprakash, Sariga K S, Shiddamallayya Nagayya, Achintya Mitra, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Jagdish Chandra Arya, Narayanam Srikanth, Rabinarayan Acharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Smart targeting of nanopesticides: Advancing environmental protection and sustainable agriculture
The smart application of nanopesticides marks a significant shift toward environmentally responsible and sustainable pest management. By utilising nanotechnology to encapsulate and deliver active ingredients with high precision, nanopesticides offer targeted action against pests while minimising collateral damage to non-target organisms and ecosystems. Unlike conventional pesticides, these nanoscale systems reduce the overall chemical load required for effective pest control, thereby mitigating environmental pollution and human health risks. Advanced delivery strategies such as stimuli-responsive release, ligand-receptor targeting and controlled degradation enhance the specificity, stability and efficiency of these formulations. Innovative nanocarriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles, enable the controlled release of active compounds in response to environmental triggers such as pH fluctuations, temperature changes, or enzymatic activity. These technological breakthroughs align with the principles of sustainable agriculture by reducing chemical runoff, groundwater contamination and pesticide residues in the food chain. Additionally, the decreased frequency and quantity of applications contribute to lower carbon emissions and resource consumption. To ensure the safe integration of these technologies, robust regulatory frameworks and comprehensive risk assessment models are essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayyawi WA Al-juthery, Nabil R Lahmoud, Hassanein H Al-juthery, Diaa F Hassan, Mustafa Qais Hamid, Rand AHG Al-Taee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tissue sampling, extraction methods, characterisation and applications of Sclerocarya birrea (marula) extracts: A review
Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (marula), with its rich phytochemical content, is highly regarded in southern African communities. Characterisation studies on fruit, bark and other parts of the plant identified valuable phytochemicals like tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, oils, vitamins and many others which calls for unlimited research on marula applications. Though not usually very efficient, use of hand tools in the sampling of roots, bark, leaves and fruits is the most practised method of harvesting due to affordability in communities. Marula roots, leaves and barks are exploited mostly for their medicinal phytochemical content, fruits for their beverage and nutritional benefits while seeds are a source of food and oils used for skin care. Biodiesel, skin care products and alcoholic beverages production have been reported among commercial opportunities for S. birrea. Community based commercial activities involve vending wine, oils, jam and butter as a source of income. Other potential areas of application including paint additives, green corrosion inhibitors and surfactant manufacture among others, need research attention to scale up on S. birrea economic value and commercialisation. More sector specific organisations are required to coordinate knowledge and operations in the marula economy to widen the applications and adoption of marula products into the global markets. Future demand and interest on S. birrea-based products calls for sustainable exploitation and domestication of the plant as alternative conservation measures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munashe Maposa, Babatunde Abiodun Obadele, Victor Kitso Manisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Global research trends and thematic clusters in rice-based sustainable food systems: A systematic review
Rice is a cornerstone of global food security, livelihoods and rural economies, yet its production and consumption are increasingly challenged by climate change, resource constraints and sustainability trade-offs. While research on rice sustainability has expanded rapidly in recent years, the literature remains fragmented across disciplines, analytical scales and food system components. This study presents a systematic literature review that maps and analyses the global research landscape on rice-based sustainable food systems using bibliometric methods and content co-occurrence analysis techniques. A total of 227 publications indexed in the Scopus database (2013-2025) were analysed following PRISMA guidelines. Bibliometric analysis was conducted to examine publication trends, country and institutional contributions, source distribution and keyword co-occurrence patterns. Scientific output increased sharply after 2021, with nearly 89 % of publications produced between 2021 and 2025, indicating rapid consolidation of the field. Country-wise analysis shows a strong concentration of research in Asia, particularly India (136 publications), China (121) and Indonesia (96). Subsequently, content co-occurrence analysis identified four thematic clusters: (i) consumer behaviour, dietary choices and environmental implications; (ii) crop management, resource constraints and economic trade-offs; (iii) food security, resilience and supply chain dynamics; and (iv) adoption and transition towards sustainable rice systems. The results reveal a strong concentration of research in Asia, growing interdisciplinary engagement and a recent surge in system-oriented sustainability studies. However, persistent gaps were identified, including limited methodological integration, weak linkage between production and consumption research and underrepresentation of transition dynamics and emerging regions. By synthesising key interventions, practices and technologies across clusters, this review provides an integrated perspective on pathways toward rice-based sustainable food systems and outlines priority directions for future research and policy development.
Copyright (c) 2026 A Jason Arockiam, C Karthikeyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical and pharmacological advancement on Tridax procumbens L.: A traditional medicinal plant with multiple health benefits: A review
Tridax procumbens L. is a persistent herb typically found as an agronomic weed that grows on wasteland or invades bare soil. Indigenous medicine has employed several extracts of T. procumbens to treat an array of illnesses in both humans and animals. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively review the phytochemical constituents and medicinal potential of T. procumbens, highlighting its traditional and pharmacological uses with updated literature. The study aims to consolidate scientific literature on T. procumbens, its biological activities and therapeutic applications to provide a valuable ethnomedicinal reference. Despite the traditional and ethnomedicinal significance of T. procumbens, several critical research gaps remain, including a lack of in-depth phytochemical characterization. Bridging these gaps is essential for advancing T. procumbens from traditional use to evidence-based therapeutic applications. The literature review confirms the presence of several crucial phytochemicals in T. procumbens such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, anthocyanins and amino acids. These compounds are associated with various biological activities including wound healing, antioxidant and antibacterial effects, anti-inflammatory properties, antifungal, antiparasitic, insecticidal and immunomodulatory therapeutic effects. Tridax procumbens demonstrates significant potential as a medicinal plant with a broad range of biological activities attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile. However, further in-depth pharmacological studies, clinical investigations and toxicological assessments are essential to validate its ethnomedicinal claims and develop it into a reliable therapeutic agent. This review underscores the need for advanced research to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern evidence-based medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Harpreet Kaur, Agam Bori, Kuldip Bora, Kangkana Medhi, Gongwna Basumatary, Natesan Balasubramanian, Jagdish Kumar Sahu, Gomathinayagam Subramanian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnomedicinal plants used in the management of skin diseases: A review of traditional practices in Gujarat
This review focuses on contemporary ethnomedicine practices, with a specific focus on the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of skin diseases. It is based solely on published studies documenting such plants across the state’s five regions: Saurashtra, North Gujarat, South Gujarat, Central Gujarat and Kachchh. Relevant literature was extensively searched through online databases, including Google, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scopus, Academia and Web of Science. A total of 193 plant species were identified from previous studies as being used to treat 18 different types of skin diseases. These diseases were classified into five categories based on their origin: bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic and autoimmune. Conditions such as Abscess, Boils, Mastitis, Leprosy, Ringworm, Tinea versicolor (Karodiya), Itching, Chicken pox, Measles, Warts, Rabies, Scabies, Psoriasis, Eczema, Leucoderma, as well as cosmetic skin practices, are treated with the documented medicinal plants using various modes of administrations. Among the reported species, Azadirchta indica, Cassia fistula, Aloe vera, Milletia peguensis, Centella asiatica, Argimone Mexicana, Calotropis gigantea and Bombax ceiba are the most frequently used for managing skin disorders and cosmetic purposes. This review highlights the rich ethnomedicinal knowledge in Gujarat and the significant role of traditional plant-based remedies in managing skin diseases. The documented information can serve as a valuable resource for future pharmacological studies, conservation efforts and the development of novel herbal formulations. Promoting and preserving such indigenous knowledge is essential to ensure its sustainable use and potential integration into modern healthcare practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasik Sojitra, Snehal Gamit, Kamlesh Gadhvi, Rashmi Sharma, Suhas Vyas, Sandip Gamit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Yucca plants: A comprehensive review of their biological, nutritional and phytochemical attributes
The Yucca genus, consisting of nearly 50 species, is among the most prevalent desert plant groups in North America. Yucca plants are perennial, succulent and shrubby, known for their longevity. They possess trunks that can reach heights of up to 10 m, occasionally branching and feature long, linear leaves arranged in a rosette pattern. Since ancient times, they have been used by indigenous cultures in arid regions to obtain fibre, as a building material for huts and livestock fences, as part of traditional medicine and their flowers are consumed as food. Amid ongoing climate change, the issue of water scarcity is becoming increasingly severe for humanity. Yucca plants have sparked great interest due to their ability to adapt to extreme climates. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on exploring the biological, genetic, physicochemical, nutritional, functional and other characteristics of Yucca plants. Our fast-paced lifestyles have led to an increase in processed foods, displacing the natural resources that have traditionally been part of our diet. The phytochemical richness of these valuable resources represents a nutritious and bioactive source that can be utilised by people living in arid regions. This paper reviews the biology, phytochemical composition and potential bioactive properties of Yucca plants, highlighting their value as natural resources addressing the challenges of environmental change. With proper management and the integration of scientific information, these resources can represent sources of marketing and economic income for the inhabitants of the regions where they are distributed, providing the basis for a better understanding of the formation, use and management of these valuable natural resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Martha Monzerrath Orozco-Sifuentes, Lluvia de Abril Alexandra Soriano-Melgar, Jesús David García-Ortíz, Bosede Ruth Faleye, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing salt stress tolerance in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through biostimulants
Biostimulants are substances or microorganisms applied in small quantities, improve plant growth and productivity by modulating their natural biological processes, distinct from fertilisers and pesticides. Derived from natural sources such as plant extracts, algae or beneficial microorganisms, they enhance nutrient uptake and tolerance to abiotic stress. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) exposed to salt stress, the application of biostimulants, including a combination of 70 % biofertilizer and 30 % biocompost (Bf70/Bc30), improved vegetative growth, photosynthesis and membrane stability while reducing malondialdehyde and excessive proline accumulation. These treatments also regulate the expression of genes related to proline biosynthesis and antioxidant activity, enhancing tolerance to salt stress. Thus, biostimulants constitute a sustainable approach to improve yield, quality and resilience of tomatoes, while reducing dependence on chemical inputs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mostapha Maach, Mustapha Akodad, Soumia El malahi, Hanane Ait Hmeid, Hicham Gueddari, Mourad Baghour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0