Plant Science Today

Management of weeds in summer maize (Zea mays L.) by pre and post emergence herbicides

Sibbala Yoshitha, Lalichetti Sagar , M. Devender Reddy — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Maize (Zea mays L.) is highly sensitive to weed infestation and management of weeds is the most difficult aspect of summer maize cultivation, leading to significant yield losses of maize fields. The lack of weed management in critical period of growth results in major losses. To address these issues, reducing actively growing weeds at various stages and improving the bio efficacy of herbicides is beneficial. In addition, due to the scarcity of farm labour and rising labour costs during crop growth, this study aims to investigate the impact of chemical weed management, specifically pre and post emergence herbicides, on maize. In this context, a study was conducted with 8 treatments viz., with 2 pre-emergence and 4 post emergence herbicides, as well as hand weeding and a weedy check (control), with each treatment replicated 3 times in randomized block design. The results revealed that weed density and weed dry matter were considerably lower and weed control efficiency was higher, with the application of Atrazine at 1 kg a.i. ha^-1 as Pre-emergence (PEA). The highest treatment remained on par with Tembotrione + Atrazine (1:10) at 750 g a.i. ha^-1 during 20 and 40 DAS as Post emergence (PoETA) compared to other treatments except for manual weeding (MW). The higher growth, yield attributes and grain yield were obtained with application of Atrazine at 1 kg a.i. ha^-1 as Pre-emergence (PEA) application and the highest treatment was comparable with Tembotrione + Atrazine (1:10) at 750 g a.i. ha^-1 during 20 and 40 DAS as Post emergence (PoETA) over other treatments. This paper relates to the SDG of UN 1, 2, 4 and 15.

Analysis of nutritional and antioxidant components of ice plant grown in An Giang, Vietnam

Tan Nguyen Duy , Loan Vang Thi Tuyet, Khai Tran Van , Tuyen Vo Thi Xuan — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The ice plants are a new crop that has recently received attention in Vietnam because they have outstanding characteristics such as being able to grow in drought conditions, saline soil, and prolonged cold weather and plants with economic potential for climate change adaptation. Currently, this vegetable plant is being in trial cultivation and is expected to be widely commercialized in the Vietnamese market soon. Therefore, the study analyzed macro and micronutrients, amino acids components, bioactive compounds, and the antioxidant ability of ice plant vegetables grown in an experimental area of An Giang University. Analytical results showed that ice plant has nutritional components such as moisture 96.9 ± 0.85%, protein 0.74 ± 0.01%, carbohydrate 0.83 ± 0.03%, ash 1.43 ± 0.06%, solute fiber 0.11 ± 0.01%, insoluble fiber 0.22 ± 0.02% (fresh weight-FW), except lipid that was not detected. It was also found to contain 14 amino acids such as alanine, leucine, lysine, aspartic acid, valine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, arginine, and phenylalanine ranged from 15.32 to 42.43 mg/100g FW; serine, histidine, proline, and methionine ranged from 1.83 to 7.17 mg/100g FW); and 8 minerals such as potassium and sodium ranged from 3518 to 3713 mg/kg FW; magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium ranged from 84.4 to 142.0 mg/kg FW; iron, zinc, and manganese ranged from 0.85 to 3.27 mg/kg FW. In addition, the ice plant possessed a lot of bioactive compounds such as polyphenol 187.72 mgGAE/100g FW, flavonoid 22.08 mgQE/100g FW, tannin 50.28 mgTAE/100g FW, saponin 88.44 mgSE/100g FW, alkaloid 195.00 mgCE/100g FW, carotenoids 0.57 mg/g FW and total chlorophyll 7.18 mg/g FW. The antioxidant ability of the crude ethanol extract was 78.50% (DPPH) and 66.11 mM FeSO4/100g FW (FRAP). The ice plant can be considered a super plant that has the potential to become a food source supplying essential nutrition components for humans.

Impact of land configuration methods on growth parameters of soybean in summer rice fallows

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A field experiment was performed to examine the impact of land configuration methods on various growth attributes of soybeans in summer rice fallows at the Instructional Farm, Vellayani. The experiment was conducted from February to May 2023 in a split plot design with three main plot treatments, viz., broadbed and furrow (BBF) (l1), ridge and furrow (RAF) (l2), and flatbed method (l3), and six varieties, viz., JS 9305 (v1), KDS 726 (v2), JS 2069 (v3), AISB 50 (v4), JS 335 (v5), and Basara (v6) as subplot treatments, replicated four times. The growth attributes were significantly influenced by land configuration methods where BBF recorded taller plants (14.98, 29.31, 39.06, 45.83 cm), highest leaf count (2.57, 4.73, 9.30, 11.07), superior leaf area index (LAI) (0.502, 1.495, 2.077, 3.898), and higher nodule fresh weight (0.850 g). However, the variety JS 2069 recorded taller plants (15.55, 30.47, 40.38, 47.95, 52.66 cm), highest leaf count (0.78, 2.07, 4.03, 4.95, 6.22), higher number of branches per plant (and superior LAI (0.534, 1.810, 2.471, 4.284) at all growth stages. Among the varieties tested, AISB 50 produced a higher nodule count of 41.88 (on par with JS 2069) and the highest nodule fresh weight (0.863). The study identified the BBF method as the most effective land configuration method and JS 2069 as the most suitable variety for soybean cultivation in summer rice fallows of Kerala.

Comparative analysis of weed management techniques in taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)

Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Weed management poses a significant challenge in taro cultivation since it’s a long-duration crop grown during the monsoon season. The warm, humid conditions of its extended growing period promote rapid weed germination and growth, complicating weed management efforts. To address this issue, a study was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Jashore, in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate sustainable weed management strategies for taro. The experiment, designed as a randomized complete block (RCB) with three replications, tested seven weed control methods: T₁= straw mulching (SM), T₂= pre-emergence herbicide+SM, T₃= poly mulching (PM), T₄= pre-emergence herbicide+PM, T₅= intercropping+two hand-weeding, T₆= pre-emergence herbicide, and T₇= four hand-weeding, alongside T₈= weed-free and T₉= weedy control treatments. Results indicated that all mulching treatments achieved 70% to 80% weed control efficiency, significantly reducing weed growth up to 120 days after emergence (DAE). The intercropping+hand-weeding treatment provided 75% to 80% weed control up to 90 DAE. Among the mulches, straw mulching resulted in the tallest and widest plant base girths, leading to the highest yield and benefit-cost ratio, followed by other mulch and intercropping+hand-weeding treatments. Pre-emergence herbicide treatments were ineffective due to their short duration of action. Additionally, combining mulching (SM & PM) with pre-emergence herbicide offered no advantage over mulching alone. These findings highlight straw mulch as the most effective weed management strategy for taro, eliminating the need for herbicides. Where mulch is unavailable, intercropping combined with hand weeding can be a viable alternative for effective weed control.

Combining ability analysis for fruit yield and related traits in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) using Line × Tester mating design

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is a significant vegetable crop, widely cultivated and consumed in almost every household across India. Enhancing fruit production per unit area requires a focus on key traits such as early maturity, enhanced plant vigor and increased fruit yield. Consequently, crop breeding programs emphasize the development and commercialization of brinjal hybrids tailored to regional needs. Effective crop improvement hinges on selecting suitable parental lines and employing precise crossing techniques to generate hybrids with desirable agronomic traits. The present study was conducted to assess the combining ability for fruit yield and related traits in brinjal. The experiment was carried out during the Kharif season of 2023 and the summer season of 2024 at the Vegetable Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. A randomized block design (RBD) with three replications was utilized. The study involved 30 hybrid combinations derived from 13 brinjal genotypes, employing a line × tester mating design with 10 lines and 3 testers. Results indicated that among the parental genotypes, PBGL-5 (88.11), PBGL-7 (85.02) and Swarna Abhinav (67.80) demonstrated high general combining ability (GCA) for fruit yield and related traits. Among the hybrid combinations, Pusa Kaushal × Pant Samrat (153.16), Pusa Ankur × Kashi Uttam (126.37) and PBGL-5 × Pant Rituraj (116.77) exhibited superior specific combining ability (SCA) effects. These results highlight the potential of the identified parents and hybrids as promising genetic resources for future breeding programs aimed at hybrid development and yield enhancement. In conclusion, the identified genotypes and crosses with favorable GCA and SCA effects can serve as valuable candidates for breeding programs to develop high-yielding, region-specific brinjal hybrids. This study underscores the importance of systematic parental selection and hybrid evaluation in advancing brinjal crop improvement initiatives.

Relative toxicity of subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1 and HD-73 against the larvae of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a major insect pest of many edible legumes in various regions of America, Asia and Africa. The larvae cause serious damage to the reproductive parts of cowpea, pigeon pea and beans in India. Promotion and use of biopesticide containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is viewed as a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides. In this study, field populations of M. vitrata were collected from intensive legume-growing regions of India during years 2023 and 2024. A commercial formulation, Bt sub.sp. kurstaki HD-1 (Delfin®), along with reference strains of Bt sub.sp. kurstaki HD-1 and HD-73 were tested on the larvae of different M. vitrata populations collected across India to evaluate their relative effectiveness. The LC50 values ??estimated for Bt kurstaki HD-1 and Bt kurstaki HD-73 strains and a commercial formulation of Bt kurstaki HD-1 (Delfin®) against different field-collected populations of M. vitrata ranged from 1.097 to 1.829 ppm, 6.228 to 7.236 ppm and 2.894 to 4.930 ppm, respectively. The Bt kurstaki HD-1 strain harbouring multiple crystal proteins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2A, Cry2B) were relatively more toxic to the larvae of M. vitrata than Bt kurstaki HD-73 which harbours a single Cry toxin i.e., Cry1Ac.

Production of virus-free quality planting material in banana (Musa spp.) variety CO 3 (ABB) through meristem culture

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The rapid spread of pest and disease infestations significantly affects agricultural productivity and food security. Diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens can severely impact plant health, leading to substantial crop losses. Some crop species, like banana (Musa spp.), transmit viral diseases mostly through vegetative propagules but very rarely through seeds. To address this issue, meristem culture was employed in the present study on the banana variety CO 3 (ABB) to produce virus-free plantlets. Meristem tips, ranging from 20-30 mm in size, were established on fullstrength MS medium supplemented with vitamins, ascorbic acid, myoinositol,
2 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L IAA during the initiation phase. MS medium with 3 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L IAA was optimal for multiple shoot formation, producing an average of 8.5 shoots per explant in 52.5 days. Regarding growth parameters, approximately 3.7 leaves per explant were observed, with an average leaf length of 4.56 cm and an average leaf width of 1.89 cm after the fifth subculture and before the rooting stage. The meristem tips (20-30 mm) of the CO 3 (ABB) variety produced approximately 92.5% virus-free plantlets with a survival rate of 86.5%. The derived plantlets were successfully hardened.

Quantifying the economic impact and management strategies for foot rot (Phytophthora capsici L.) disease on black pepper cultivation in West Coast India: Farm-level insights

S Bhat, V Arunachalam, V Paramesha, N Gaonkar — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Foot rot disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Phytophthora capsici, poses a severe threat to black pepper cultivation, particularly in the Western Ghats region of India. The current study aims to comprehensively assess the economic impact of foot rot disease on black pepper cultivation in Goa and coastal Karnataka, focusing on farm-level losses, considering both present year yield losses and replacement costs given the perennial nature of the vine. The findings reveal an average vine mortality rate of 9.64% due to foot rot, leading to an economic loss of USD 902.04/ha, equivalent to 56% of annual net returns. Using a dummy variable regression model, the effectiveness of various management practices employed by farmers in mitigating foot rot disease was assessed. The study shows that adopting management practices, such as avoiding water stagnation and ensuring good drainage, reduced losses caused by foot rot by 24% (USD 439/ha), while the use of fungicides led to a 20% reduction (USD 364/ha and in the absence of foot rot management strategies, the loss amounted to USD 1838/ha. In conclusion, educating farmers and promoting the adoption of integrated disease management practices can reduce foot rot losses, thereby enabling sustainable production and improved income from black pepper.

Unravelling the anti-inflammatory activity of Cyperus rotundus essential oil through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, network pharmacology, and molecular docking approaches

K S Rani, A Sahoo, S Nayak , P C Panda , M Mohanty, A Ray, S Mohanty — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Cyperus rotundus rhizome is used in the traditional system of medicine to treat various diseases. The rhizomes of this plant are traditionally used as medicine for treatments of stomach pain, bowel disorders, and inflammatory pain. The present study aims to characterize the chemical constituents of the C. rotundus rhizomes essential oil (CREO) and to evaluate its possible mechanism of action as an anti-inflammatory agent by an integrative approach of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), network pharmacology, and molecular docking analysis. The compound-target-disease network revealed cubenol, gamma murolene, cyperotundone, delta selinene, alpha copaene, alpha pinene, and beta caryophyllene are core compounds with higher degree values. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed IL1B, IL10, IL6, PTGS2, TNF, and STAT3 as hub targets. A total of 1000 biological processes, 142 cellular components, and 241 molecular functional pathways were enriched. Molecular docking analysis revealed that hub compounds and protein targets had strong binding affinity between them. The top two docked poses with the lowest binding energy were identified as PTGS2-Cubenol and IL10-Gamma murolene with binding energies of -7.9 and -7.2 kcal/mol, respectively. A molecular dynamics study revealed that the PTGS2-Cubenol and IL10-Gamma murolene complex had a good amount of deformability. These results demonstrated that CREO can act on numerous proteins and pathways to form a systematic pharmacological network, and they can be considered as a candidate drug for treating inflammatory-related disorders

Effect of coconut consortia on coconut basal stem rot disease

K Kavitha, A Selvarani , H S Nazreen, S Suresh , G Preetha , K S Suganya — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Coconut is an important plantation crop in India. Many diseases severely impact coconut trees in the current climate change scenario, declining the vigor and yield of palms and deteriorating the quality of nuts on the trees. Basal stem rot caused by Ganoderma spp. is one of the most destructive diseases of coconut. Ganoderma can endure an extended period in the soil as a soil-borne pathogen. Chlamydospores are formed under unfavourable conditions, helping the pathogen's survival and spread of the disease. Rain and irrigation water also contribute to the spread from one field to another. This study assessed coconut consortia's efficiency in combating the basal stem rot disease at the field level. The experimental trial was conducted at Tittuvillai village of Thovalai panchayat, Kanyakumari district, from 2021–2022 to 2023–2024 for three consecutive years with four treatments and seven replications. The palms exhibiting the typical symptom were selected, and the experiment was started in 2021. A total of 28 palms displaying basal stem rot symptoms were randomly selected for the experiment. Four treatments were imposed, and the details of treatments include T1: Drenching of Coconut consortia (TNAU Cococon) @ 2 liters/palm along with application of mycorrhizae @ 100 g/palm at quarterly interval, T2: Drenching of Coconut consortia (TNAU Cococon) @ 2 litres/palm and root feeding with hexaconazole (0.2%) at quarterly interval, T3: Drenching of Bordeaux mixture 1% and T4: Control (Untreated). Among the four treatments, soil drenching of coconut consortia (TNAU Cococon) @ 2 liters/palm followed by root feeding with hexaconazole (0.2%) at quarterly intervals effectively reduced the disease index from 21.74 to 15.96 and enhanced nut yield from 67.14 to 90.00 nuts per palm per year in three years under field conditions.

Analysis of yield and its components in black gram through generation mean analysis

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Understanding the gene action governing yield and its component traits is crucial for developing an effective breeding strategy. In the present study, generation mean analysis was employed to unravel the genetic architecture of yield and its component traits in three crosses of black gram. The crosses, namely ADT 3 × VBG 17007 (cross 1: C1), ADT 3 × VBG 19010 (cross 2: C2) and VBG 13003 × VBG 17007 (Cross 3: C3), were developed using four parents contrasting in salt tolerance. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the five generations-P1, P2, F1, F2 and F3-for most of the traits. All studied traits showed significance in either one or both the C and D scales, indicating the inadequacy of the additivedominance model in explaining the genetic variation. Most traits, except for clusters per plant in Cross 1 (ADT 3 × VBG 17007) and seeds per pod across all crosses, exhibited significant additive genetic components. Furthermore, non-additive components, including dominance, additive × additive and dominance × dominance interactions, were significant for all traits across the three crosses. This
suggests the presence of epistasis, emphasizing the need to delay selection to later generations in these crosses for effective genetic improvement.

Synthesis and characterization of amine-functionalized mesoporous carbon nanomaterial from biowaste

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Garlic (Allium sativum) is widely cultivated and consumed, making it one of the most important crops in the world. India is the second largest producer next to China. The garlic peels from the garlic processing industry are often discarded as agricultural waste. These wastes are rich in carbon precursors, making them an ideal feedstock for mesoporous carbon nanomaterial (MCN) synthesis. Pyrolysis is the top-down approach to synthesizing the nanomaterial, which involves heating organic materials such as garlic peel waste that breaks into smaller compounds, resulting in a mixture of gases and carbon-rich solid residues (bio-char). The amine-functionalization was performed over the mesoporous surface and confirmed by the shifts in zeta potential value from – 31.6 mV to + 22 mV to increase the surface charge density. Similarly, the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analyzer confirmed the reduction in the pore diameter from 12.5 nm to 7.41 nm due to amine functionalization. Furthermore, the synthesized MCN were thoroughly characterized using advanced analytical techniques, providing comprehensive insights into their size, shape, surface functional groups, crystallinity and porosity. This study transformed agricultural waste into high-value materials (MCN), reducing environmental impact and promoting resource efficiency.

Melatonin application extends banana shelf life by delayed ripening

M Devi, P Jeyakumar, V Ravichandran, L Arul, M Balakrishnan, M Kavino — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Bananas are among the worlds’ most economically significant fruit crops, valued for their distinctive flavour and aroma, despite being highly susceptible to rapid postharvest physiological deterioration. Melatonin, a non-toxic bioactive compound, regulates several plant physiological processes and is widely studied in postharvest management. With this background, the study investigated the effect of different concentrations of melatonin on three banana varieties, namely Grand Naine (AAA), Poovan (AAB) and Ney Poovan (AB). The fruits were stored under ambient (AS) (27 ± 2°C) and cold storage (CS) (17°C) with 90–95% relative humidity. Melatonin treatment (1000 µM) effectively reduced weight loss, retained firmness and total soluble solids, reduced ethylene production, enhanced chlorophyll retention and delayed starch degradation. Grand Naine showed the most pronounced effects, followed by Ney Poovan and Poovan. Overall, 1000 µM melatonin was the most effective treatment for extending banana shelf life and maintaining quality under ambient and cold storage conditions.

Medicinal plants used in traditional bone setting by the Khasi tribe of Meghalaya, India

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Meghalaya is one of the 8 states of Northeastern India; it is known for its scenic beauty, unique culture, vibrant traditions and rich bio-diversity. Traditional bone setting is a field of study that focuses on ancient methods of treating bone fractures and joint dislocations, often practiced by traditional healers. This ancient art of healing fractures and musculoskeletal injuries has been passed down through generations, blending indigenous knowledge with practical experience. Conservation initiatives should also encourage the local communities to ensure sustainable practices that benefit both nature and people. The purpose of this study was to identify, document and preserve knowledge about the medicinal plants used in traditional bone settings by the Khasi tribe of Meghalaya. The data for the ethnobotanical study were collected by interviewing the traditional bone setters through a pre-structured questionnaire. Through extensive field surveys and interviews with 115 traditional bone setters, a total of 85 medicinal plant species (belonging to 44 families) were recorded. The Zingiberaceae family contributed the most species with 11 species, followed by Asteraceae with 7 plant species and Urticaceae with 6 species, Acanthaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Plantiginaceae with 3 species each, while other species were represented by 2 and 1 species. More scientific investigation is required to validate the folk claims/medicine and further research and validation of these practices could lead to the development of alternative or complementary therapies for bone-related ailments.

Effect of cinnamon aqueous extracts on hyperglycemia in diabetes-induced wistar rat model

D Wijenayaka, V P Bulugahapitiya, S Jayasinghe — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Diabetes mellitus is considered the epidemic of the century. Although various treatments for diabetes are available, the development of effective novel treatments based on medicinal plants is not yet recognized. Therefore, this study focused on the ability of Cinnamomum verum to lower blood glucose levels in Wistar rats suffering from diabetes. The cinnamon bark extract was prepared by sonication in water for one hour. Wistar rats (weight 180-220 g) were kept alternately in the dark and the light for 12 hours, with a standard diet and constant water supply. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ), and the diabetic rats were divided into groups (6 rats/group), which were treated with cinnamon and metformin for 42 days. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured at regular intervals. After 42 days, the rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected by cardiac puncture to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, lipid profile, renal function, and liver function tests. In the cinnamon-treated group, the mean FBG (IQR) at baseline and four weeks after treatment were 310 (256 -352) mg/dL and 119 (105-147) mg/dL, respectively (p = 0.02). However, no significant difference in insulin resistance and lipid profile was observed. The biochemical tests, hematological analysis, and histopathological examinations showed that the 42-day treatment with cinnamon had no significant adverse effects on kidney, liver, and bone marrow function. It can be concluded that the aqueous cinnamon bark extracts effectively improve hyperglycemia without adversely affecting the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.

Comparative metabolic profiling of resistant and susceptible mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) genotypes to elucidate the defense response against mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease

T Nivethitha, C Babu, P Jayamani — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) disease significantly impacts mungbean crop productivity, with the losses ranging from 10 to 100 percent. Developing host plant resistance offers a sustainable solution to mitigate this challenge. The metabolic changes underlying resistance to MYMV remain primarily unexplored in mungbean. The present study used nontargeted metabolomic profiling to analyze the comparative metabolic changes in resistant and susceptible genotypes upon disease incidence. The methanol extract of leaf samples collected from MYMV disease resistant (GAM 5) and susceptible (ADT 3) genotypes upon occurrence of MYMV disease were subjected to gas chromatography – mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. Metabolic profiling resulted in the identification of 40 and 49 metabolites in resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. The fold change analysis revealed that 12 metabolites showed significant differences in the abundance level between resistant and susceptible genotypes. Out of 12, nine metabolites were significantly up-regulated in the resistant genotype compared to the susceptible genotype. For all the up-regulated metabolites except Erythrodiol, their role in plant-pathogen interaction was identified as either antimicrobial (ethylene glycol, chlorogenic acid, trifolin), antiviral activity (diphenyl sulfone, 2-amino oxazole), antifeedant (betulin), changes in the specific biochemical and structural property (xylose) or involvement in signaling cascade (oleic acid). These metabolites act as a metabolic biomarker; their interaction with specific molecular targets associated with MYMV infection can be further examined and utilized to rapidly develop MYMV-resistant cultivars in mungbean.

Phenotypic, physiological and molecular changes of some wheat varieties under drought stress

A T Sleibi, A K Abdullah — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Water stress poses a significant challenge to wheat production, adversely affecting both field productivity and grain quality in the face of climate change and diminishing water resources. It reduces vegetative growth and disrupts physiological processes, which negatively impact yield components like grain size and protein content. Consequently, selecting drought-tolerant varieties is critical for enhancing resilience in arid regions. This study examined ten wheat varieties belonging to the genus Triticum aestivum L. (Abba 99, Adna 99, Baraka, Bohooth 10, Bohooth 22, Jihan 99, Bora, Dijla, Sham 6 and Wafia) under three water stress levels: 0 MPa (S0), -1.48 MPa (S1), and -2.95 MPa (S2) using polyethylene glycol (PEG6000). Phenotypic traits measured included plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, wet and dry weight, along with chlorophyll content. Real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assess the expression of SOD and BADH-1 genes. Results indicated that Adana 99 exhibited significant drought resistance, recording the highest measurements in plant height (35 cm), leaf area (15.50 cm²), stem diameter (1.80 mm), wet weight (0.80 g), dry weight (0.55 g) and total chlorophyll content (45.85 and 48.14) at 15 and 30 days, respectively, under S2. The SOD gene expression peaked at 8.57 in S2, an eightfold increase from S0. Similarly, BADH-1 gene expression was recorded at 8 in S2, also an eightfold increase. In contrast, Baraka and Wafia showed the lowest expressions for the SOD (0.001) and BADH-1 (0.002) genes under S2, negatively affecting their phenotypic and physiological traits. These findings underscore the importance of selecting drought-resistant varieties for sustainable productivity under harsh environmental conditions.

Multi-index based analysis of genotype × environment interaction and selection of superior maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Genotype-environment interaction (GEI) plays a critical role in genotype adaptation, making it essential for selecting stable, widely adapted genotypes for cultivation. GEI estimation enables the identification of genotypes that perform consistently across diverse conditions. Models and stability indices derived from fixed-effect and/or mixed-effect models are frequently utilized for analyzing GEI and selecting genotypes. In this study, thirty hybrids developed through a diallele fashion, along with two checks, were grown across three environments during kharif 2023. Analysis of variance revealed significant contributions from the environment and GEI, alongside genotypic effects for eight traits studied, covering flowering, plant architecture and yield. Plot yield (t/ha) was subjected to additive main effects and multiplicative interaction effects (AMMI) analysis to study the stability and genotype interactions with the environment. The first two principal components (PCs) of AMMI analysis explained 69.1% and 30.9% of the total variation, respectively, identifying stable hybrids such as MH-TN-15 and MH-TN-30. The Genotype-genotype×environment (GGE) biplot further highlighted the adaptability and stability of all the genotypes, with the first two PCs explaining 86.11% of the G+GE variation. A multi-trait stability index (MTSI) was employed to select stable and high-performing genotypes across multiple traits. A comprehensive analysis of all the genotypes through various indices showed that hybrids MH-TN-15 and MH-TN-30 were consistently selected as stable and high-yielding genotypes across all indices, demonstrating higher yields than check hybrids and being identified for cultivation. These methods underscore the importance of combining yield and stability metrics for effective genotype selection in varied environments.

Development and ergonomic evaluation of hand held vegetable seedling transplanter

P K Padmanathan , P Parimalam, S Thambidurai, B Nallakurumban, T Arumuganathan — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Efficient vegetable production is essential to meeting growing food demands, requiring innovative solutions to reduce labor intensity and enhance productivity. Vegetable cultivation, especially for small farmers, demands innovative and affordable solutions to enhance productivity and reduce labor-intensive practices. The mechanization of agricultural processes has become increasingly important in reducing the physical strain and time-intensive nature of traditional farming operations, paving the way for innovative tools that enhance efficiency and user comfort. Transplanting of seedlings, a highly drudgery-oriented operation, is mainly performed by women. A hand held seedling transplanter has been designed and developed for transplanting vegetables seedlings based on the anthropometric dimensions of the user population. The number of seedlings transplanted per min using the handheld seedling transplanter ranged from 19 to 21, compared to 16 to18 using the conventional method. By using the hand held seedling transplanter, a significant reduction in the cost of operation was achieved, with 11.44 to 16.52% savings in cost reported. The average working heart rate while transplanting using the seedling transplanter was 103 bpm, compared to 120 bpm for conventional transplanting. The average energy expenditure while transplanting the seedlings using the seedling transplanter was 7.72 kJ min-1, compared to 10.94 kJ min-1. The performance evaluation of the designed transplanted indicted an increase in human productivity and a decrease in musculoskeletal discomfort during the transplanting process. The introduction of ergonomic and cost-effective solutions, such as the handheld seedling transplanter, not only improves productivity and reduces operational costs but also promotes sustainable practices while prioritizing the well-being of farmers.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of the SnRK2 gene family in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) reveals potential stress-responsive roles

Rajesh S, Kavya S, Navinraj S, Radhamani T, Anitha T, Ramesh S V — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Plants, owing to their sessile nature, have evolved mechanisms to adapt and overcome various abiotic stresses by activating different signaling pathways triggering accumulation of stress-associate proteins. A key regulator in Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), is a plant-specific serine/threonine kinase family involved in osmotic stress responses. While members of this protein family have been analyzed in some plant species, their characterization in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), a tropical food grain legume cultivated in Africa and Southeast Asia, remains unexplored. Drought stress significantly hampers the growth and productivity of cowpea, highlighting the need for functional studies of stress-related genes. The genes encoding SnRK2 in cowpea and their detailed characterization remain unexplored. The present study attempts to identify and characterize SnRK2 gene families in cowpea using bioinformatics tools. Analysis of the draft genome of Vigna unguiculata in NCBI and Phytozome databases revealed sixteen SnRK2 genes. In silico analysis were conducted to determine gene structure, transcript length and chromosomal mapping of the genes to Vigna unguiculata genome. Domain architectures of the SnRK2 proteins were predicted. Physico-chemical characterization revealed these proteins in sizes ranging 53 to 112 kDa with pI values of 4.99 to 9.59. All identified cowpea SnRK2 proteins are hydrophilic in nature. Analysis of the evolutionary relationship of SnRK2 with other related families showed three clusters based on the relatedness to Arabidopsis thaliana and thirteen other crops. Findings of this study provide valuable insights into cowpea SnRK2 gene family and its possible implications in plant stress tolerance.

Relative influence of nitrogen induced crop parameters on yield of rice using principal component analysis model

S Rishitha, T Shankar, T Biswas, C V Raghava, P K Patra, S Sarkar — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Nitrogen (N) plays a crucial role in metabolic and physiological processes of rice. As a result, N causes variation in status of growth parameters, yield attributers as well as grain and straw yield of rice. Data base on various growth parameters recorded in different time and that of yield attributers can be used to work out the individual relationship of each parameter with grain or straw yield. Such statistical analysis may not yield a concrete result. However, principal component analysis (PCA) helps in identifying the principal components among the observed parameters and their relative influence on grain or straw yield. With such background a field study was carried out in southern Odisha, India; to assess the performance of different crop parameters and yield of kharif rice under seven nitrogen levels. Crop was exposed to: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg N ha^-1. Increase in N level increases the magnitude of: plant height, total tiller number per m², leaf area index (LAI), number of panicles bearing tiller per m², number of spikelets per panicle, panicle length, per cent filled grains, grain and straw yield. Status of all variables increased with an increase in N level. The increment was significantly differed among the treatments, when the N level difference was 40 kg N ha^-1. Principal component analysis (PCA biplot) established that, a strong performance of rice under N₈₀ (which is the recommended dose of rice in this region) followed by N₆₀, N₁₀₀, N₄₀, N₁₂₀ and so on. The parameter, ‘panicle bearing tiller 90’ is the well representative parameter in the PCA space followed by percent filled grain and plant height.

Changes in carbon sequestration with age of trees in guava orchards at different locations in a tropical climate on Alfisols

Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Understanding changes in carbon (C) fluxes resulting from land-use change patterns is essential for formulating effective climate change mitigation strategies. This study conducted at two different locations focuses on the dynamics of carbon sequestration in guava orchards as a function of tree age, a land-use type that is increasingly prevalent in agricultural regions. Through comprehensive sampling in different agro-climatic zones, the carbon content stored in tree biomass, litter, weeds and soil layers was assessed, the evaluation of which provided insights into carbon levels in different environmental contexts. Carbon sequestration was observed to increase with guava orchard age, with mean carbon stocks of 106.84 t C/ha in Dhenkanal and 114.35 t C/ha in Rayagada. In guava orchards aboveground carbon accounted for 21.22% and 22.38% of total carbon sequestered per hectare at the recommended spacing of 6 × 6 m in Dhenkanal and Rayagada, respectively. Our findings provide critical baseline data on carbon stocks in guava orchards as a function of tree age, contributing to the understanding of the carbon cycle in these cultivated ecosystems. This study highlights the importance of region-specific data, and suggests future research to include guava orchards in other regions with larger sample sizes to comprehensively assess carbon sequestration potential nationwide.

Unravelling the biochemical and phytochemical responses of sapota (Manilkara zapota L.) P. Royen cv. DHS-1 on foliar feeding of plant growth regulators

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is one of tactic for plant nourishment which directly enhances nutrient uptake, leading to a more balanced nutrient supply and improved accumulation in plant ultimately improving quality and yield. The current research covers to see the response of biochemical and phytochemical parameters of sapota cv. DHS-1; to the pre-harvest spray of the PGR i.e. naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (50 and 100 ppm), 2-chloro-4-pyridyl) N'-phenyl urea (5 and 7.5 ppm), salicylic acid (SA) (150 and 300 ppm) and homo brassinolide (10 and 15 ppm); sprayed at flowering, pea stage and marble stage of plant growth. Treatments were imposed on 24-years-old, uniformly grown, sapota trees, planted at 10m x 10m spacing, at Central Horticultural Experiment Station, (ICAR-IIHR), Bhubaneswar during 2022 and 2023. In general, application of PGRs were found
affecting the fruit quality significantly over control. However, application of NAA and CPPU performed better at higher dose. The treatment NAA at 100 ppm resulted in highest total soluble solids (°Brix), TSS: acid, ascorbic acid content, sugar content and minimum titratable acidity (%). Further, application of NAA at 100 ppm found to be most effective in boosting total flavonoids content, total phenol content and antioxidant activity. The possible correlations among these parameters were discussed which showed that the bio-active compounds such as vitamin C, phenol and flavonoid contributed towards the anti-oxidant capacity of fruit. Therefore, application of PGRs showed to effectively augment fruit quality by improving both biochemical and phytochemical properties when compared to control.

Anatomical characteristics and phytochemical screening of Homalomena perplexa: An endemic species from Con Dao National Park, Vietnam

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Homalomena perplexa has been recently described as a new species in the flora of Vietnam. In this study, the micro-morphological features of the different organs of H. perplexa, including the root, leaf and rhizome were provided for the first time using the iodine green-carmine double staining method. Moreover, the phytochemical screening of H. perplexa was also conducted for the first time. Accordingly, the leaf, petiole and rhizome of the studied plant were found to contain various compounds, including coumarin, steroid, terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, tannin and phenolic. In addition, the total triterpene and polyphenol contents in the rhizome extract were the highest (44.82 mg OAE/g DW and 15.51 mg GAE/g DW), followed by the petiole extract (14.02 mg OAE/g DW and 11.31 mg GAE/g DW) and the leaf extract (1.44 mg OAE/g DW and 10.97 mg GAE/g DW). Furthermore, the leaf extract possessed the highest quantitative flavonoid content (77.04 mg QE/g DW), followed by the petiole and rhizome extracts with the contents of 39.68 and 35.76 mg QE/g DW, respectively.

Climatic and edaphic influences on productivity and carbon sequestration of farm grown teak (Tectona grandis, linn.f) in Tamil Nadu, India

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Teak (Tectona grandis, Linn.f) is one of the most sought-after tree crops due to the exceptional quality and high market value of its timber. Currently, the Indian subcontinent imports a significant quantity of teak to meet its growing demand. The growth and wood quality of teak are influenced by edaphic and climatic variations across sites, a factor that has been largely underexplored in research. The primary objective of the study is to analyse teak growth, wood quality, and carbon sequestration potential under farmland condition. To address this, the study was conducted across three agroclimatic zones of Tamil Nadu: North Eastern Zone (NEZ), North Western Zone (NWZ), and Cauvery Delta Zone (CDZ), focusing specifically on farmland conditions. The analysis encompassed biometric attributes, volume, and carbon sequestration potential of farm-grown teak across different age classes. The findings of the study reveal that among the three agroclimatic zones, the NEZ (15-20 years age class) recorded the highest biometric attributes, including mid diameter (MD) (0.193 m), volume (0.379 m³), heartwood proportion (0.239 m³), and carbon sequestration (0.683 Mg/acre).. Based on the overall performance, trees in the 15-20 years age class exhibited superior heartwood formation under farmland conditions. Therefore, this age class is recommended for teak cultivation in farmland conditions across Tamil Nadu to maximize growth, wood quality, and carbon sequestration potential.

Impact of management technologies on banana growth and fusarium wilt mitigation

S Doyal, P S Kavitha, I Muthuvel, A Sudha , K Vanitha — Fri, 31 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The study was conducted during 2023-2024 under the Department of Fruit Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The objective of the study was to find out the best technology for the Fusarium wilt management in the banana cultivar Rasthali under pot culture experiment. The experiment was conducted with nine treatments replicated thrice with three plants in each replication in a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) +Salicylic acid 5mM spray showed more root length (71.89 cm) and number of roots (30) than other treatments. The treatment T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) + Salicylic acid 5mM spray showed a 33 % improvement in root length over absolute control (T1) and a 53 % increase over inoculated control (T2). Whereas the number of roots was 50% more in T7 than in T1 and 76 % more than in T2. The length of the pseudostem and girth of the pseudostem were 69.40 cm and 25.43 cm. The leaf area was 2.99 m2 and the number of leaves was 12. The physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content (57.03), stomatal resistance (0.521 Scm-1) and transpiration rate (9.572 ?g H2O cm2 S-1) of T7 were significant. In soil enzymes, the chitinase activity was 37.50 ?mol/min/g and ? 1, 3 Glucanase 40.33 ?mol/min/g. It showed less disease incidence (DI %) of 18.86 % and a disease severity index (DSI %) of 14.73 %. The absolute control (T1), without the pathogen, had no disease. The inoculated control (T2) showed the highest disease incidence and disease severity index of 100 %. T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) + Salicylic acid 5 mM spray showed less disease incidence (DI %) of 18.86 %
and a disease severity index (DSI%) of 22.93 % over the absolute control (T1). And 81.14 % and 77.07 % reduced disease incidence (DI %) and disease severity index (DSI %) compared to inoculated control (T2). It is concluded that T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) + Salicylic acid 5 mM spray can be used to control Fusarium wilt in cultivar Rasthali.

Soil constraints and recommendations for improving major farming in Vinh Long province, Vietnam

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study aims to assess the potential of soil and its constraints for production to meet economic needs and diversify types of crop models of Vinh Long province in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta region. Identifying the main constraints of the soil is the basis for reasonable land arrangement and proposing measures to maintain and improve the soil characteristics suitable for each crop type and purpose of use. The study used survey methods, interviewed farmers about the current farming situation and collected soil samples to analyze physical and chemical properties. Research results show that in Vinh Long, for three main crops, namely rice, fruit trees (grapefruit trees) and sweet potatoes, the primary constraints are a potential and active acid sulfate and low pH soil. In addition, Al toxicity causes phosphorus fixation, the exchangeable K content is low and the organic matter is only moderate. These limitations have affected crop productivity, especially for fruit trees. The research results also recommended improving soil properties suitable for the cultivation of major crops, including controlling the water level so as not to oxidize the sulfidic material to active acid sulfate soils, draining the water at the beginning of the season rain to leach the toxicity in the soil and need to fertilize with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplements for a long time, divided into several times of application.

Anticariogenic potential of selected medicinal plants from Dayak Benuaq tribe, Indonesia

Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Several selected medicinal plants from the indigenous Dayak Benuaq tribe of Indonesia were analyzed for their potential as anticariogenic. The plant parts of leaves, stems, roots, and tubers were extracted using methanol. Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans are used to determine antibacterial and anticariogenic activities. Toxicity activity was evaluated using Artemia salina with the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLT) method. This study also calculated the content of total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenols. The results of this study indicate that four selected medicinal plants, namely Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume., Areca catechu L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry., and Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.) Leenh., have the potential to inhibit the growth of S. sobrinus bacteria with inhibition values of 89.75%, 80.17%, 71.37%, and 74.69% in concentrations of 100 ppm. The highest content of total tannins, total phenols and total flavonoids was in Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb, with respective values of 205.94 g/g, 478.52 mg GAE/g, and 0.725 g CE/g. Anticariogenic activity showed that U. gambir, Helminthostachys. zeylanica, S. aromaticum, L. amoena, and Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) had the potential to inhibit acid production in bacteria with a pH of 6.380, 6.563, 6.140, 5.987 and 5.933, respectively. Besides that, it can also inhibit the attachment of bacterial cells with values of 31%, 50%, 43%, 53%, and 40%. The results of this study indicate the potential of several selected medicinal plants from the Dayak Benuaq tribe in Temula village as natural antibacterial, anticancer, and anticariogenic agents.

Assessment of combining ability and heterosis in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) for yield and attributes character through line × tester design

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

General and specific combining ability variance and their effects were studied for thirteen characters in line × tester mating design in bottle gourd. Based on overall per se performance and among the parents, Narendra Dharidar, Punjab Long, and parents Narendra Rashmi were identified as good specific combiners for a maximum of 5 to 6 attributes, including yield for other contributing traits, suggesting that these parents may be used in the hybridization program aimed at the development of superior genotypes/varieties in bottle guard. Tester Arka Bahar and Narendra Madhuri were considered to be good general combiners for 6 to 8 characters. These parents must be utilized in a suitable breeding programme visa-vis selection breeding for improvement productivity of yield and per unit area in bottle gourd. Based on overall results and per se performance, the F1 hybrids, i.e. Pusa Sandesh × Kashi Ganga, IC-321747 × Narendra Madhuri, and NDBG-132 × Narendra Madhuri emerged to be the good specific combiners for maximum traits, including yield, which may be utilized for obtaining transgressive segregants in the next generation. Out of sixty-four cross combinations, only seventeen hybrids revealed superiority over better parents for yield. The seventeen cross combinations that showed more than 24% heterobeltiosis over better parents include: IC-498541×Narendra Madhuri, IC-592210×Arka bahar, Pusa Sandesh×Narendra Madhuri, NDBG-132×Pusa Naveen, Narendra Rashmi×Kashi Ganga, IC-321412×Pusa Naveen, Narendra Rashmi×Arka bahar, Narendra Rashmi×Pusa Naveen, Narendra Dharidar×Narendra Madhuri, Pusa Sandesh×Kashi Ganga, NDBG-132×Arka bahar, NDBG-132×Narendra Madhuri, Punjab long×Narendra Madhuri, Narendra Jyothi×Narendra Madhuri, IC-592210×Arka bahar, IC-338119×Arka bahar and IC- 498541×Kashi Ganga. This suggests that there is a great possibility to produce higher yielding varieties/genotypes.

Soil-driven physiological and biometric traits in Ceiba pentandra (L. Gaertn) via cleft grafting and seed propagation in Southern India

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Ceiba pentandra, a multipurpose tree species, is widely utilized in agroforestry and afforestation projects. Evaluating its growth in diverse soil types via sexual and asexual propagation is essential for its promotion in various ecological regions. Thus, the current study was carried out to assess the growth of kapok in Tamil Nadu black soil and red laterite soil. Seeds for sexual propagation and scion wood for asexual propagation (cleft grafting) of Ceiba pentandra were obtained from four superior trees in Coimbatore and Theni districts. Six-month-old nursery-raised seedlings were used as rootstock. Seeds were sown and cleft grafting was conducted in February 2023. Both seedlings and grafts were transplanted to two study locations in September 2023. Significant variations in biometric parameters among different sources, soil types and propagation techniques were observed. CP-29 ramet recorded maximum height, volume index, greater photosynthetic rate and relative water content. Significant correlations between growth attributes and physiological traits were documented in the current study. Positive correlation between photosynthetic rate, number of leaves and stomatal conductance were noted. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that principal component 1 (PC1) accounted for 59.7% of the total variability and PC2 accounted for 35.1%. Ramets established through cleft grafting in black soil have shown favourable growth. Thus, the CP29 and MTP01 exhibited superior performances based on growth traits.

Efficiency of the application of foliar spray of vermicompost and amino acids in growth and yield of eggplant

Aqeel KH Al-Tufaili, Aseel A Abd, Haidar AK Al-Khazraji — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture/University of Kufa for the 2022 growing season. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the eggplant plant response in terms of growth and yield to foliar spray with vermicompost at three concentrations (0. 25 and 50mL L-1) and/or amino acids (Tecamin Max) at three levels (0, 1.5 and 2 mL L-1). The experiment was a factorial, completely randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the 50 mL L-1 of vermicompost or 2 ml L-1 of amino acids were the best treatments and led to the highest values of plant height (61.00 and 56.44 cm), number of leaves (129.8 and 123.1 leaf plant-1), number of branches (7.33 and 6.89 branch plant-1), fruit length (11.60 and 11.78 cm), fruit weight (228.00 and 238.33 g) and leaf content of carbohydrates (5.93 and 7.10 mg 100 gm-1). Except for plant height, all indicators under study increased significantly in the combination treatments between the two experimental factors compared to the individual treatments and the control treatment.

Impact of drip fertigation on nutrient use efficiency, dynamics, water productivity and bulb yield in Aggregatum onion

S K Natarajan, T Sampathkumar, J Bhuvaneswari, M Manikandan, S Thenmozhi — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A field experiment was conducted on aggregatum onion (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.) under a drip irrigation system to evaluate the water productivity, nutrient use efficiency, nutrient dynamics and yield of onion in order to optimize the best fertigation level. The experiment was designed in a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with treatments replicated 3 times. The treatment details are as follows: T1-100% nitrogen (N) through fertigation with 100% phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) applied as basal; T2 - 100% N and K through venturi as fertigation and basal application of 100% P; T3 - 100% N, P and K through fertigation; T4 - 75% N, P and K through fertigation with basal application of 25% N, P and K; T5 - 75% N through fertigation with 75% P and K applied as basal; T6 - 75% N and K through venturi as fertigation with basal application of 75% P; T7 - 75% N, P and K through fertigation; T8 - 75% of N, P and K through fertigation and 25% of 75 % N, P and K applied as basal; T9 - 50 % N 100 % P and K applied as basal and 50% N applied on 30 DAT; T10 - absolute control (no fertilizer). The results indicated that the bulb yield of aggregatum onion was significantly higher in 100% N, P and K through fertigation (23.24 to 23.47 t ha-1). Among the different fertigation treatments, the 100% N, P and K through fertigation recorded higher water use efficiency (75.08 to 78.44 kg/hamm), water productivity (7.841 to 7.508 kg m-3) and nutrient use efficiency, which was comparable to the 75% N, P and K through fertigation.

Sustainability of yield and value in blackgram (Vigna Mungo) through frontline demonstrations

N A K A Hanif, V A Albert, G Amuthaselvi, M Ravi, T Saranraj, S Easwaran — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The present study evaluated the sustainability of yield and value in blackgram cultivation by adopting improved production technologies through frontline demonstrations. These were implemented as sole and rice fallow crop cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India, to reduce yield gaps at farmers' fields. The scientific study was conducted in 2020-2021 with 295 demonstrations (118 hectares) using cluster village methodology to examine the effects of extension gap, technology gap and technology index on yield and economics by demonstrating improved technologies. These include mechanized sowing, use of disease-resistant varieties, integrated pest and weed management, seed treatment, crop nutrient boosters and mechanized harvesting. Yield enhancement of 51.55 % was recorded in a demonstrated package of technologies over farmers' practices, primarily due to the adoption of Yellow Mosaic Virus-resistant varieties, effective weed management strategies, and foliar sprays like TNAU pulse wonder to boost crop growth. The average extension gap (2.89 q/ha), technology gap (0.87 q/ha) and technology index of demonstrations (11.01 %) were documented, which are mainly due to efforts of multidisciplinary scientists’ field visits and farm advisories. A study reported higher weed control efficiency (48–76 %) in demo plots, enhancing demon yield than in control plots. Compared to farmers' plots (Rs. 37075/ha), average net returns in demonstrations were higher at Rs. 66732/ha. The study also disclosed an additional net return (Rs.29657/hectare) with an incremental BCR of 19.95, indicating a significant increase in profitability relative to the investment. The consistently greater Sustainability Yield Index (0.61 to 0.99) and Sustainability Value Index (0.88 to 0.93) in demo plots highlight improved stability and economic value of yields compared to farmer's plots. The latest package of technologies in blackgram paved the way for sustained yield under normal conditions, which are defined as fields with adequate moisture and timely sowing and rice fallow conditions. These advancements improved farmers’ livelihoods by increasing net returns and ensuring more stable and predictable yields.

Effect of low temperature plasma on the growth and nutrients of lettuces under salt stress

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The effects of helium plasma seed treatment on lettuce growth under salt stress were studied. Lettuce seeds were treated with an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) helium plasma at different discharge voltages and then planted in different concentrations of salt solution hydroponic tanks. The results show that under the same NaCl concentration (6 g/L), with the increase of the treatment voltage, the growth and quality of the lettuces gradually improved, as confirmed by the measurement of seedling height, root length, the contents of chlorophyll and nitrogen in the leaves. Similarly, under the same treatment voltage (45 kV), with an increase in NaCl concentration, the promotion effect of plasma treatment gradually strengthens, as verified through significance analysis. These results indicate that plasma seed treatment could improve the salt resistance of lettuces.

Investigating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of Ononis natrix L. with phytochemical analyses

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Ononis natrix L. (O. natrix) belongs to Fabaceae family and ?grows on the coast of Mediterranean Sea. The current study aims to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of the methanolic extract of O. natrix and identify the phytochemical constituents responsible for these effects. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to characterize the phytochemicals found in the extract. The human red blood cells (RBCs) membrane stabilization method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and MTT viability assay were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. The results showed that methyl stearate (39.48%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (35.61%) were the most relatively abundant phytochemicals identified by GC-MS. The % hemolysis inhibition for RBC membrane achieved by O. natrix extract was 99.6 ± 1% versus that by indomethacin was 99.9 ± 0.6%. Additionally, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of O. natrix extract versus ascorbic acid was 97 ± 0.3% and 98 ± 0.2%, respectively. The O. natrix extract showed a lower anti-cancer activity against DLD-1 cells (IC₅₀ = 57.13±4.9 µg/mL), MCF-7 cells (IC₅₀ = 96.69±6.2 µg/mL) and A549 cells (IC₅₀ = 126.63±10.4 µg/mL), when compared with the anti-cancer drug; Cisplatin. Therefore, O. natrix extract showed significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties, which could be attributed to methyl stearate and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester constituents.

Effect of integrating organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, root morphology, yield parameters and yield of improved black kavuni rice variety (CO 57)

A Udhaya, S Radhamani, G S Kumar, V Ravichandhran, P Janaki, S Manonmani — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The growing demand for high-quality rice and rice products is motivating farmers to cultivate traditional rice varieties. To meet this demand, rice production must increase significantly, which requires effective nutrient management practices. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the impact of integrated nutrient management practices on the growth, root morphology, yield parameters and overall yield of improved black Kavuni rice during the Early Kar season (April - August 2023) and Late Samba season (September - January, 2023-24). The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Based on nitrogen (N) equivalence, appropriate amounts of inorganic fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC) and poultry manure (PM) were applied. Data on plant growth, root morphology, yield parameters and yield were recorded and analysed using LSD at a 5 % significance level. The results indicated that the treatment involving 50 % of the recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) from inorganic fertilizer, 50 % from vermicompost and foliar sprays of 0.5 % ZnSO? and 1 % FeSO? at the tillering, panicle initiation (PI) and flowering stages (T11) produced significantly better growth, root morphology and yield parameters. This treatment was statistically on par with the treatment involving 50 % RDN from inorganic fertilizer, 50 % from vermicompost and foliar sprays of 0.5 % ZnSO? and 1 % FeSO? at the tillering and panicle initiation stages (T8).

Age-dependent variations in carbon sequestration in mango orchards on alfisols in tropical climates

Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Understanding carbon fluxes from land-use transitions is vital for climate change mitigation, as activities like deforestation and urban expansion alter carbon storage and emissions. These alterations impact the carbon cycle, affecting the balance between carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption and its emission into the atmosphere. A thorough understanding of land use and land-use change dynamics in a specific region is essential for this analysis. Notably, the growing cultivation of fruit crops on agricultural land greatly enhances carbon sequestration potential. This study found that carbon sequestration in mango orchards increased with age of the trees. On average, 115.57 t C/ha was sequestered in Dhenkanal and 130.48 t C/ha in Rayagada. In these orchards, above-ground carbon constituted 24.45% in Dhenkanal and 27.69% in Rayagada of the total carbon sequestered per hectare, using the recommended 8 m x 8 m tree spacing. Collecting fundamental data on the carbon content of various land-use and land-use change categories at the regional level is crucial for effective climate change mitigation. This study provides novel insights into carbon stocks in mango orchards relative to tree age, enhancing our understanding of the carbon cycle within mango cultivated systems. Subsequent research should encompass mango orchards from many regions around the country, employing higher sample sizes to more accurately measure carbon sequestration in farmed mango orchards countrywide.

Elucidating the genetic variability and diversity among Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for growth and yield-related traits under sodic soil in Tamil Nadu through a multivariate approach

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is a commercially important crop cultivated for both vegetable and spice uses. This study aims to explore the genetic diversity of thirty genotypes under sodic soil conditions at HC&RI(W), Tiruchirappalli, over two seasons (Kharif and Rabi) in 2023-2024. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variability among the genotypes for thirteen different quantitative and qualitative parameters evaluated under sodicity. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient, suggesting minimal environmental influence on the traits. Most parameters exhibited high heritability, with several (e.g., number of days for first picking, seeds per pod and chlorophyll stability index) showing high genetic advance, indicating the potential for improvement through direct selection. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced the genotypes to thirteen components, with the first four accounting for 73.24% of the variability. The genotypes are divided into five clusters based on the Euclidean distance through Mahalanobsis D2 analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters, each cluster demonstrating superiority in specific traits suitable for further breeding. Notably, the high inter-cluster distance between clusters IV & V and III & V indicates diverse genetic material that could be valuable for hybridization programs aimed at improving sodic soil tolerance.

Export performance and direction of major agricultural commodities from Tamil Nadu

G Ramalakshmi, C Velavan, C Muralidharan, R Premavathi, M Prahadeeswaran — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Tamil Nadu is India's second-largest economy and its agricultural performance is also significant. The state has been involved in trading of agricultural commodities for many years. In recent years, due to change in export policy of major commodities, it is necessary to measure the performance and direction at state level. Hence, the present study aims to analyze the trends and direction of the trade for selected agricultural commodities from Tamil Nadu. Port-wise export data of the major agricultural commodities from Tamil Nadu were used to assess the export dynamics during 2007-2022. Non-basmati rice, pulses and groundnut were selected for the study based on their significance in the state agriculture as well as in the export trade. The results of the study revealed that the export growth of pulses was the highest among the selected commodities with 21.8% and 28.1% in terms of quantity and value respectively followed by non-basmati with 16.27% and 20.1% in quantity and value terms respectively. However, the growth rate of export quantity of groundnut was negative with -0.1% whereas export value growth was positive with 5.9%. This revealed that export performance of pulses and non-basmati rice was better than groundnut. The Direction of export analysis revealed that Bangladesh and Benin for non-basmati rice, Sri Lanka, China and Singapore for pulses and Sri Lanka and Singapore for Groundnut would be the stable market for export from Tamil Nadu.

Optimization of planting methods and seed coating for enhanced rice seed yield and quality in mechanized farming

Vakeswaran V, Harish Balaji J, Renugadevi J, Sakthivel N, Jerlin R, Umarani R — Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The demand for rice is predicted to rise by over 200 million tons by 2050 due to the rapidly growing population. India needs to step up its rice production because of the burgeoning population and decreasing land and other resources. Existing lower yield in rice caused by improper planting methods, particularly related to transplanting. This research was conducted to understand the effect of planting methods with coated and uncoated seeds to maximize seed yield and quality of rice. A field was raised in a randomized block design (RBD) on different treatments as coated and uncoated seeds with methods of sowings such as drone sowing, drum sowing, machine transplanting and manual transplanting with three replications. The observation on the number of hills m-2, number of tillers m-2, number of productive tillers m 2, number of grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight, rice yield m-2 and quality indicators were gathered. The result indicates the maximum seed yield and productive tillers per hill recorded in drone seeding with coated seeds (59.71 q ha-1 and 31.75, respectively) whereas uncoated manual transplanting recorded 51.68 q ha-1 and 25.0 numbers, respectively in rice variety CO 55. Further, results on seed quality parameters revealed that machine transplanting yields higher production with the best seed quality compared to the seeds from drone sowing. It is concluded that drone sowing and machine transplanting are superior in seed yield and quality than conventional manual transplanting. Further research on enhancing the seed productivity through drone sowing on seeding density, population maintenance and productive tiller enhancement can be done.

Exploring the impact of heat waves on early crop growth in sugarcane clones

Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Sugarcane, a vital crop for sugar production and increasingly important for biofuels, faces challenges due to frequent and unusual weather patterns as well as rising temperatures. Heat stress poses a significant threat to plant health, leading to dehydration, reduced photosynthesis, stunted growth and ultimately diminished yields. This study evaluates heat stress tolerance in 32 sugarcane clones selected from a group of 1,261 clones based on their high Brix percentage and early vigour. Plant height was recorded at 15-day intervals and revealed a significant reduction between days 76 to 90, with an average increase of only 7.8 cm in plant height compared to an overall increase of32.7 cm. This period coincided with an eight-day severe heat wave reported by the Indian Meteorological Department. Despite the stress, five clones exhibited normal growth during this period, demonstrating their potential resilience. The study identified these promising heat-tolerant clones as candidates for breeding programs aimed at developing varieties with enhanced heat stress resilience.

Improved functionality of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx extract blended Kombucha, a fermented beverage

Gayathry G, Uma Maheswari T, Jothilakshmi K, Amutha S — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Kombucha is a fermented drink with a range of medicinal benefits prepared from sweetened tea infusion (Camellia sinensis), which is cultured symbiotically with yeast and acetic acid bacteria. In the present investigation, kombucha was prepared from sugared black tea extract blended with aqueous calyx extract of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) @15% and fermented with cultures viz., Komagataeibacter rhaeticus (NAIMCCTB-3976) and Brettanomyces bruxellensis (CAP9) at 35°C. The floating water insoluble mat of kombucha was observed under a scanning electron microscope, which revealed the cellulosic nanofibrils secreted by K. rhaeticus. The total phenolic and flavanoid content, DPPH, and ABTS activity of roselle calyx blended kombucha were significantly higher than black tea kombucha. Further, the compounds present in kombucha, when analyzed by fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, denoted the presence of carbonyl compounds, aromatic olefinic compounds, ketones, aldehydes, and esters. The different bioactive metabolites formed during fermentation were elucidated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the major compounds excited within the retention time of 45 min with maximum peak area were 13-hexyloxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one (37.64%), palmitins such as 1,3 dipalmitin (6.42%), glycidyl palmitate (3.30%), organic acids such as undecanedioic acid, linoleic acid, acetic acid (3.88%), etc. The results proved that blending black tea extract with 15% roselle calyx extract as a substrate for kombucha fermentation was highly accepted with an organoleptic score of 95% and improved functional properties compared to black tea extract kombucha alone.

Botanical and SFE aided need base systemic scientific inaugurate of Delphinium denudatum root Wall. an unexplored jeopardise medicinal plant

Nadeem Ahmad Siddique — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The endangered medicinal plant Delphinium denudatum Wall. is widely recognized by the medical community for its potential in treating neurological disorders. Despite its known health benefits, it has not been thoroughly investigated. Further research is required using scientifically recognized analytical techniques to fully explore its therapeutic potential.
The use of traditional methods for extracting botanicals raises concerns about both environmental damage and potential health risks due to the extensive use of organic solvents. In response to these issues, this research utilizes environmentally-conscious and eco-friendly methods for botanical extraction. Recently, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has emerged as a preferred technique for extracting plant material due to its high efficiency and yield. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the solvent of choice in SFE because of its effective diffusion into plant material at low temperatures, as well as its environmentally friendly properties.
In this study, the optimal conditions for SFE were determined to be a pressure of 200 bar, a temperature of 80 °C and a CO2 flow rate of 15 g. min-1 to achieve to achieve maximum yield of Delphinium root extract (DRE). The result demonstrated that SFE produced an optimal extract yield with three productivity levels: level-I (0.8 % w/w), level-II (1.2 % w/w) and level-III (0.95 % w/w). Furthermore, a botanical examination verified the integrity of cell structures, while physicochemical evaluations help establish quality standards for the extract.
Phytometabolites mapping of the SFE- derived DRE was performed using HPTLC under various conditions, including daylight, postderivatization and at 254 nm and 366 nm. Additionally, community reports validated the effectiveness of DDR against harmful microorganisms, with zones of inhibition observed against Staphylococcus aureus (ZI: 5.21 ± 0.29); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ZI: 7.48 ± 0.53); Aspergillus niger (ZI: 8.15 ± 0.9) at concentrations of 100 ?g mL-1 and 500 ?g mL-1 of the DRE respectively.
In conclusion, this research strongly supports the use of D. denudatum extracts obtained via SFE as a potential treatment for various pathogenic disease. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous scientific evidence documenting the successful extraction of D. denudatum using SFE. Additionally, the protective properties of SFE-derived DRE against pathogenic microorganisms had not been previously explored. Thus, the present study identifies D. denudatum as a promising candidate for the development of drugs to combat pathogenic infections.

Weed control methods and micronutrient sprays on weeds and sunflower growth

Juniad A M A Dulaimy, Bassam R Sarheed , Adil H Abdulkafoor — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

An experiment was conducted during the spring seasons of 2022 and 2023 at Agricultural Research Station No. 1, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, located in Ramadi district, Anbar province, Iraq. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of weed control methods and micronutrient spraying on weed traits and growth characteristics of three sunflower varieties. The experiment followed a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with a split-split plot arrangement and three replications. The main plots included weed control methods (no control, Treflan herbicide treatment and black plastic mulching). At the same time, the sub-plots consisted of three micronutrient spraying treatments (0, first combination and second combination). The sunflower varieties Aqmar, Sakha and Flami included the sub-sub-plots. Results indicated that the mulching treatment significantly reduced weed density and dry weed weight and achieved values ??of (5.96 and 4.33 plant m-1, 11.67 and 8.22 plant m-1, 123.97 and 91.02 g plant-1) for the two seasons, respectively, while enhancing: plant height, leaf area, stem diameter and chlorophyll index. The second micronutrient spray formulation gave the highest averages for most traits. Among the cultivars, Sakha showed the lowest weed density and dry weed weight, Qamar recorded the tallest plants (189.04 and 211.12 cm) for both seasons and Flame showed superior vegetative growth traits. Significant interactions were observed between the study factors, where the mulching combination and Flamy cultivar gave the highest leaf area, stem diameter and chlorophyll content and the three-way interaction of mulching, the second micronutrient formulation and Flamy cultivar achieved the highest chlorophyll content. and the triple interaction of mulching, second micronutrient combination and Flami variety achieving the highest chlorophyll content. In conclusion, black plastic mulching effectively reduced weed density and improved sunflower growth, with the second micronutrient combination and Flame variety showing the best results.

Anticarcinogenic properties of the desert truffle (Terfezia boudieri) and its host plant (Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill.)

A A Zaghloul, H M H Salama, A M A El_gawad, M Almostafa, K Abdelaal, M A Yassin — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and cytotoxic properties of aqueous extracts of desert truffle, Terfezia boudieri Chatin and its host plant Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. The chemical composition of truffle is relatively higher than its host plants. Carbohydrate content showed the highest rate, but crude lipid showed the lowest rate in truffle and the host plant. Potassium is the highest concentration macro-element, and iron is the highest concentration of micro-element in the truffle and host plant. Compared to the several extracts tested, ethyl acetate extracts of the desert truffle, T. boudieri and host plant H. aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. gave the highest cytotoxic activity against five tested cancer cell lines (the human eye carcinoma cell line MP38, the human central nervous system cell line SF-268, the colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT116, the prostate cancer cell line DU-145 and the breast cancer cell line MDA). The active substances of truffles are more effective than the active substances of host plants in terms of cell mortality rate and nuclear condensation of cancer cells. Human eye cancer cells MP38 treated with truffle ethyl acetate extract showed a greater cell mortality rate than those treated with host plant ethyl acetate extract. Thus, it could be concluded that desert truffles have distinctive metabolites with powerful biological activities, such as antiproliferative activities, compared to the host plant's corresponding metabolites.

Assessing yield gap in paddy cultivation: A case study from Shivamogga district, Karnataka

M Senthilkumar, A Sunil , M Vinita , K P Teja — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Paddy cultivation is a cornerstone of India’s agricultural economy, with Karnataka emerging as a key contributor to this sector. Despite its significance, persistent yield gaps across various paddy varieties pose a considerable challenge to achieving optimal productivity. These yield gaps primarily stem from factors such as traditional farming practices, resource availability, and varying environmental conditions. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the yield gap of paddy varieties specifically in the Shivamogga district of Karnataka, employing an ex-post facto research design to identify key factors influencing yield gaps. Data were systematically collected from a sample of 197 farmers using a structured interview schedule, ensuring a comprehensive analysis. The study identified four primary paddy varieties cultivated by the respondents: Jyothi, JGL-1798, MTU-1001, and MTU-1010 representing the major paddy varieties in the region. Notably, the highest yield gap was observed in the JGL-1798 variety, recording a gap of 19.33 quintals per hectare, followed closely by MTU-1010 at 18.89 q/ha, MTU-1001 at 17.50 q/ha, and Jyothi at 13.42 q/ha. The Jyothi variety exhibited the lowest yield gap, highlighting its superior adaptability and market preference. This study underscores the critical need to address the underlying factors contributing to yield gaps through enhanced agricultural practices and technology dissemination, ultimately fostering increased productivity and contributing to food security and farmers’ income in Karnataka.

Market analysis on insecticide usage patterns for vegetable crops in Krishnagiri district in Tamil Nadu

V R Lakshmi, K Uma, S Selvanayaki, M Nirmala devi, R Gangai selvi — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study examines insecticide usage patterns among vegetable farmers in the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu, reflecting the growing importance of insecticides in safeguarding crop health amidst increasing pest pressures. The global insecticide market is expanding rapidly, with India being the fourth-largest producer of agrochemicals and a significant exporter. Insecticides are essential for controlling pests such as thrips, whiteflies and various caterpillars, which can cause substantial yield losses. Using a stratified simple random sampling method, data were collected from 300 farmers across 25 villages in Hosur tehsil between May 2024 and June 2024. The research assessed socio-economic profiles, insecticide usage patterns and the sources of information for purchase decisions. Findings reveal that local agricultural dealers are the primary source of information, with a notable preference among farmers for brands such as BASF and IIL. Most farmers reported using insecticides primarily during the Kharif season, suggesting seasonal dependency. The study also highlights a tendency among farmers to favour specific brands over extended periods, reflecting brand loyalty and trust in local suppliers. Overall, the results provide valuable insights into the practices and challenges faced by vegetable farmers, which can help inform agricultural policies and marketing strategies for insecticide producers in the region.

Unveiling genetic variability and cause-effect relationships of morphological traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in the Terai agro-climatic zone of West Bengal

S Sadhu, L Hijam, A Roy, R Gupta, A Mondal, S Dey, S K Roy — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an essential staple food crop for billions of people worldwide. Understanding genetic variability is essential for breeding programs targeting yield and resilience. This study assessed 52 rice genotypes across two kharif seasons (2021–23) in West Bengal's Terai zone. Key traits were evaluated using a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Key characteristics such as plant height (PH), days to 50 % flowering (DFF), number of effective tillers per plant (NETP), panicle length (PL), number of grains per panicle (NGPP),1000–grain weight (TGW), grain yield per plant (GY_P), and harvest index (HI) were assessed. Statistical analysis revealed significant variability among genotypes. Among the traits, GY_P exhibited the highest genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV). Additionally, PH, NETP, NGPP, TGW, HI and GY_P exhibited high heritability and genetic advancement, highlighting their potential for selection. Path coefficient analysis identified HI and NGPP as the most influential traits that directly and positively affected GY_P. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) attributed 78.61 % of the total variation to four principal components, highlighting HI, GY_P, NGPP and PL as major contributors to genetic diversity. Genotypes such as Piolee, Motia Saru, and Dhan Sali exhibited superior performance for specific traits, making them potential candidates for future breeding programs. These findings emphasize the potential of exploiting genetic variability in rice to develop high–yielding, regionally adapted varieties, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices in the Terai region.

Hoya acuminata (Wight) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Apocyanaceae): An addition to the flora of Nagaland, India

Ruokuonuo Kuotsu, Limasenla — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Hoya acuminata (Wight) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Apocyanaceae) is reported here as a new distributional record and an addition to the flora of Nagaland from Kohima District.

Intergenerational relationship and Multi-trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Indexing (MGIDI) in inter-varietal cross derivatives of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper.

Surendhar Anbazhagan, Jayamani Palaniyappan — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Black gram is a highly self-pollinated short-duration crop cultivated in various cropping systems viz., rainfed, intercrop and rice fallow. In the present study, hybridization was made between 2 black gram varieties viz., CO 6 and VBN 11, aimed to develop the recombinants and select superior progenies through Multi-trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The parent-offspring regression analysis was carried out in the F3 and F4 progenies of CO 6 × VBN 11. The significant regression and intergenerational correlation coefficients were observed for all the traits studied. The narrow sense heritability was found to be high for the number of seeds per pod. The other traits viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight and seed yield per plant showed moderate narrow sense heritability. The MGIDI was calculated for 62 F4 progenies of CO 6 × VBN 11 considering nine yield component traits. In F4 progenies, high broad sense heritability was observed for all the yield-contributing traits and high selection gain was recorded for seed yield per plant (49.77%), number of branches per plant (46.29%), number of pods per plant (37.74%) and number of pods per cluster (20.80%). Based on the MGIDI, six F4 progenies viz., P1, P6, P22, P49, P50 and P53 were selected. The selected progenies could be further evaluated and yield tested for commercial exploitation.

Impact of salt stress on physiological traits in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

M Kumar, K Vanitha, A Sankari — Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor that limits plant growth and development globally, primarily due to the use of low-quality irrigation water and soil salinization caused by seawater intrusion. This study examines physiological parameters, antioxidant enzymes and the K/Na ratio in response to salt stress in various tomato genotypes at a salinity level of 8 dS m-1 during the vegetative stage. Specifically, it investigates superoxide dismutase activity, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, proline content, chlorophyll fluorescence and potassium and sodium ion content in roots, shoots and leaves. The results revealed significant variation in salt tolerance among the different genotypes. Genotypes LE-14 and LE-1 demonstrated superior performance under salt stress, displaying higher relative water content, reduced electrolyte leakage, increased superoxide dismutase activity, elevated proline content and favorable K/Na ratios. Principal component analysis showed significant eigenvalues, accounting for 72.5% of the total variability. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of salt tolerance in tomato crops and highlight the potential of LE-14 and LE-1 for cultivation in saline environments. The study emphasizes the importance of conducting field trials to validate these results for sustainable production in saltaffected areas.

In vitro efficacy of organic amendments and biocontrol agents against Sclerotium rolfsii causing groundnut stem rot disease

B Deepika, J Sheela, N Indra, R Kalaiyarasi, K N Navamaniraj — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Groundnut is a crucial oil seed crop cultivated worldwide and often referred to as the "King of Oil Seeds." However, its productivity is significantly reduced by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these, soil-borne fungal infections, particularly stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., pose a major threat, potentially leading to yield losses of up to 80 percent. In this study, stem rot-infected samples were collected from five major groundnut-growing districts in Tamil Nadu, India, and nine isolates of S. rolfsii were obtained. Based on pathogenicity tests, the most virulent isolate was identified and characterized at the molecular level. The pathogen produces a resting structure called sclerotia, which survives in soil for many years. Considering the ill effects of chemical methods of management, the present study is focused on non-chemical methods using organic amendments and biocontrol agents against the pathogen. Six amendments, viz., groundnut cake, neem cake, castor cake, cotton cake, sesame cake, and cow manure, were tested against S. rolfsii under in vitro conditions at two concentrations (5 % and 10 %). Among these, sesame cake exhibited the highest inhibition of 48.36 percent and 63.80 percent at 5 percent and 10 percent concentrations, respectively. Through GC-MS analysis, the bioactive compounds, viz., 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) - (100%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid (E) - (76.13%), responsible for pathogen inhibition were identified. Furthermore, rhizospheric bacterial biocontrol agents were evaluated against S. rolfsii, which revealed that isolate B2 showed maximum inhibition (79.48%). The bacterial isolate B2 was molecularly characterized and confirmed as Bacillus subtilis (PP882830).

Effects of biostimulants on growth, yield and quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) intercropped with palmyrah (Borrassus flabellifer L)

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of bio-stimulants on the growth and yield of Tomato (var. PKM-1) as an intercrop under Palmyrah plantation at the College Orchard of the Department of Horticulture, VOC Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu during 2023-24. The maximum plant height at 30 (52.80 cm), 60 (73.40 cm) and 90 days after transplanting (86.47 cm), number of branches at 30 days after transplanting (3.20), 60 days after transplanting (7.60) and 90 days after transplanting (8.40), early flowering (26.2 days), 50 % flowering (39.8 days), individual fruit weight (30.29 g), number of fruits per plant (28.6), yield of fruits per plant (0.87 kg), yield per ha (31.97 ton per ha), chlorophyll a (0.89 mg per g), chlorophyll b (1.28 mg per g), total chlorophyll (1.65 mg per g), TSS (5.54° Brix), ascorbic acid content (23.87 mg per 100g), titrable acidity (0.65 %), lycopene content (2.47 mg per 100g)was recorded in (the 3 %) Panchagavya spray treatment. The salient findings revealed that among the different treatments, a 3 %Panchagavya spray demonstrated superiority in promoting the growth and yield of Tomato as an intercrop under Palmyrah in the dry land conditions of the Thoothukudi district. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating organic practices into intercropping systems suitable for arid and semi-arid regions.

Response of finger millet under organic nutrient management in sodic soil

Tue, 11 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Finger millet is a traditional food crop that holds immense significance due to its versatility, climate resilience, and higher nutritional value. Finger millet growers face challenges due to poor soil properties and environmental conditions. To meet the growing demand, finger millet production must be substantially increased through suitable organic nutrient management practices. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of organic nutrient management on the productivity and profitability of finger millet. Field experiments were conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2019 and 2020 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments comprised of 100 and 125% N equivalent either through farmyard manure (FYM) or vermicompost or composted poultry manure, 50% N equivalent FYM + 50% N equivalent vermicompost, 50% N equivalent FYM + 50% N equivalent composted poultry manure, 50% N equivalent vermicompost + 50% N equivalent composted poultry manure and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (60: 30: 30 kg NPK/ha) + FYM (12.5 t/ha). Finger millet variety TRY 1 was used as test crop. The results revealed that the application of 100% RDF (60: 30: 30 kg NPK/ha) + FYM (12.5 t/ha) registered significantly higher growth, yield attributes and yield of finger millet than other treatments. However, it was comparable with 125% N equivalent vermicompost (3.8 t/ha) and 125% N equivalent composted poultry manure (3.5 t/ha). With regard to economics, application of 125% N equivalent composted poultry manure (3.5 t/ha) registered higher net return (Rs.41621/ha) and benefit cost ratio (BCR) (2.28) over other treatments. Hence, application of 125% N equivalent vermicompost (3.8 t/ha) or 125% N equivalent composted poultry manure (3.5 t/ha) could be recommended as organic nutrient management strategy for getting higher productivity and profitability of irrigated finger millet under sodic soil.

Exploration of the effect of botanicals on controlling tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii Signoret) in the cashew ecosystem

Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The tea mosquito bug (TMB) Helopeltis antonii Signoret poses a significant threat to cashew plantations, causing substantial damage to the trees and affecting crop productivity. Botanicals have been examined for their effectiveness against tea mosquito bugs (TMB) in cashew plantations that impose damage on cashew trees. A field experiment was conducted at the Regional Research Station, Vridhachalam, Tamil Nadu, to evaluate the effectiveness of various botanical pesticides against TMB. The study included seven treatments using different botanicals and one untreated control. Applications were made at critical growth stages, namely flushing, flowering and nut formation, at fortnightly intervals, ensuring the pest population remained below the economic threshold level (ETL). Five spray rounds were administered, with a maximum of 10 L of spray suspension applied per tree for each treatment. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in TMB incidence in plots treated with botanical pesticides. Fifteen days after the third, fourth and fifth sprays, TMB incidence was completely absent in treated plots, whereas the untreated control recorded a damage score of 3.25. Furthermore, a marked decline in fresh TMB infestations was observed within seven days following each spray application. Among the treatments, a mixture of leaf extracts from adathoda (Adathoda vasica), datura (Datura metel), vitex (Vitex negundo), calotropis (Calotropis gigantea) and neem (Azadirachta indica) showed the highest efficacy, reducing TMB incidence to damage scales of 0.660 and 0.550. Similarly, Pongamia oil (5 % concentration) exhibited substantial effectiveness, reducing TMB incidence to scales of 0.845 and 0.645. These findings highlight the potential of botanical pesticides as eco–friendly and effective alternatives for managing TMB in cashew plantations.

Effects of plant growth regulators on peg and pod development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under drought stress

Thanh Thang Tran, Thanh Huong Tran, Trang Viet Bui — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Peanut is a globally important legume crop consumed in various forms due to its high nutritional value. However, peanut production faces challenges, particularly under drought conditions, resulting in reduced flowering, peg and pod formation. This study aimed to investigate the changes in morphology, anatomy and activity of plant growth regulators during flowering, peg development and pod formation in peanuts, using the VD01-2 cultivar. The objective of the study was to explore the application of plant growth regulators to optimize flowering, peg development and increase pod yield in peanuts. The peanuts were cultivated at the Ho Chi Minh City High-Tech Agriculture Park under the following conditions: 150 ± 20 Klux light intensity, 45/26 ± 2 °C temperature and 35/80 ± 5 % humidity. The experimental soil composition was 63.4 % sand, 28.5 % silt and 8.1 % clay, with 24.91 g kg-1 organic matter, 0.165 % total nitrogen, 0.062 % phosphorus and 0.93 % potassium. Statistical analysis of the data revealed an increase in auxin and gibberellin activity during flowering, which contributed to peg elongation. However, as the peg entered the soil and formed the pod, the activity of these plant growth regulators decreased. Additionally, the combination of 50 mg L-1 IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and 150 mg L-1 GA3 (gibberellic acid) effectively enhanced the development of flowers, pegs and pods in peanut plants under drought-stress conditions. Furthermore, this combined treatment resulted in an increase in the lipid content of the seeds from 545.2 mg to 570.0 mg/g of weight. These findings have the potential to improve peanut productivity under drought conditions, addressing the challenges faced in peanut production.

Cold stress-induced biochemical and molecular responses in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.)

D Kereilwe, G Malambane, V E Emongor, U Batlang — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Cold stress causes substantial losses in global agricultural productivity. When exposed to cold stress, plants usually exhibit a variety of cold-induced physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses. Safflower is one of the oldest, marginalized, neglected and domesticated multipurpose oilseed crops which is uniquely affected by cold stress at different growth stages. Because of lack of systematic research on cold signalling pathways and gene regulatory networks, the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms of cold signal transduction in different developmental stages of safflower are poorly understood. Therefore, this study sought to detect biochemical response and identify cold responsive safflower genes expressed at the rosette and bolling stages to provide novel insight about the growth stage’s differential responses to cold stress. The results demonstrated that pseudo-marker snap genes CtAH10T0001700.1 and CtAH10T0001500.1 are the E3 ligase genes with RING finger domain while CtAH10T0000500 matched the GRAS family genes. These genes successfully exhibited similar cold responses as per their respective family. Overexpression of some E3 genes like CIP8 and HOS 1 could be associated with the cold susceptibility of plants in the bolling stage of safflower. Additionally, CtAH10T0001700.1 expression was found to be positively correlated with electrolyte leakage and proline content at the rosette stage. Meanwhile CtAH10T0001500.1, a negative cold regulator significantly correlated with electrolyte leakage and proline content. While CtAH10T0000500, a positive cold regulator significantly correlated with electrolyte leakage and proline at the rosette stage, but negatively associated with the two parameters at bolling stage. Overall, the genes were found to play a significant role in cold responsiveness of safflower plants at different growth stages.

Evaluation of cashew apple RTS beverages blend with mango and papaya for its physicochemical properties and storage life

S Kannan, A K A H Noorjehan, A Baskaran, N Raja — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

For every tonne of cashew nuts, 10 to 15 tonnes of cashew apples are spoiled in orchards, representing a significant economic loss in India. Cashew apple juice is astringent because of the presence of anacardic acid and tannins when eaten as such. Ready-to-serve (RTS) beverages prepared from cashew apple juice blended with mango and papaya in varying proportions were evaluated for physicochemical properties, organoleptic scores and microbial counts at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days of storage during 2022-2023 using Completely Randomized Design with two replications and six treatments. RTS blend of 50% cashew apple and 50% mango juice (T2) exhibited a gradual reduction in pH and ascorbic acid content and an increase in density, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, reducing sugar and TSS/acid ratio from 0 to 90 days of storage followed by T6, a blend of 25% cashew apple and 75% papaya juice RTS. The RTS blends T2 and T6 had low microbiological counts and excellent quality, colour, taste, and general acceptance based on organoleptic score. The highest net benefit for an RTS beverage was in T3 (Rs. 32/-) followed by T2 (Rs. 27.25/-) when compared to control (100% cashew apple juice @Rs. 21/-). They also had affordable preparation costs, which added value to the cashew apple juice.

Optimizing hardening substrates and homozygosity testing for anther culture derived doubled haploid sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.) lines

J Kaushik, C K Pradeep, A Arun — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.), a valuable vegetable crop, faces significant challenges in large-scale doubled haploid (DH) production due to high mortality rates during the hardening phase. This study aimed to optimize substrate conditions for successful DH hardening and to validate genetic uniformity using molecular markers. The research focused on four genotypes of sweet pepper: Asha, Sympathy, Nemalite and Indra. Various substrate combinations were evaluated, including coco peat, perlite, vermiculite, farm yard manure (FYM), and vermicompost. The results show that substrates containing coco peat, perlite, vermiculite, and vermicompost consistently achieved high survival rates and superior growth parameters. Specifically, substrate T6 (coco peat + perlite + vermiculite + vermicompost, (1:1:1:1)) achieved the highest survival rate, with the Asha genotype reaching 97.64%. This substrate also promoted optimal plant height and leaf production, with Asha reaching 11.75 cm and producing 14.5 leaves on average. Homozygosity testing using SSR markers (CAM-8, CAM19, CAM-54, CAM-79) confirmed that 447 (97.0%) of the 461 DH plants were true homozygous lines, with minimal diploid escapees across all genotypes. Among the genotypes, Indra exhibited the highest efficiency, with 98.4% of plants identified as true DH lines. Chi-square analysis showed no significant deviation from expected Mendelian ratios, affirming genetic stability. These findings highlight the importance of substrate optimization in enhancing the acclimatization and survival of DH lines and demonstrate the effectiveness of SSR markers in ensuring genetic uniformity. This study provides valuable insights for improving DH production protocols in sweet pepper breeding programs.

Effect of plant growth regulators for yield enhancement in finger millet under drought stress

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Finger millet (Ragi) is considered as wonder millet because of its high nutritive and therapeutic values. Drought is a major abiotic stress which limits the crop production and yield potential of finger millet. Considering the yield losses faced by the farmers during drought condition, foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widely used to improve the physiological response that might lead to rapid changes in phenotype of the plant and enhancing the production of crops. Finger millet is less efficient in partitioning of assimilates and has low actual yield potential even as a C4 crop. To address these issues, experiments were conducted for improving the partitioning efficiency and yield. Hence, an experiment was conducted to mitigate the drought in finger millet through PGRs. The stress was imposed during flowering stage in the finger millet variety CO15 where different kinds of PGRs viz., Brassinosteroid, Salicylic acid and Chlormequat chloride were used in this experiment. After imposing the treatments, physiological, biochemical and yield traits were recorded. Foliar spray of 0.3 ppm brassinosteroid and 100 ppm salicylic acid exhibited superior performance for improving the osmotic potential, reduces the membrane lipid damage, better chlorophyll pigments, nitrate reductase activity and improved antioxidant system which leads to mitigate the negative impacts of drought in finger millet.

Optimization of gamma irradiation doses (60Co) for mutagenesis in strawberry (Fragaria × annanasa Duch) cv. Winter Dawn

Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Strawberry, a vegetatively propagated crop, exhibits limited genetic variation, which constrains its adaptability and improvement potential. Gamma-ray radiation is a promising approach for enhancing genetic diversity and improving strawberries. Strawberry runners of the Winter Dawn cultivar were irradiated using 60Co, with doses ranging from 20 Gy to 40 Gy administered at a consistent rate of 1.52 Gy per minute to evaluate mutagenic effects. The survival effects in gamma irradiation-treated runners were recorded at 30 days after transplantation. An LD50 analysis was conducted to assess physiological impacts, and the lethal dose value was found to be 40 Gy, resulting in 50% mortality. Distinct differences in survival rates were observed between treated and untreated runners, with the highest survival rate (88%) at 20 Gy. The 30 Gy dose-treated runners exhibited the highest growth parameters, including crown diameter (14.32 mm), primary root length (29.50 cm), secondary root length (5.5 cm), and number of roots (39.6). Among fruit quality traits, maximum fruit length (39.84 mm), and fruit diameter (27.80 mm) were observed in runners treated with a 30 Gy gamma irradiation dose. Significant variations in survival, growth, and fruit quality were observed across different gamma irradiation doses. These findings provide a foundation for future efforts to develop potential strawberry mutants with improved traits through gamma irradiation. These findings provide a foundation for future efforts to develop potential strawberry mutants with improved traits through gamma irradiation.

Biochemical clues to insecticide resistance in mango hoppers of Bhubaneswar

Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Mango hoppers (Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus niveosparsus and Idioscopus clypealis) are major pests affecting mango cultivation in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, where insecticide resistance has become a significant challenge. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical mechanisms of resistance, focusing on the activities of detoxifying enzymes Carboxylesterase (CE) and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST). Seasonal variations in enzyme activity and kinetic properties (Km and Vmax) were analysed alongside bioassays to assess insecticide efficacy and the role of enzyme inhibitors. CE and GST activities were measured using established biochemical assays, while inhibitors such as Diethyl Maleate (DEM) and Triphenyl Phosphate (TPP) were tested for their ability to reduce enzyme-mediated resistance. Results showed that CE activity peaked at 1.89 µmol/min/mg in July 2023, a 5.3-fold increase from March 2022, while GST activity reached 297.43 µmol of CDNB conjugated/min/mg. These trends correlated with higher LC50 values for Acephate (4.442 ppm in October 2022, up from 1.471 ppm in March 2022) and Imidacloprid (1.313 ppm in July 2023, compared to 1.142 ppm in March 2022), indicating increased resistance. Kinetic analysis showed lower Km (11.33 µM for CE and 14.33 µM for GST in July 2023) and higher Vmax (1.32 µmol/min/mg for CE and 1.14 µmol/min/mg for GST), suggesting enhanced enzymatic efficiency. The use of DEM and TPP significantly reduced LC50 values, with DEM lowering LC50 by 45 % for Lambda-Cyhalothrin. These findings highlight the need for biochemical profiling and strategic enzyme inhibitor use to mitigate resistance. Seasonally tailored pest management strategies can enhance mango cultivation sustainability in Bhubaneswar.

South Western Ghats of India: A niche of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) diversity

G S Sreekala, M Avinash, J B Reddappa , P Reshma , J Nainu , T Anargha — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The survey conducted across major clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) growing regions of the South Western Ghats of India, especially in the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, identified thirty accessions with distinct characteristics and superior yield. Clove accessions were characterized based on twenty-one qualitative and twelve quantitative traits. Significant variations were observed among fifteen qualitative characters with predominant traits including elliptical canopy shape, semi-erect branching pattern, leaf lamina and its apex, mid-bud forming season, clustering pattern of flower, bud size, fruit, and seed shape. The dendrogram constructed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) grouped thirty accessions into five major clusters at a genetic similarity of 73%, with Accession 19 identified as unique. Principal component analysis of twelve quantitative characters revealed three component groups, explaining 70.85% of the total variance. The score plot generated from the principal component loading grouped the accessions into eighteen clusters. A minimal dataset comprising four characters, namely plant height, canopy spread in East-West direction, number of inflorescences per square meter, and mature bud length, was generated. Observations on both qualitative traits and the minimum data set facilitated the identification of ideotypes. The geographical location was not found to influence genetic diversity significantly.

Effect of gamma rays induced mutagenesis on the agronomical and biochemical traits of acid lime

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

One of the indigenous citrus crops of India is acid lime, which has a high economic value and unique flavour compared to other citrus fruits. The current study was intended to ascertain the gamma ray dosage that proves lethal for the acid lime variety PKM1. The acid lime seeds were exposed to nine distinct gamma radiation dosages ranging from 5 to 45 Gy with an interval of 5 Gy and compared to untreated control. Different irradiation doses demonstrated substantial differences in morphological and biochemical traits. Increased dosage of gamma radiation leads to significant changes in various agronomic parameters of plant germination, number of plants, plant height, and change in biochemical traits. Various gamma radiation doses revealed a low survival rate after 35 Gy, with LD 50 at 27.86 Gy.

Impact of herbicide combinations on weed dynamics, crop productivity and economics in wet-direct seeded rice ecosystem

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A field experiment was conducted during the summer of 2023 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, to evaluate the effects of various pre- and post-emergence herbicide combinations on weed dynamics and productivity in wet direct-seeded rice. The experiment employed a randomized block design with ten treatments replicated three times. The study assessed various weed management practices, including pre-emergence herbicides followed by post-emergence herbicides, pre-emergence herbicides followed by hand weeding, post-emergence herbicides followed by hand weeding, and the farmer's practice of two hand weedings. Key observations included weed flora, density, dry weight and crop parameters such as plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter production and yield attributes. The study found that, Echinochloa colona and Leptochloa chinensis were the dominant grasses, Cyperus difformis was the dominant sedge and Eclipta prostrata was the prominent broad-leaved weed. The pre-emergence application of pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron ethyl effectively controlled grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds, particularly at 20 DAS. The ready-mix formulation of pendimethalin followed by triafamone + ethoxysulfuron was most effective at 40 DAS and harvest, significantly reducing weed density and improving yield parameters.

Trends and dynamics of turmeric markets in India

Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

As the leading global producer and consumer of turmeric, India has several major markets, including Erode, Nizamabad, Duggirala, and Sangli. Turmeric prices have exhibited cyclical patterns and fluctuations, significantly impacting farmers' incomes. Analyzing the trend, seasonal, and cyclical aspects of turmeric prices can aid in forecasting peak and low periods, thereby minimizing cultivation risks. Data spanning 14 years (2010-2023) was gathered from key markets to examine price behaviour, including the Erode Regulated Market in Tamil Nadu, Nizamabad in Telangana, and Sangli in Maharashtra. Researchers applied a regression model to analyze price trends, while seasonal indices were used to identify seasonality. The Bry-Boschan algorithm, implemented through MATLAB software, was used to determine price cycles. The study revealed an upward price trend across all major Indian turmeric markets over the years and identified cyclical behaviour, with cycles lasting 2-4 yrs. Notably, the duration of price slumps exceeded that of booms. By anticipating these cycles, farmers make informed decisions regarding sowing and selling, potentially reducing risks associated with turmeric cultivation. Implementing a Minimum Support Price could help offset rising labour costs and falling prices, encouraging farmers to continue turmeric cultivation. Additionally, adopting a pricing system based on curcumin content for Tamil Nadu turmeric could yield better prices.

Valuating productivity and energy Use efficiency in mechanized sesame cultivation

M Pragatheeswaran, N Thavaprakaash, C Harisudan, R Umarani, R Kavitha, M Baskar — Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A field investigation at the regional research station in Vriddhachalam, Tamil Nadu, during summer and Kharif 2023 and in the summer of 2024 assessed crop establishment techniques, weed management and harvesting methods on sesame yield and energy efficiency. The main plot treatments included an inclined plate planter with pelletized seeds (M1), a pneumatic precision planter with pelletized seeds (M2), a pneumatic precision planter without pelletized seeds (M3) and manual line sowing (M4). Subplot treatments comprised Quizalofop ethyl + reaper binder (S1), Quizalofop ethyl + manual harvest (S2), hand weeding + reaper binder (S3) and hand weeding + manual harvest (S4) in a split-plot design. Line-sown sesame consistently produced higher seed (811, 768, 883 kg/ha) and biological yields (3436, 2979, 3869 kg/ ha) along with improved energy parameters, including energy ratio (1.696, 1.617, 1.828), net gain energy and energy productivity across three seasons. Pneumatic precision planters without pelletized seeds showed higher specific energy and energy intensity, while inclined plate planters with pelletized seeds recorded greater economic energy intensity. Among subplot treatments, hand weeding with reaper binder or manual harvest (S3, S4) resulted in superior seed and biological yields, lower energy input, higher energy output and better energy productivity. However, Quizalofop ethyl + manual harvest (S2) exhibited increased specific energy and economic energy intensity. This study highlights the benefits of sustainable practices and energy-efficient mechanization in sesame cultivation. The combination of line sowing, manual weed control and mechanized harvesting optimizes energy use and enhances productivity, supporting eco-friendly and economically viable sesame farming.

Morpho-anatomy of cape gooseberry flowers (Physalis peruviana L.) at various stages of development

Utaminingsih , Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho, Tri Rini Nuringtyas, Maryani — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

As an indigenous remedy for a variety of ailments, cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), a member of the Solanaceae family, has historically contributed significantly to health promotion. The metabolites contained in Physalis fruit have been used traditionally by some Chinese communities to treat and prevent various diseases, such as cancer and hepatitis. Research related to the analysis of secondary metabolites in cape gooseberry fruit has been widely conducted, but studies on the morphology and anatomy of flower development, especially in P. peruviana have not been carried out. This study aimed to examine the morphological and anatomical structure of P. peruviana flowers at various stages of development. The procedures included: collection of flower morphology data, preparation of anatomical slides of flowers using the paraffin embedding method and qualitative analysis. The observation results demonstrate that P. peruviana has a complete and perfect flower, which grows as a single axillary type with 5 sepals, attached to each other and is conventionally green with a purple tinge. The corolla is sticky and yellow, with a purple tinge on the neck. The stamen comprises 5 pale yellow anthers and a purple filament. From the bud initiation to anthesis, the development takes 13 days. The anther has 2 lobes or 2 thecae (dithecous) with four microsporangia (tetrasporangiate). The anther wall consists of 4 layers in stages I-V and 2 layers in stages VI and VII. Isobilateral microspores are of the tetrad type. The ovary comprises 2 carpels, while the ovule is anatropus type and has bitegmic structure. This study detailed the reproductive characteristics of P. peruviana and provided a reference framework for subsequent studies by aligning the floral reproductive development perspective to a phenological scope.

Assessment of the cytotoxic effect of aerial parts of Gazania rigens hexane extract on HRT-18 and MCF-7 cell line and chemical composition analysis using GC/MS and LC/MS

H A Jawad, E J Kadhim — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Gazania rigens are cultivated for their vividly colored flowerheads. The herb, belonging to the Asteraceae family, displays various classes of secondary metabolites, including terpenes, phenols and fatty acid derivatives. Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and antimicrobial activities of the herb have been evaluated and have proven to benefit humans clinically specially in case of cancer affected people. Breast cancer is the second most frequent reason for female mortality, and the third most frequent reason in the world is colorectal cancer. A previous study stated the in vitro anticancer effect of the genus Gazania rigens on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell. N-hexane extract of Gazania rigens aerial parts was prepared by maceration, cold extraction methods and subjected to GC/MS and LC-MS analysis to characterize its constituents. In GC/MS, the total number of identified compounds were 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate hexanedioic acid, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. LC/MS analysis revealed and confirmed the presence of lupeol. Based on the result, n-hexane extract was evaluated for its in vitro anticancer effect against the MCF-7 and HRT-18 cell lines using an MTT assay. Results from the MTT assay showed there is a significant cytotoxic effect for hexane extract against both cell line HRT-18 and MCF-7, the IC50 value for HRT-18 was 102.2±10 ug/ml, while the IC50 value for MCF-7 was 121.2±12 ug/ml.

Study of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Euphorbia ingens: Medicinal plants from Malawi

F D Kumwenda, J Sumani, W Jere, B Namandwa, K K Nyirenda, J Mwatseteza — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of two medicinal plants from Malawi: Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Euphorbia ingens. Plant extracts were obtained sequentially macerating the root powder with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride methods, respectively, while antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Flavonoids ranged from 13.40 to 30.27 mg/g for Z. chalybeum extracts and 21.76 to 66.27 mg/g for E. ingens, with the highest amounts in ethyl acetate extracts of both plants. Both plants had the highest amounts of total phenolics in methanol extracts, with Z. chalybeum and E. ingens exhibiting 284.85 and 351.59 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity test showed that E. ingens, with IC50 values of 11.28 and 12.85 ?g/mL for the aqueous and methanol extracts, respectively, is a stronger antioxidant than Z. chalybeum. The FRAP activity was highest in methanol extracts for E. ingens (2831.77±179.02 mg/g) and Z. chalybeum (799.15±32.43 mg/g). Both plants exhibited more potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus compared to P. aeruginosa. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Z. chalybeum showed significant activity against S. aureus with MIC values of 1.56 mg/mL, demonstrating their strong inhibitory potential. The study has revealed that both E. ingens and Z. chalybeum roots would be excellent natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents.

Sun protection factor value of Rosa centifolia and Rosa alba from Merapi mountain Indonesian National Park and its potency as sunscreen

S S Widhiastuti, N To'bungan — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The potential wild Rosa centifolia L. and Rosa alba extracts in the Sapuangin region of Merapi Mountain National Park have not been explored. This study investigated the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and potential of extracts from R. centifolia and R. alba as sunscreen. R. centifolia and R. alba simplicia were extracted with methanol and ethanol to obtain four rose extract types. Phytochemical content was investigated using qualitative assay. Spectrophotometry was used to determine total flavonoid (TFC) and phenolic content (TPC). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Potential extracts as sunscreen were evaluated with Sun Protection Factor (SPF) assay. The qualitative phytochemical assay showed both ethanolic and methanolic extracts of R. centifolia contained saponin, tannin, flavonoid, and triterpenoid. Alkaloids were only contained in the methanolic extracts of R. centifolia. Ethanolic and methanolic extract of R. alba contained saponin and flavonoid. Alkaloid was present in the ethanolic extract of R. alba, while tannin is only in the methanolic extract of R. alba. The highest TFC was shown by methanolic extract of R. alba (68.132 ± 0.484 mg /QE/g). Methanolic extract of R. centifolia showed the highest TPC (253.090±2.530 mg GAE/g). Methanolic extract of R. centifolia exhibited IC50 values of DPPH scavenging 22,622 µg/mL and was categorized as a strong antioxidant activity. Likewise, the SPF value is the highest among the other extracts, namely 32.602 ± 0.430 at a concentration of 500 ppm. R. centifolia and R. alba ethanolic and methanolic extracts have the potential to be sued as candidates for antioxidant and sunscreen sources.

Identification and in-silico analysis of phytochemicals from Phyla nodiflora (L.): Potential bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications

P Seenivasan, U Palanikumar, AU Thangavelu, R Balasubramanian — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The increasing demand for safer and more sustainable alternatives to chemical-based medicines has driven significant interest in plant-derived bioactive compounds, which possess a wide range of therapeutic properties. Among these, Phyla nodiflora (L.), a medicinal plant traditionally used in various remedies, has garnered attention for its potential in treating numerous ailments. However, a comprehensive understanding of the bioactive compounds in P. nodiflora and their mechanisms of action remain limited. In this context, the present study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals derived from the hexane and methanolic leaf extract of P. nodiflora. Using GC-MS analysis, 50 distinct chemical compounds were identified, from which the 10 most predominant bioactive compounds were selected for further investigation based on their known pharmacological properties. These compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies against key protein targets, including Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B, Androgen Receptor, Cyclin A, and NKCC1. The findings revealed that n-hexadecanoic acid, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol exhibit significant potential as drug candidates, demonstrating promising therapeutic applications for conditions such as diabetes, alopecia, cancer, and anti-diuresis. These findings provide valuable insights into the medicinal value of P. nodiflora, paving the way for further research, including in vitro and in vivo studies, to validate the efficacy of these compounds. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of plant-based drug discovery in the development of novel treatments for non-communicable diseases, thereby contributing to the growing body of research in ethnopharmacology and natural product chemistry.

Assessment of coloured sticky traps for the monitoring of flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in radish crop

C Benakashree, M Shanthi, M Murugan, P S Shanmugam, S Harish, K Govindan — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) are herbivores that feed on Brassica plants and pose a significant threat, leading to considerable economic losses. Considering the increasing infestation of flea beetles in radish-growing areas across India, this study evaluated the effectiveness of coloured sticky traps - yellow, blue and white - in monitoring adult flea beetle, Phyllotreta chotanica Duvivier, populations in a radish field. The population density of flea beetles and percent leaf infestation was assessed weekly during trap capture observations across the radish crop cycle, from sowing to harvest. Blue traps were the most effective, with a peak of 7.00 ± 2.92 beetles per week at 49 days after sowing (DAS) and a mean of 4.89 beetles/week. Yellow traps also performed well, peaking at 7.00 ± 1.69 at 56 DAS, with a mean of 4.53 beetles/week. White traps were the least effective, with a mean of 2.89 beetles/week. Our findings indicate that blue and yellow traps captured the highest number of adult flea beetles, consistent with prior research demonstrating a preference for blue and yellow traps in agricultural settings. This study supports blue and yellow sticky traps as one of the better-integrated pest management (IPM) tools to implement as a prophylactic method of pest control for flea beetles in radish cultivation.

Introgression profiling of F4 population derived from the cross of Zea mays × Teosinte spp. Mexicana using SSR markers

Ramandeep Kaur, Ashmita, Nidhi Devi, Vikrant Tyagi, Yogesh Vikal, Priti Sharma — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

To increase the production of crops together with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, germplasm enrichment is much more important in any breeding programme. Exploitation of Teosinte and Tripsacum, the wild relatives of maize, as the sources of novel genes to improve resiliency, adaptability and productivity in maize, has been documented. In the present study, teosinte was used in the crossing programme. The experiment material comprised 109 RILs derived from Teosinte spp. mexicana and popcorn. Using SSR markers, the introgression profiling of teosinte-derived maize F4 population (109 maize-teosinte derivatives). Morphological characterization for different parameters, i.e., days to maturity, number of cobs, number of tillers, seed rows per cob and cob length, showed significant variation among all the traits studied. The highest significant positive correlation was observed between the number of rows per cob and cob length. Introgression profiles of different lines were inferred from the consensus of genotypic and morphological data, which revealed that the marker bnlg1297 was common among the lines that exhibit a higher number of tillers and cobs. Therefore, these specific genomic regions might be associated with these traits. Thus, these results showed different parental contributions, which leads to diversification in the progenies derived from diverse crosses in maize. Further, such crosses appear crucial for producing germplasm for which breeders are looking.

Isolation and characterization of arbuscular mycorrhiza from a newly developed L J farm at village Dumana, Viramgam, Gujarat

M I Sherashiya, N S Sahay — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Mycorrhiza in general and arbuscular mycorrhiza in particular are the most important terrestrial fungi that evolved with the evolution of land and plants and became a part and parcel of the plant's growth and development. It is so important for plant nutrition that its density and diversity were studied worldwide in different habitats, niches and climates. In the present study, a spore density of 1.6 to 4.04 per g of soil was observed in a semi-arid region; agroclimatic zone V of Gujarat at Dumana L J Farm, Viramgam. Nine different species of endomycorrhizae were characterized; however, species of Glomus and Acaulospora were dominant taxa. Because there is little taxonomic diversity in such a large group of mycorrhizal fungi, it is crucial to analyze local populations that have adapted to different environments. Depending on the climate, each species may have a significant amount of genetic variation. The result shows the spore density in a developing plantation field, which was earlier mainly used for the cultivation of a local variety of cotton. Since there is no such report on the density and diversity of endomycorrhiza from this region, this primary study will serve as a baseline for the comparison of the spore density of future studies of the region/field in different plants and seasons.

Nickel induced exposure analysis for toxic changes in growth and antioxidative enzymes in sesban eliciting biochemical sensitivity

S Mania, M Mohanty — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Nickel (Ni) exposure in plants leads to severe toxicity problems, with effects varying depending on its exposure concentration. The present pot culture investigation assesses the phytotoxic effects of different Nickel (Ni) concentrations on various biochemical parameters of Sesbania. The study involves applying Nickel at 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm along with a control group at 0 ppm for 30 days. Results revealed retarded growth, reduced pigment content, and enhanced antioxidative enzyme activity as nickel concentration increased. Exposure to Ni (100 ppm) and above severely affects seed germination, plant growth, and biomass production. Furthermore, relative phytotoxicity was evident from a 15% reduced germination rate and a fall in germination index from 10 to 8.5. The seedling vigour index was drastically reduced from 960 (control) to 93.5(300 ppm Ni). In addition to these, plant growth retardation was striking with root length stunted by 70% and shoot length by 50% in response to Ni (300 ppm). Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased by nearly 50% with the 300-ppm nickel treatment. Although protein levels and antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase and peroxidase) showed a stimulatory response to 100 and 200 ppm Ni treatments, both suffered a sharp decline due to toxic stress at 300 ppm Ni. This study explicitly highlights the harmful effects of high doses of Ni, highlighting the sensitivity of various morphometric and biochemical parameters to Ni toxicity. These findings highlights the need to mitigate environmental contamination and adopt measures to protect plant health.

Brand competitiveness and consumer preference towards milk and milk-based products Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS)

Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study investigates brand competitiveness and consumer preferences for milk and milk-based products like curd, ghee, butter, sweets, paneer, etc. utilizing Factor Analysis and Multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS) to provide insights into key dimensions influencing brand perception. Factor Analysis identified five critical dimensions that together explain 70.67% of the total variance in brand competitiveness. These dimensions include Best Brand and Customer Satisfaction (18.25%), Quality, Brand Trust and Awareness (14.47%), Price-Value Perception, Availability and Packaging (14.14%), New Products and Health/Nutrition (12.56%) and Loyal Customers and Recommendations (11.23%). The findings emphasize that Brand Reputation, Customer Satisfaction, Quality and Brand Trust are crucial in shaping brand competitiveness, underscoring the importance of meeting consumer expectations. In parallel, MDS analysis mapped consumer perceptions of eight milk brands, highlighting those brands like Tirumala, Sreeja and Sri Venkateswara are positively viewed in terms of value and taste. Conversely, brands such as Vijaya, Arokya, Heritage and Dodla received lower ratings; this suggests a gap between their price and quality or taste of their offerings. These insights are valuable for brands aiming to enhance their market position and align more closely with consumer preferences.

Influence of naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellic acid and triacontanol on fruit retention, yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Banganpalli

Deepa Samant, Kundan Kishore, Suchitra Behera, Gobinda Chandra Acharya — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A field investigation was carried out on fifteen-year-old mango cv. Banganpalli during 2021-2023 in the coastal region of India at the research farm of ICAR-IIHR-Central Horticultural Experiment Station, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to evaluate the efficacy of some plant growth regulators, namely naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and triacontanol (TRIA) for improving fruit retention, yield and quality of harvest. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments consisting of NAA (10, 20 and 30 ppm), GA3 (25, 50 and 75 ppm), TRIA (1, 3 and 5 ppm) and water spray as control. Each treatment was replicated thrice with four plants per replication. Treatments were applied on the plant canopy thrice at panicle initiation, pea and marble stages of fruit growth. Observations were recorded on flowering, fruiting, yield and fruit quality indices. Application of triacontanol at 3-5 ppm brought out a significant improvement over control in terms of panicle size, fruit retention and yield. Plants sprayed with 5 ppm triacontanol produced the largest panicle (length: 29.17 cm, width: 18.07 cm) and recorded the maximum value for fruit retention (68.93, 53.38, 39.41, 32.88, 26.54, 20.46 and 16.58% at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after pea stage, respectively), number of fruits/tree (104.72) and yield (38.95 kg/tree). With respect to fruit quality, GA3 and TRIA exhibited significant influence on fractions of fruit, dry matter and on most of the chemical attributes (TSS, TSS/acid ratio, total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and vitamin C) when applied at the concentration of 50-75 and 3-5 ppm, respectively.

A high throughput investigation on transfer tools for nematodes in various suspension

P Kalaiarasan, J Berliner, P Senthilkumar, A Arun — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study evaluates the efficiency of three different tools-forceps, needle and wire pick for
transferring Root-Knot Nematode (RKN) females in various suspension media (water, formalin and
lactophenol). The performance of each tool was assessed based on picking time, number of females
transferred per minute, damage rates and overall picking efficiency. The wire picks consistently
demonstrated the highest picking efficiency, achieving 99 % in water suspension, 98 % in formalin
suspension and 98 % in lactophenol suspension. It outperformed both the forceps and needle in
terms of speed, precision and minimal damage. The forceps showed lower efficiency and higher
damage, particularly in water and lactophenol suspensions, while the needle, though more efficient
than the forceps, was less effective compared to the wire pick in all scenarios. These findings
highlight the wire pick as the most effective tool for RKN female and vermiform nematode transfer
across different media and emphasize the need for selecting appropriate tools to optimize nematode
handling in research and practical applications.

Integrated nutrient management improves yield, quality and nutrient uptake of baby corn under sub-tropical condition

Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A consistent supply of nutrients is critical for reaching optimum quality and output in baby corn. To address this issue, we looked at how integrated nitrogen management affected baby corn growth, productivity, quality, and nutrient absorption. Seven different fertilizer combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers were administered on three varieties viz., Baby Star, Dream Sweet-3, and MSC No. 001. The study was replicated three times using a split-plot design. Integration of Baby Star variety and 75% recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (RD) + cow dung (CD) @ 10 t ha^-1 outperformed all the combinations in terms of plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter, and crop growth rate. This combination took a minimum of days to tasseling and silking. Compared to the solo application of inorganic fertilizer, Baby Star showed a 34% increase in cob yield with husk and a 32% rise in cob yield without husk at 75% RD + CD @ 10 t ha^-1. The greatest levels of protein and starch were detected in Baby Star with 75% RD + cow dung at 10 t ha^-1, however, the highest levels of total soluble solid (TSS) were found in Dream Sweet-3 with 75% RD + CD @ 10 t ha^-1. Baby Star variety also had more N, P, K, and S content at 75% RD + CD @ 10 t ha^-1 fertilizer level. Finally, it can be inferred that the Baby Star with 50% RD + CD @ 10 t ha^-1 performed better and seemed to be the potential method for sustainable baby corn production.

Phytochemical characterization of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) linked to chemical characteristics of the soil of backyard orchards

Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The fruits of Phoenix dactylifera L. contain bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals. However, its composition and content exhibit great variability depending on genetic and environmental factors, especially the physico-chemical properties of the soils where date palms develop. To elucidate the above, samples of dates from three backyard orchards and soil samples from each orchard were collected to determine the content of bioactive compounds and chemical characteristics of the substrate and to determine the correlations between these. For total contents of polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and soluble solids, the following methods were used - Folin-Ciocalteu reagent based total polyphenol estimation; aluminium chloride based total flavonoid estimation; 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical inhibition and a hand-held refractometer for soluble solid content determination. Each orchard was considered as a separate treatment and a completely randomized design was used, with the Tuckey’s test (alpha=0.05) applied to compare means. Pearson's linear correlation analysis was applied to establish the link between bioactive compounds of dates and chemical characteristics of the soils. The hypotheses were that the bioactive compounds present in dates obtained in different backyard orchards could vary depending on the chemical characteristics of their soils. The results reflected significant differences only for the soluble solids content of the dates. Statistically significant correlations were observed between two soil characteristics; organic matter (OM) and electrical conductivity (EC); and the soluble solids content of dates. It was concluded that higher organic matter in the soils is associated with higher soluble solids content in the fruit, while higher electric conductivity in the soils is linked to lower soluble solids content in the dates.

Exploring genetic variability, diversity and trait associations in sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) accessions for yield improvement

R Pushpa, A Shanmugam, R Arulmozhi, D Sassikumar, R Suresh, K Subrahmaniyan — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) is an important fibre crop known for its rapid growth and ability to improve soil fertility, making it a vital component of sustainable agriculture. However, to enhance its productivity and meet the increasing demand for high-quality fibre, it is crucial to identify and utilize genetically diverse genotypes with superior yield traits. The present study was conducted at the Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, during the Kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022 to assess genetic variability and character association for yield and its component traits among 67 sunnhemp genotypes. Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, were conducted using R software to dissect the phenotypic diversity among the genotypes. The results revealed substantial genetic variability for yield and its associated traits, indicating a promising potential for genetic improvement. Genotypes ADSH 1750, ADSH 1701, ADSH 1736, ADSH 1715, and ADSH 1742 exhibited superior performance in key yield-related traits, making them valuable candidates for future breeding programs focused on developing high-yielding, high-fibre varieties. Cluster analysis delineated four distinct clusters, with Clusters I and IV showing significant divergence and highlighting the presence of unique genetic material. Key plant production traits such as plant height, leaf breadth, basal stem diameter, yield, and number of leaves were the primary contributors to the first two principal components. These findings suggest that direct selection based on these traits could effectively improve biomass yield in future sunnhemp breeding efforts, contributing to the advancement of sustainable fibre crop production.

Harnessing the nutraceutical and antioxidant potential of the sporocarp of medicinal mushrooms, Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The split gill mushroom, Schizophyllum commune Fr., naturally occurs on decaying wood during the rainy season and is consumed as a food source in many parts of North-East India due to its medicinal properties. In the present study, an isolate of S. commune was analysed for its proximate composition and nutraceutical potential to support the development of biofortified products. The proximate composition analysis of dried and fresh mushrooms of S. commune revealed the following results: carbohydrate content (74.00% and 30.51 %, respectively), calorific value (358.00 and 148.84 Kcal/100g, respectively), crude fiber (3.08 % and 1.20% respectively), crude protein content (13.70 % and 6.18%, respectively), and total antioxidant activity (1267.00?g/g and 1090.76?g/g, respectively). Glycemic potential assessments indicated that S. commune exhibited a low glycemic index of 10.33 and total starch digestibility of 7.65%. The nutraceutical analysis of dried S. commune powder in different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) demonstrated that methanolic extracts recorded the highest DPPH inhibition percentage (89.60%), reducing power (37.20%), and phenolic content (0.230±0.005 mg/mL). Methanolic extracts also exhibited higher flavonoid content (0.455±0.003mg/mL). Ethanolic extracts were found to have the highest total tannin (0.250±0.001mg/mL) and saponin content (0.303±0.001mg/mL). A herbal infusion formulated with S. commune dried powder, dried basil leaf powder, and dried ginger powder demonstrated high antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Sensory evaluation of two treatments of the herbal infusion indicated good overall acceptability, highlighting its potential as a commercially viable fortified product with significant antioxidant properties.

Inheritance of fertility restoration in A4 cytoplasm of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajanifolius L.)

Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A set of three medium-duration CMS lines ICPA 2043, ICPA 2047, and ICPA 2048 were used in study to investigate fertility restoration by making twenty-eight test crosses at the Department of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore. ICPA 2047 exhibited fertility restoration ranging from 0-40 % with negligible pod setting except for the cross ICPA 2047×ICP 3181. In contrast, sixteen F1s derived from ICPA 2048 showed pollen fertility ranging from 10-48 % except for the cross ICPA 2048 × ICP 9224. Similarly, sixteen F1s derived from ICPA 2043 demonstrated 15-38 % pollen fertility, with ICPA 2043 × LRG 41 showing 98 % fertility and good pod setting. Among the hybrids, ICPA 2043 × LRG 41 exhibited high fertility, ranging from 95.58 % to 98.67 % over two years. This suggests that dominant fertility-restoring genes from the restorer parent were incorporated into the hybrid, which showed consistent fertility restoration across different years. In the current investigation, the restorer line ICP 3181 demonstrated monogenic inheritance of fertility restoration in crosses with ICPA 2047 and ICPA 2048, following 3:1 ratio. Conversely, the cross ICPA 2043 × LRG 41 exhibited a digenic duplicate dominance inheritance pattern. These results suggest that the fertility restoration in pigeonpea can be inherited monogenically or di-genically, depending on the hybrid. The identified hybrids, particularly ICPA 2043 × LRG 41 demonstrate significant potential for improving fertility restoration and enhancing productivity in pigeonpea breeding programs.

Unveiling the secret pollinators: A deep dive into moringas' pollination ecology

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A famous vegetable crop in India that is rich in nutrients and heavily dependent on bees for pollination is moringa. A survey was taken in the Karur and Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu to document the diversity of pollinators and insect visitors of moringa. The observations were analyzed using diversity indices. According to the studies, 13 hymenopteran, 7 dipteran, and 7 lepidopteran insects visited moringa plants. Fruit set and quality are maximized in moringa when pollination is successful. Therefore, four treatments have been applied to the Asiatic hive bee, Apis cerana indica, to explore the pollination capability and the foraging ecology of other key bee pollinators of moringa. The results affirmed that the significant Apis pollinators spend more time on nectar collection than pollen gathering. The peak foraging activity of Apis pollinators happened in the morning hours during 0900 -1100h. A. cerana indica and A. dorsata commence their foraging activity much earlier in the morning than A. florea. The foraging activity gradually declined after 1400h. The abundance of A. cerana indica was very high in managed bee pollination plots compared to open pollination plots. The managed bee pollination plots (128.2 fruits/tree) recorded 19.14 percent more fruit sets and 11.40 % more fruit yield than open pollination plots (107.6 fruits/tree) by deploying four Asian bee colonies per acre of moringa crop.

Lighting design affects the uniformity and growth of plants in a vertical farming system

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Light is essential for plant production and has various effects on plant quality. Vertical farms typically use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources. However, the cost of LEDs varies with wattage and the initial installation costs are generally high. Therefore, to explore more cost-effective LED designs, we aimed to investigate the impact of red LED chips density on light distribution and plant growth under the same total electricity consumption. To this end, we exposed baby leaf soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.; 5 days) and kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala; 18 days) to LEDs light with different arrangements of red and white chips. Plants were exposed to either 2 W chips with a red: white ratio of 4: 64 (2W4R treatment) or 1 W chips with a red: white ratio of 8: 64 (1W8R treatment) across the entire LED bar. We observed that the distribution of red light in the cultivation room differed depending on the density of the red LED chips. We found that arranging low-power red LED chips at narrow intervals resulted in uniform light distribution across the entire cultivation bed, positively affecting crop growth. Baby leaf soybean and kale exhibited uniform growth under 1W8R and growth was particularly enhanced in kale. This may be because of the dense leaf structure of kale, which promotes photosynthesis under a uniform light environment. The results of this study demonstrate that a favorable light environment can be created by altering the position and distribution of red LED chips, thereby inducing uniform growth in plants.

Evaluation of the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of Pelargonium graveolens flower extracts

El-otmani Najlae, Zeouk Ikrame , Ben-saghroune Hayat , Zahidi Ahmed — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Pelargonium graveolens has garnered attention for its therapeutic properties, especially in treating dermatological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemicals, antioxidant action and antibacterial effect of its flower extracts obtained through maceration, sonication and infusion. The findings show that the highest total phenolic content was obtained from the hydroethanolic sonication extract (280.39 mg GAE/g), followed by the hydroethanolic maceration extracts (272.87 mg GAE/g). The total flavonoid content varied from 21.51 mg EQ/g (hydroethanolic maceration) to 12.32 mg EQ/g (aqueous infusion). Condensed tannins were highest in the hydroethanolic maceration extracts (8.40 mg/mL). Additionally, the antioxidant action was assessed using the DPPH, FRAP, TAC and ABTS methods. The extracts from hydroethanolic sonication showed a high free radical scavenging capacity (IC₅₀= 0.31 mg/mL) compared with extracts from aqueous infusion and hydroethanolic maceration. However, antibacterial tests revealed that all extracts had better activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The hydroethanolic maceration extracts showed pronounced sensitivity, exhibiting zones of inhibition ranging from 13 to 24 mm for Gram-negative bacteria and 19 to 24 mm for Gram-positive bacteria. These extracts demonstrated significant efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest potential applications in the pharmaceutical and dermatological fields, particularly for developing natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Standardisation and toxicity assessment of Dioscorea hispida (Dennst) tubers: Acute and subchronic dosage studies

Masfria, H Syahputra, A Celina, S F Lingmin, M W B Sagala — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

People worldwide have used Dioscorea hispida Dennst to treat various skin diseases. However, Dioscorea hispida tubers are known to be poisonous because they contain cyanide and dioscorine. This research aimed to standardise Dioscorea hispida dried powder and examine tuber extract toxicity effects (acute and subchronic). This research was carried out with sample standardisation according to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia II. The Regulations of the Republic of Indonesia Food and Drug Supervisory Agency carried out acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Wistar rats were administered different doses of the extract, and observations were made for toxic symptoms, body weight changes, mortality, relative organ weights, and histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues. Serum creatinine, ALT, and AST levels were also measured. Dioscorea hispida tubers from North Sumatra and Lampung met the quality standards, whereas those from West Java did not due to high mold/yeast counts. Acute toxicity studies indicated that doses of 300 mg/kg BW and 1000 mg/kg BW caused toxic symptoms and death, classifying the extract as toxic with an LD50 range of 50-500 mg/kg BW. No toxic symptoms were observed at 50 mg/kg BW. Subchronic studies revealed that elevated doses led to significant liver and kidney damage, evidenced by increased creatinine, ALT, AST levels, and histopathological changes. Dioscorea hispida tubers from North Sumatra and Lampung meet quality standards, but those from West Java do not. The tubers have medicinal potential but exhibit high toxicity at elevated doses, necessitating cautious use and further research to ensure safe application and reduce contaminants.

Ecotype variations and endophytic fungal diversity of aquatic angiosperm: A case study with Lagenandra toxicaria Dalz

P Pooja, E K Lekshmi, N S Pradeep — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A study on Lagenandra toxicaria ecotypes from Kottavayal, Pakkom and Mattilayam investigated the morphological variations in response to different pot sizes. The experiment employed a completely randomized design with three replicates to ensure reliable results. The researchers used statistical analyses to examine ecotype variations. The Duncan multiple range test calculated the mean separation at a 5% probability level. The study employed cluster analysis using the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages and principal component analysis to identify and visualize the relationships among the samples. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups among the ecotypes, thereby shedding light on their relationships. The Kottavayal, Pakkom and Mattilayam ecotypes formed separate clusters, indicating their unique morphological characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights into the morphological diversity of Lagenandra toxicaria ecotypes and their adaptability to different environments. The endophytic fungal diversity details from this study revealed a high level of diversity, with 1408 isolates belonging to 12 families. The highest number of fungal isolates was observed during the summer. The present study revealed that the diversity was higher in the roots than in the leaves, higher than that of the rhizome of Lagenandra toxicaria. Colonization rate, Simpson’s diversity index and Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index were higher in root samples than in leaf and rhizome samples. MANOVA analysis revealed highly significant effects (p < 0.01) of individual factors, including location, season and plant species and their interaction effects. These results indicate that endophytic fungal diversity is significantly influenced by these factors and their interactions at a significance level of 1%.

Unveiling a symptomatic disease in custard apples: effective management strategies against fruit degradation

R Akila, ChelviRamessh, P Balasubramanian, C S Kumar — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Annona squamosa is a tropical fruit susceptible to various diseases that significantly impact its yield and quality of the fruits. Colletotrichum spp. rank among the top ten most destructive fungal pathogens globally, occupying the 8th position due to their significant impact on agriculture. These fungi are hemibiotrophic in nature, with over 1,000 known species, and most crops are susceptible to at least one of these. They cause various diseases, including leaf spots, blights, and fruit rots. Symptoms manifest on horticultural crops' leaves, flowers, fruits, and branches, often resulting in substantial yield losses. Colletotrichum species exhibit a latency mechanism that can exacerbate damage during post-harvest storage, leading to up to 80 % production losses in some instances. Experiments were carried out in Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and three replications at the C1 block of Regional Research Station, TNAU, Aruppukottai, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, to identify and manage the pathogens causing leaf spot and fruit rot in custard apples. Pathogens isolated from the rotten fruit rind and mesocarp were identified as Colletotrichum siamense (Acc No: OM736073) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Acc No: OM736066), respectively, through morphological and molecular analyses. The isolated DNA of the respective pathogens were amplified using PCR with ITS 1 & 4 primers. Then, the amplified product (550bp) was sequenced and submitted to the NCBI website. Pathogenicity tests confirmed these isolates as the causative agents for the leaf spot and fruit rot symptoms. Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate the efficacy of various treatments in managing leaf spot and fruit rot diseases. Before spraying, the leaf spot and fruit rot incidence are 77 and 27, respectively, in the control plot. The combined fungicide formulation, Tebuconazole 25 % + Trifloxystrobin 50 % WG (0.1 %), showed the highest disease reduction (60.44 %) and yield enhancement (15.50 kg/tree). The spraying of neem seed kernel extract (5 %) and Bacillus subtilis (0.5 %) also resulted in significant disease reduction and yield improvement. The study highlights the importance of combining chemical and biocontrol agents with integrated disease management strategies to manage custard apple diseases effectively. Neem products are always safe for the environment, Humans and animals and when they are used in correct concentration they won't leave any residues. Likewise, biocontrol agents are target-specific and never harm the beneficial microbes in soil and the plant system.

Rapid depletion of total sugars in stored sweet corn seeds limits shelf life

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Sweet corn, a naturally occurring mutant of field corn, is characterized by elevated levels of water-soluble polysaccharides due to the inhibition of sugar-to-starch conversion during seed development. This mutation results in seeds with lower carbohydrate reserves, which pose challenges such as reduced germination, seed vigour, poor field establishment, and limited shelf life. In this study, we investigated the relationship between food reserve levels and seed germination and vigour in sweet corn over a storage period. Seeds from both sweet and field corn, each with 8% moisture content, were stored under three conditions: ambient air, nitrogen, and vacuum. After six months, sweet corn seeds exhibited a 30% decrease in germination under ambient conditions, accompanied by a 73% reduction in total sugars. In contrast, field corn seeds showed a 6% decrease in germination and a 22% reduction in total starch under the same conditions. Notably, seed germination and seedling dry matter production were significantly and positively correlated with food reserve levels in both sweet and field corn across all storage environments. Total sugars were identified as a significant contributor to seed germination in sweet corn (p < 0.05), with regression models showing high R² values (0.9860 to 0.9998), indicating strong alignment with the observed data. These findings suggest that the depletion of total sugars in sweet corn seeds, driven by respiration and oxidation during storage, plays a critical role in the decline of seed quality and shelf life.

Targeting rice root-knot nematode: A study of benzothiadiazole, fluopyram and fluensulfone

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Understanding the management of the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is an essential component of rice. The study aimed to investigate the extent to which the nematicidal actions of 2,1,3- benzothiadiazole, fluopyram, fluensulfone and carbofuran against the rice root-knot nematode, M. graminicola could be determined using in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Among the tested compounds, fluopyram demonstrated the highest juvenile mortality rate (91.26%) and binding affinity (-8.3 kcal/mol) to the seven selected target proteins of M. graminicola, driven by significant hydrophobic, alkyl and H-bonding interactions. Comparative binding affinities were recorded for fluensulfone (-6.9 kcal/mol), carbofuran (-6.4 kcal/mol), 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (-5.0 kcal/mol) and untreated control. These findings have significant implications for agricultural practices, particularly in developing integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The high efficacy of fluopyram, as evidenced by its biochemical ligand-target protein interactions, suggests its potential as a key component in IPM programs. By integrating nematicidal treatments with other control measures such as crop rotation, resistant rice varieties and biological control agents, sustainable management of M. graminicola can be achieved by reducing dependency on chemical pesticides. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of using molecular insights to design targeted pest management solutions, paving the way for environmentally responsible and economically viable approaches to nematode control in rice cultivation.

Reducing the incidence of Fall Army Worm (FAW) in irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) through intercropping systems

A P Sivamurugan, A Suganthi, S Pazhanivelan, V Manivannan, M Raju, C Bharathi — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Pest management strategies involving intercropping systems are being developed in different research stations. However, findings on location specific management are very limited. In order to address these problems and enhance maize productivity by identifying location specific strategies, field experiments were conducted at the Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during kharif, 2020 and rabi, 2020-21 to reduce the incidence of FAW in irrigated maize through different intercropping systems in sandy clay loam soil. The experiments consisted of 5 treatments viz., T1- Maize + Tephrosia, T2- Maize + Fenugreek, T3- Maize + Coriander, T4- Maize + Marigold and T5- Maize alone and these were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. On the border of experimental field, a row of Bajra Napier Hybrid grass was planted to study the influence on FAW. The results of experiments revealed that the T4- Maize + Marigold treatment was superior in reducing the incidence of FAW in irrigated maize among the different intercropping systems owing to the occurrence of natural enemies and repelling nature of marigold which recorded higher maize equivalent yield of 6089 kg ha-1 with a B:C ratio of 1.84. This system of intercropping should be adopted by the farming community to reduce the incidence of FAW in maize as it is an eco friendly approach, which sustains the productivity of maize.

Evaluation of antimalarial potential of Artemisia nilagirica against chloroquine resistant and sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum

S Panda, S L Sahoo, M Ranjit, J R Rout — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Malaria represents a major vector borne global health problem. The greatest challenge in the malarial treatment is due to the increasing resistance of parasite to antimalarial drugs. The rise of drug-resistant malaria parasites is undermining the effectiveness of more potential drugs. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement for novel antimalarial compounds to manage this disease. Therefore, the current investigation is designed to analyze the antimalarial properties of Artemisia nilagirica against chloroquine (CQ) resistant K1 strain and chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain through different solvent extracts of various plant parts (root, stem, leaf and flower). Among the multiple extracts tested, the methanolic flower extract exhibited the highest antiplasmodial activity against CQ resistant K1 strain (IC50= 5.76 ?g/mL) and CQ-sensitive 3D7 strain (IC50= 6.24 ?g/mL) respectively. The lowest values of antimalarial activity were reported in aqueous extract of root against CQ resistant K1 strain (IC50= 68.83 ?g/mL) and CQ sensitive 3D7 strain (IC50= 70.02 ?g/mL). However, moderate activity was reported in chloroform, n-hexane, petroleum ether and ethanol extracts. The GC-MS investigation of methanol extracts of flower confirmed the availability of specific bioactive compounds like bicyclo (2.2.1) heptane-2-one 1,7,7-trimethyl, bicyclo (3.1.1) heptanes 2,4,6-trimethyl, 1,6- cyclodecadiene 1- methyl-5- methylene-8-(1-methyl ethyl) and 3,3- iminosprolamine, 3- methyl-3,5 (cyanoethyl) tetrahydro-4-thiopyranone which are responsible for antiplasmodial activity. The present study’s findings confirm the potential antimicrobial activity of flower methanolic extracts of A. nilagirica against CQ resistant and sensitive strains of P. falciparum.

Optimizing morpho-physiological traits and yield potential in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L) Czern] through irrigation frequency, humic acid and sulphur application

T Manna, A Siddique — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The depleting of water resources and poor nutrient availability during crop growth pose significant stress, adversely affecting the vegetative and reproductive growth of mustard crops. This stress extends its negative impact to the reproductive stage and on oil content. Consequently, morpho-physiological traits were targeted for evaluation under varying irrigation frequencies and the application of humic acid and sulphur, both individually and in combination, using a split-plot design.The results demonstrated that the treatment involving three irrigations (I3) and the combination of humic acid and sulphur (T3) were consistently the most effective and statistically significant at p = 0.05 for most parameters. The interaction effect of these treatments was observed specifically for absolute growth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), total number of branches per plant, seed yield (kg/ha), and total chlorophyll content (mg/g).Furthermore, I3 exhibited the highest percentage increase over the control for parameters such as plant height (9.3%), dry matter accumulation (35.5%), number of leaves (65.24%), leaf area (24.97%), leaf area index (36.01%), absolute growth rate (23.42%), crop growth rate (15.34%), net assimilation rate (37.08%), relative growth rate (56.93%), total number of branches (10.85%), seed yield (kg/ha), and total chlorophyll content (10.85%). Similarly, T3 recorded increases of 12.1%, 31.3%, 22.46%, 12.63%, 31.93%, 12.41%, 4.02%, 34.17%, 50.70%, and 12.75% for these same parameters, respectively.This study highlights the significant potential of combining three irrigations at critical growth stages with the application of humic acid and sulphur to mitigate the adverse effects of water stress on morpho-physiological traits in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L) Czern). Such interventions demonstrate promise in improving growth, yield, and physiological performance under induced water stress conditions.

Screening for drought stress tolerance in traditional mango (Mangifera indica L.): biochemical and physiological approaches

B Bindu, B Renjan , S Shelvy , A Mathew — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

This study assessed the ability of 34 mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) accessions and one control to tolerate drought by measuring several physiological and biochemical characteristics. There were notable variations in the relative water content among the accessions. KLM37, PTA01, and ALA23 had the highest values, suggesting that they had higher drought tolerance. Furthermore, KLM37, ALA15, and PTA01 exhibited the greatest saturated water content (SWC), indicating improved water retention during periods of drought. The analysis of specific leaf area (SLA) showed significant differences among the accessions studied. KLM37, ALA23, KLM12, and PTA01 exhibited the greatest SLA values. The accessions also showed a significant increase in epicuticular wax content (EWC). This indicates that they have improved drought adaptation by reducing water loss. The accessions exhibited an increased cell membrane stability index (CMSI), which further demonstrates their ability to withstand drought stress. The biochemical markers revealed that ALA27, ALA23, and KLM37 exhibited a noteworthy increase in proline concentration, suggesting their capacity for drought tolerance. PTA01, TVM02, and ALA27 exhibited high chlorophyll concentrations, indicating enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in drought conditions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that RWC, CMSI, and EWC are the primary characteristics that contribute to drought tolerance. PC1 accounts for 76.913% of the overall variation. The levels of proline and chlorophyll had a significant impact on the second principal component (PC2), explaining 10.556% of the variation. A drought study conducted as part of abiotic stress tolerance thus identified several mango accessions with superior drought tolerance traits, particularly KLM37, PTA01, ALA23, and KLM12. These mango accessions are promising candidates for breeding programs aimed at improving drought resilience in mangoes.

Morphological, physiological and biochemical trait analysis of maize inbreds under drought conditions

Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crucial cereal crop that is highly sensitive to drought, which disrupts its morphological, physiological and biochemical traits, impairing photoassimilate allocation. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess drought tolerance mechanisms in 6 maize inbred lines—CBM-DL 38, CBM-DL 111, CBM-DL 238, CBM-DL 448, CBM-DL 360 and UMI 1200—by evaluating morphological, physiological, biochemical changes as well as carbohydrate assimilation during sensitive growth stages. Drought stress was applied at different growth stages and observations were recorded 10 days after stress initiation. Drought stress significantly affected growth stages, canopy traits, carbon assimilation and yields. The chlorophyll index decreased by 17–23%, the vegetative index by 33–36% and chlorophyll fluorescence by 47–48%. Meanwhile, the leaf angle increased to 25–30° and the flagging point ratio was reduced to 0.8, resulting in 56–59% yield reduction. However, CBM-DL 38, CBM-DL 111, CBM-DL 448 and CBM-DL 360 demonstrated enhanced drought tolerance, with reduced malondialdehyde (1.5–1.8 times), increased proline (75–93%), improved antioxidant activities [catalase (52–76%), peroxidase (45–57%)] and higher leaf tissue water content (43–59%). Improved leaf architecture enhanced light captures and resource allocation, reducing oxidative damage and maintaining yields. In contrast, CBM-DL 238 and UMI 1200 showed greater reductions in cob weight and 100-grain weight (47–49%). Drought stress during 35–75 days after sowing (DAS) severely impaired photosynthesis, leading to reduced yields. Enhanced canopy traits and biochemical resilience made CBM-DL 38, CBM-DL 111, CBM-DL 448 and CBM-DL 360 more drought-tolerant.

Ozonated water treatment for sustaining quality attributes and prolonging shelf life in grapes

K Chinnasamy, A Balachandran, P Borthakur, S Venkatachalam, P Kolandasamy — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Grapes (Vitis vinifera), a subtropical fruit crop, are highly valued for their nutritional composition and global economic importance, both as fresh consumption and processed forms. However, postharvest quality loss, primarily caused by grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), microbial decay and physiological weight loss, poses a significant challenge to grape storage and marketability. This experiment was designed to evaluate the efficacy of postharvest ozonated water treatment on quality attributes and extending the shelf life of grapes. Grape bunches were subjected to four treatments: control (no dip) and immersion in 0.3 ppm ozonated water for 5, 10 and 15 min, followed by storage at 4±2°C and 90 % relative humidity (RH). Results indicated significant improvements in key quality parameters for grapes treated with ozonated water, particularly with the 15 min treatment (T4). These bunches exhibited higher titratable acidity (0.24 %), ascorbic acid content (1.81 mg/100 g), and firmness (4.80 N) while exhibiting 21.82 % lower physiological weight loss compared to the control. Ozonated water treatment also minimized berry abscission (3.77 %) and maintained sensory properties. The sugar-acid ratio was highest (84.72) in 5 min treatment group (T2) on the 36th day of storage, enhancing flavour attributes. Significantly, T4 extended the shelf life of grapes to 39.84 days, nearly five days longer than the untreated grapes. This study demonstrated the potential of ozonated water as an eco-friendly, residue-free technology for postharvest preservation, offering a safer alternative to chemical fumigation. The findings support the integration of ozonated water treatments into grape postharvest management practices to enhance quality, storability and consumer acceptability.

Unveiling the genetic potential and diversity of rice landraces for grain Fe content

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Addressing micronutrient deficiency is increasingly recognized as a critical aspect of food and nutrition security in developing nations. Leveraging diverse genetic resources offers a promising avenue for identifying and enhancing micronutrient-rich genotypes through breeding strategies, thus providing sustainable solutions to this pressing challenge. The study aimed to identify rice genotypes with high Fe content and to study the extent of genetic divergence based on morphological and grain quality traits in a set of 50 native rice landraces over 2 different locations. A wide range of variation for grain Fe content was observed among the studied genotypes, which varied from 9.28–14.45 mg kg-1 and 1.88–4.87 mg kg-1 in brown and polished rice respectively. Results showed that the genotypes Jaya, Kalanamak, Kottara Samba, Gandakasala and Gopalbhog recorded high grain Fe content before polishing whereas Kottara Samba, Kalapathi Black, Jyothi, Chinnar and Kalanamak were found to have high Fe content after polishing. Interestingly, landraces possessing red seed coat color and medium slender grain group were identified to possess high grain Fe content. This was further substantiated by the correlation study where kernel breadth recorded a negative association with Fe content after polishing. Clustering resulted in 5 groups where the high Fe content possessing genotypes were grouped into clusters 2 and 4. Thus, these genotypes could be utilized as donors in further bio-fortification breeding programs.

Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) jam enriched with different types of sugar: A comparative study

K B M Apolonio — Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study used an experimental research design. The study was conducted to develop food products using starfruit as the main ingredient and to determine the nutritional composition of starfruit jam. Fifty respondents evaluated the starfruit jam through organoleptic criteria such as appearance, aroma, flavor, consistency, taste, aftertaste, and overall acceptability; a 9-point hedonic scale was used to determine the level of acceptability. This study included three treatments using varying types of sugar, such as white (treatment 1), brown (treatment 2), and muscovado (treatment 3), with the same measurements of ingredients generally acceptable as a result. Treatment 2 has the highest overall acceptability, followed by Treatment 3, and the least is Treatment 1, which are all described as very much by the respondents. Additionally, treatment 2 is the most preferred product regarding taste and aftertaste, while the different age groups have diverse acceptability levels when the food product was evaluated. Starfruit jam was analyzed, and its various nutritional content was determined to ensure that it is healthy and nutritious when consumed. Furthermore, the economic value of starfruit jam provides high investment returns due to the province's availability and affordability of supply. Finally, a potential source of income and product commercialization was forecasted for this newly developed foodstuff.

Microcontroller-based solar tunnel dryer for sustainable drying in Northeast India

Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The growing world population necessitated enhanced food availability and reduced waste. Drying has been a popular technique for extending food storage for a long time since it minimizes volume and lowers moisture and enzymatic activity, reducing food loss. This project sought to create a microcontroller-driven solar tunnel dryer designed for the prevalent rainfall and elevated humidity conditions in Northeast India. The designed solar tunnel dryer is equipped with two DHT22 sensors that assess ambient humidity inside and outside the dryer, deciding whether to let airflow with the environment or isolate it. It controls fan operation based on real-time monitoring. The dryer has 12 trays on a six-tray structure that holds 100 kg of sliced turmeric in every batch. An additional tray with a load cell was provided to record turmeric weight during drying. Without any load, the maximum internal temperature exceeded the outside by 27.1°C, while the minimum internal humidity was 30% lower than external values. The turmeric was dried from an initial moisture content of 71.62% to less than 10% (wet basis) over 101 hours and 40 minutes (5 days) with 28.63 effective bright sunshine hours. The developed solar tunnel dryer's average efficiency was 19.20%, demonstrating its ability to dry turmeric in Meghalaya, India.

Growing environments and cultivar selection limits wheat growth and yield potential in Punjab

J Singh, B Biswas, L K Dhaliwal — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Selecting a suitable sowing time and cultivar can play a pivotal role in sustaining wheat productivity in north India while mitigating the influence of climate extremes. Field experiments were conducted in two distinct climatic regions (Ludhiana and Gurdaspur), of Punjab, India to assess the influence of different sowing environments and cultivars on wheat growth and yield. The crop was sown on three dates (early-5 November, mid-20 November and late-5 December) with two popularly grown wheat cultivars (PBW725 and PBW677). The results indicated that mid and late sowing significantly shortened phenological phases compared to early sowing at both study sites. Wheat sown on 5 November accumulated more thermal time, exhibited a greater leaf area index (LAI), intercepted more photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), and demonstrated superior radiation use efficiency (RUE). Early-sown wheat also produced higher biological yield (BY), grain yield (GY), irrigation water use efficiency and heat use efficiency compared to delayed sowing at both sites. The wheat cultivar PBW725 outperformed PBW677 in terms of phenological duration, yield, thermal time accumulation, IPAR, LAI and RUE at both sites. IPAR and RUE exhibited a strong positive correlation and regression with the periodic dry matter accumulation of wheat. Linear regression revealed that LAImax (maximum LAI) and ?LAI (accumulated LAI) were the best determinants of BY of wheat. These findings highlight the significance of optimizing growing environments and cultivar selection in mitigating climate extremes and sustaining wheat production in the diverse agro-climatic conditions of Punjab.

Standardization of foliar spray of nutrients, growth regulators and bio-stimulants for vegetative growth & multiplication of pot-Anthuriums

S Sahu, S K Palai, L Jena, P Pradhan, N Panda, P Tripathy — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

An experiment was conducted on potted-Anthuriums (dwarf potted varieties of Anthurium andraeanum) at Bio-Technology cum Tissue Culture Centre premises under All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Floriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar to study the effect of foliar spray of different nutrient solutions and growth regulators/bio-stimulants applied at varying frequency. The treatments include five number of nutrient solutions, viz. Liquid MS medium, macro and micronutrient mixture, NPK (19:19:19), NPK (10:20:20), and NPK (12:61:40) sprayed weekly (once and twice) along with six numbers of growth regulator solutions. The different growth regulators and bio-stimulants included Gibberellic acid (GA3), at 100 ppm and 200ppm (applied bimonthly), Benzyl Adenine (BA), at 50 ppm and 100 ppm (applied monthly) and humic acid, at 0.1% and 0.2% (applied monthly). The nutrient solutions of only NPK were sprayed at a concentration of 0.2% and supplemented by a fortnightly spray of micronutrient mixture solution of 0.2%. The result showed that spraying of macro and micronutrient mixture weekly once with GA3, at 200 ppm (applied bimonthly) resulted in the highest plant height (16.80 cm) and with humic acid 0.1% (applied monthly) produced maximum plant spread E-W direction (19.08 cm). Spraying of N:P: K (12:61:40), at 0.2% weekly once with Gibberellic acid 200 ppm (applied bimonthly) resulted in maximum plant spread (N-S direction) (20.45cm). A combination of N:P: K (12:61:40), at 0.2% weekly once with BA, at 100 ppm (applied monthly) resulted in the maximum number of suckers (5.44) and leaves (40.56). On average, application of 12:61:40, at 0.2% weekly once resulted in maximum plant spread (18.54cm, N-S) and highest number of suckers (4.67).

Effect of foliar application of nano micro nutrients and deficit irrigation on stay green characteristics and drought resistance in maize

P Kathirvelan, S Vaishnavi, V Manivannan, M Djanaguiraman, S Thiyageshwari — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The stay-green character is a crucial trait linked to delayed leaf senescence, which enables the plant to continue photosynthetic activity for an extended time under early and terminal drought. Reduced water availability causes early leaf senescence, lower chlorophyll content and eventually poor yield in maize. The objectives were to quantify the effects of irrigation regimes, nanocomposite levels physiological parameters, yield attributes and yield of maize. The main plot treatments comprised of well irrigated and withheld irrigation, while the sub plot treatments consisted of different nanoparticles viz., ZnO, MnO, (ZnO + MnO), TNAU nano revive and ZnSO4 + MnSO4. The results revealed that higher dry matter production (5282 and 9891 kg/ha), leaf nitrogen (44.28 and 39.97), grain filling rate, grain filling duration (34.44 days), green leaf area (92.50%) and proline content (0.59 and 1.28 mg g -1) were recorded at tasseling and grain filling stage, respectively under well-irrigated conditions. Foliar spraying of ZnO (100 ppm) and MnO (20 ppm) nanocomposite, registered higher root biomass (24.21 and 32.11 g/plant), leaf nitrogen (44.6 and 39.1), dry matter production, green leaf area, lowest proline content which ultimately resulted in a higher number of cobs/plant, number of grains row/cob, number of grains/grain row, test weight (1000 grains weight), shelling percentage, crop water use (18.79 kg/ha/mm), grain yield (8.20 t/ha), stover yield (12.2 t/ha) and benefit cost ratio of 2.4. Thus, it could be concluded that well-irrigated condition followed by foliar spray with ZnO (100 ppm) and MnO (20 ppm) registered higher growth, yield attributes, yield, and economics.

Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Brinjal breeding lines of the F₃ population (IC0598430 X CARI 1) were evaluated to estimate variability, heritability and genetic advance for different characters. Moderate PCV and GCV values were recorded for stem diameter, fruit weight and yield per plant. At the same time, low PCV and GCV were found for plant height, days to 50 % flowering, fruit length, fruit width, fruit length breadth ratio, fruit pedicel length, fruit pedicel diameter, number of branches per plant and number of fruits per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for fruit weight and yield per plant exhibiting that the traits are controlled by additive gene action. Therefore, direct selection may be followed for improving brinjal yield by examining these characters. In the grouping of the F₃ population into immune, highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible as per the percentage of bacterial wilt disease incidence (PDI), all the lines understudy reported to be highly resistance.

Molecular identification and characterization of pathogenicity of fungal pathogens associated with crown rot disease in banana from Odisha, India

Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Crown rot disease on banana varieties (Champa, Patakpura and G9) was identified in Odisha's 10 coastal districts during the post-harvest storage stage in 2022-23. Five crown fragments were taken for isolation from each variety of bananas based on symptom developments. Agar plate and standard blotter technique isolation procedures have been used to isolate 1210 fungal colonies, of which 584 representative colonies were purified from banana crown fragments. Different fungal colonies were purified, characterized and identified using morphological and molecular methods from G9 (244), Patakpura (205) and Champa (135) fungal colonies. Morphological identification of Fusarium and Colletotrichum isolates was madeusing colony morphology, pigmentation, the growth rate on the PDA plate and microscopic observation. Molecular identification of Fusarium and Colletotrichum isolates was done by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the conserved ribosomal DNA, which includes 5.8S rDNA. Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were the 4 fungal isolates identified. The sequences of these fungi were deposited in the GenBank database (NCBI) under the accession numbers OQ363325 (Fusarium verticillioides), OP735534 (Fusarium equiseti), OQ438654 (Fusarium oxysporum) and PP448030 (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). The neighbor-joining method was used to conduct phylogenetic analysis on the gene sequences. Pathogenicity test results revealed that all 4 isolated fungal strains produced similar crown rot symptoms on 3 varieties of banana fruits. Disease severity index and AUDPC indicated that the Fusarium strain is the most aggressive crown rot pathogen and the G9 is the more susceptible banana variety to crown rot pathogens in Odisha.

Evaluation of glycemic index, glycemic load and biochemical traits of rice associated with anti-diabetic properties

B N Rithesh, S Ramchander, S Manonmani, D Uma, S Rajeswari, P Jeyaprakash — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Diabetes mellitus, a modern lifestyle disease and metabolic disorder, is closely associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Research on carbohydrates, particularly white rice with a high glycemic index, has been linked to an increased risk of type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. In this study, we aimed to understand the nutritional composition, estimated glycemic index, and glycemic load of twenty-eight rice accessions, particularly focusing on those with low starch digestibility associated with low GI levels. The proximate composition analysis revealed that tested rice accessions exhibited higher levels of genetic variation for amylose (18.45 - 25.97%), phenolic content (5.00-34.08%), protein (5.52-14.54%), and crude fibre (1.64-3.91%) content in brown rice. Huge variability for estimat?ed glycemic index, ranging from low to high GI was observed among all the varieties (49.37 - 78.58%). Traditional varieties viz., Thavalakannan and Kavuni depicted low estimated glycemic index (49.37 % and 54.55 %) and moderate glycemic load (14.60 and 15.80), respectively. The estimated glycemic index exhibited significant and negative association with amylose (r = -0.57**), phenolic (r = -0.67**), and crude fibre (r = -0.52**) content. In contrast, glycemic load showed a significant positive correlation with the amount of carbohydrate content. Principal component analysis revealed considerable variability among rice accessions' biochemical traits with the first two principal components accounting for 68.57% of the total variance. The hierarchical clustering based on Darwin software identified two major clusters. Cluster I comprise popular varieties and Cluster II contains traditional varieties with low to moderate glycemic index. Moreover, identifying rice varieties with lower glycemic index can facilitate the development and enhancement of breeding lines for the diabetic population.

Study of the relationship between the severity of downy mildew infection in cucumber and its content of phenols and alkaloids under protected cultivation conditions

Aqeel A Khudhair, Neran S Aljarah — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The study was carried out to investigate the distribution pattern and intensity of downy mildew disease in three different parts of cucumber plants (upper, middle and lower). Additionally, the study aimed to examine the correlation between the disease severity and the concentration of phenolic and alkaloid compounds in the plants. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, the results demonstrated that the cucumber plants had the most significant disease severity at the middle level, followed by the lower level near the ground. Conversely, no signs of infection were detected at the higher level of the plant. Furthermore, the most severe downy mildew symptoms were noticed in the greenhouses central region, compared to the areas near the front and back entrances. These differences were shown to be statistically significant. Before the onset of downy mildew infection, cucumber plants indicated minimal phenols and alkaloids. From the first day of infection, the concentration of phenols increased and peaked on the twelfth day following infection. Subsequently, it declined on the 15th day. The level of alkaloids peaked on the sixth day of disease infection and then gradually decreased. The cucumber plants exhibited the highest concentrations of phenols and alkaloids around the ground level, followed by the middle and upper levels These variations were statistically significant. The highest correlation coefficient was reported between the disease severity and the cucumbers content of alkaloids and phenols at the middle and the lower level of the two hybrids: Jamila and Mustaqbal. In the Fares hybrid, the highest correlation coefficient between the percentage of disease severity and phenols was 0.905 at the middle level, but it was 0.434 with the alkaloid contents. At the lower level of the plants, the correlation coefficient between disease severity with the alkaloids and phenols was 0.724 and 0.725, respectively.

Characterization and identification of elemental sulphur, iron pyrite, mineral gypsum, phospho gypsum and marine gypsum using SEM-EDAX

D Janaki, P Gunavathi, P Balasubramaniam, A Alagesan — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

India has 6.73 million ha of salt-affected soils, of which 3.77 million ha is sodic soil. Sodicity is a serious issue in agriculture, and it prevents to meet the properties of fertile soil. Sodicity alters its physical and chemical properties, including soil structure and hydraulic conductivity. High exchangeable sodium and pH decrease soil permeability, available water capacity and infiltration rates through swelling and dispersion of clays as well as slaking of soil aggregates. Gypsum is one of the sources used for sodic soil reclamation, and the cheaper and alternative source is marine gypsum which is recovered from salt pans during production of common salt in coastal region, particularly in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The recovery of by-product gypsum and marine gypsum together is substantial and is comparable with the production of mineral gypsum.The amendments generally used for sodic soil reclamation should be a source of sulphates such as elemental sulphur, iron pyrite, mineral gypsum, phospho gypsum and marine gypsum. Characterization of sources by SEM–EDAX is rapid and elementary. The elemental composition revealed by the spectra of the bentonite sulphur for weight percentage and atomic percentage of sulphur is quantified as 34.04% and 18.59%, respectively, in the ZAF matrix. In iron pyrite spectra the weight percentage and atomic percentage of sulphur are 4.89% and 2.31%,respectively, in the ZAF matrix, while in mineral gypsum, the calcium weight percentage is 10.14% and atomic percentage is 04.04% while sulphur weight percentage is 6.52%, atomic percentage is 3.50%. The calcium composition in phosphogypsum is weight percentage is 14.69%; Atomic percentage is 34%, and the sulphur composition in phosphogypsum is weight percentage 10.40%, atomic percentage 5.60%, whereas in marine gypsum the calcium (weight percentage 09.10%, atomic percentage 03.58%) and sulphur (weight percentage 06.28%, atomic percentage 03.09%) proportions dominate as like two other above-mentioned gypsums, the element which makes difference in the marine gypsum from others is sodium (Weight percentage 00.18%, atomic percentage 00.12%). This helps to confirm that marine gypsum is an economic and alternate source available for sodic soil reclamation.

Enhancement of thiodicarb efficacy using synergists and role of carboxylesterase in potentiation of synergistic activity in brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee)

Bandana Pasayat, Manoj Kumar Tripathy — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The primary cause of low productivity in brinjal is the infestation by the fruit and shoot borer and field control failure is due to the evolution of insecticide resistance. In the current study, an investigation has been carried out in bimonthly intervals from Nov-2021 to Sept-2022 to assess the efficacy of some selected synergists with a carbamate, thiodicarb and the role of carboxylesterase enzyme in imparting insecticide resistance in Brinjal fruit and shoot borer from two locations of Odisha, Bhubaneswar and Bargarh. Out of all the synergists tested in the topical bioassay method, propargyl-oxy-phthalimide (PP) being a member of esterase hydrolase inhibitor group provided remarkable SR ratio (10.78) during May- 2022 in the Bhubaneswar population while that of Bargarh population indicated comparatively higher value (12.68) indicating efficacy of the synergist lowering the dose of thiodicarb to 1.464 µg/µl compared to 18.564 µg/µl when thiodicarb alone is used. This can be related to enhanced levels of detoxifying enzyme, Carboxylesterase in Bhubaneswar during May 2022 (4.52-fold) and Bargarh (5.36-fold) population compared to laboratory-reared susceptible population revealing the role of carboxylesterase enzyme in detoxification mechanism behind the efficacy of the synergists. This study highlights the importance of synergists like PP and Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and suggests their inclusion in the existing pest management strategies of L. orbonalis in a wider agricultural area they reduce doses of insecticides and hence reduce impact on the environment which can lead to sustainable agriculture.

Production technology and optimization of inputs for soil-less maize green fodder production

Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The study on seed priming with nutrients in maize was conducted to produce soil-less maize green fodder. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatments included Control (no priming), soaking seeds in water for 12 or 24 h, soaking seeds in urea (0.1% solution), Mono ammonium Phosphate (MAP) (0.1% solution) and in 19:19:19 (0.1% solution) for 12 or 24 h. To optimise the seed rate and harvesting time for soil-less fodder production, the experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The seed rate of 400, 500, 600, and 700 g per square foot (sq. ft.) was adopted with harvesting time treatments at 7, 8, 9, and 10 days after germination. Results showed that a seed rate of 400 g per sq. ft. produced the highest germination rate, taller plants, and higher fodder yield and dry matter production (DMP), comparable to the 500 g per sq. ft. treatment. For seed priming, seeds soaked in a nutrient solution of 0.1% 19:19:19 for 24 h had the highest fodder yield followed by 24 h of soaking in 0.1% MAP and 24 h in 0.1% urea. Harvesting at 9 days after sowing (DAS) resulted in a higher fodder yield, DMP, and crude protein. These findings underscore the significant role of research in advancing the field of soil-less green fodder production. Based on the conducted experimental studies, density rate of 400 g per sq. ft. (equivalent to 4.31 kg m-2 ) is optimal for achieving higher yields of maize green fodder in soil-less production and seed priming with 19:19:19 nutrient solution at a concentration of 0.1% for 24 h has increased the green fodder yield by 75 % over control. Harvesting green fodder at 9 DAS is recommended under a low-cost hydroponic system

Enhancing black gram “[Vigna mungo (l.) Hepper]” nutrient uptake and yield through integrated use of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer application

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Black gram is an important legume crop cultivated throughout the world for its protein content and economic importance. The integrated nutrient management practice is the key strategy to increase the production and productivity of black gram to meet the protein needs of the growing population. There is an immediate need for organic manure application along with inorganic fertilizer for increasing the nutrient uptake efficiency of crops. The goal of the field experiment was to maximise the delivery of nutrients by recycling residue from the cropping system's related components. Different organic manures and the appropriate dosages of NPK fertilisers were used in the studies from 2019 to 2021 and the field was laid out in split plot statistical design with 5 main plots viz., M₁, M₂, M₃_,M₄, M₅ and 3 Sub plots were fixed with different fertilizer levels viz., S₁, S₂and S₃. The significant influences on growth and yield attributes of black gram were observed. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake in grain and haulm yield significantly increased with the application of M₂S₁ compared to other combinations tried in both years. This experiment highlights the effectiveness of integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manure and inorganic fertilizers. This approach can improve crop yield while promoting sustainability by reducing reliance solely on chemical fertilizers.

Quantitative estimation and phytochemical profiling of different extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel waste by GC-MS technique

Arti Khati, Rajesh Yadav — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The plant species Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., commonly called Jackfruit, belongs to the Moraceae family. It is typically abundant in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Extensive research has revealed the presence of numerous beneficial compounds within jackfruit, which have demonstrated its potential in the treatment of various diseases. One environmental issue associated with the disposal of unused components of fruits, such as peels, perianths, rinds and outer cores, is the increasing accumulation of bio-waste. Using bioactive constituents found in fruit peels, typically regarded as waste material, offers numerous advantages for human consumption and exhibits potential as effective antimicrobial agents in agriculture. The present study is an attempt to gain complete knowledge of the phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, polyphenolics, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars and antioxidants found in the peels of jackfruit.

Bacterial community of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) revealed by high throughput amplicon sequencing

S Tyagi, N Srinivasa, R N Singh, V Arya — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The bacterial symbionts of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a key sucking insect pest of rice in India and Asia, have been known to play many important physiological functions. Reports of yeast-like symbionts of N. lugens are widely known, but little is known about the bacterial microbes. In this study, the bacterial community structure and diversity were examined in N. Lugens collected from four major rice-growing regions of India utilizing culture-independent high throughput sequencing. The Mi seq technology identified a total of 1277 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing 4 phyla mainly (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) by analyzing 16S rDNA gene libraries. The major microbial groups were similar in the four samples, but their distribution patterns were different, especially in Raichur. While the top three bacterial genera linked to Imphal, Pantnagar, and Raichur were Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Acinetobacter; Wolbachia accounted for 87.46% of the total genera found in Raipur. The identified dominant microbial groups have been known for their crucial role in insect’s life cycle. Diversity analysis tests revealed Raichur has the highest species diversity as determined by the high Shannon and Simpson index. According to ACE and Chao1 diversity estimates, Pantnagar has the highest species richness. Understanding the bacterial communities and studying their functional roles will help in formulating biological control strategies specific to this sucking pest.

Influence of planting patterns and integrated weed management practices on weed biomass, growth and yield of Spring maize

Ramandeep Singh, U S Walia, Manisha Chaudhary — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Weed infestation is a serious problem in corn production that impacts global production and with increasing food demand worldwide, certain manipulation is required in agronomic practices to improve corn production. This experiment was conducted on the Research farm of the Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara to evaluate the impact of planting patterns and integrated weed control treatments on maize crops during the Spring season of 2023 and 2024. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with 3 planting methods in main plots viz., M1 - Flat sowing with single row, M2 - Flat sowing with paired row and M3 - Ridge sowing and 5 weed control treatments in subplots viz., T1 - atrazine + pendimethalin (0.75 + 0.75 kg/ha), pre-emergence followed by straw mulching, T2 - pendimethalin (0.60 kg ha-1), pre-emergence + intercropping cowpea f. b. earthing up (EU) and straw mulching (SM), T3 - intercropping dhaincha f. b. earthing up and straw mulching, T4 - 2 hand weedings (4 and 6 WAS) and T5 - unweeded (control) with 4 replications. The results indicated that sowing of maize crops on ridges produced significantly better crop growth and yield with significantly lesser weed biomass than paired row sowing. Among the weed control treatments, the intercropping treatments, followed by earthing up and straw mulching, were effective in weed control and produced significantly higher growth and yield than other weed control treatments. It can be concluded that planting maize on ridges with intercropping followed by earthing up and straw mulching produced the best results, which can be adopted by the farmers to sustainably improve the yield and earn better profits as the methods involved are environment friendly and do not require any additional investment.

Effect of bioactive compounds on enzymatic regulation and shelf life of mango during post-harvest

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The effects of melatonin, salicylic acid (SA) and brassinosteroids on the post-harvest quality and shelf life of two mango varieties, Alphonso and Sindhura, were investigated with respect to physiological, biochemical and enzymatic changes. The study assessed physiological loss in weight (PLW), Total Soluble Solids (TSS), titratable acidity, sugars, total phenolics, carotenoids, ripening related enzymes (pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, amylase and cellulase) and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase). According to the results, the shelf life of mango was considerably increased by 200 µM melatonin, 2.0 mM salicylic acid and 25 ppm brassinosteroids, which also decreased PLW to 9.81%, 10.12% and 9.79% in Alphonso and 9.48%, 9.51% and 9.92% in Sindhura. These treatments maintained a balance between TSS, sugars and acidity, while preserving higher concentration of total phenolics and carotenoids. Treated fruits exhibited lower ripening enzyme activity, particularly polygalacturonase, which declined by 16.7%, 11.2% and 17.0% in Alphonso and 11.5%, 10.9% and 11.2% in Sindhura with 200 µM melatonin, 2.0 mM salicylic acid and 25 ppm brassinosteroids treatments respectively. Similarly, pectin methyl esterase (PME) was reduced by 12.2%, 11.6% and 10.5% in Alphonso and 12.1%, 10.3% and 12.1% in Sindhura corresponding to these treatments, delaying cell wall degradation and maintaining fruit firmness. Additionally, antioxidant enzymes were upregulated, mitigating oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preserving fruit quality. These treatments were effective in delaying ripening, enhancing stress resistance and extending the marketability of mangoes during storage. This study highlights the potential of melatonin, salicylic acid and brassinosteroids as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals for improving post-harvest mango management.

Evaluation of sour-type pomegranate germplasm for field performance, fruit yield and anardana quality attributes

R Kumar, M K Berwal, J S Gora, R R S Vijay — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Thirty-one sour-type pomegranate genotypes have been evaluated for growth, fruit yield, physico-chemical attributes and anardana quality in randomized complete block design under hot arid climate. Germplasm CIAH PG-1 had highest fruit number/plant 46.92 as well as fruit yield 12.40kg/plant, followed by Gul-e-Shah R. Pink (42.74 fruit number/plant and 10.98kg/plant) and Tujetis EC-104347 (42.75 fruit number/plant and 9.96kg/plant). The highest fruit weight 263.84g was also recorded in CIAH PG-1. The highest aril content (67.71%) was observed in CIAH PG-1 which was statistically at par with Khog and Bedana Seedless. The highest juice acidity was recorded in Tujetis EC-104347 (3.57%), statistically alike CIAH PG-1 (3.50%). The lowest dehydration ratio was observed in CIAH PG-A-3 (2.23), comparable to CIAH PG-A-5 (2.31). Maximum anardana recovery was reported in CIAH PG-1 (2.23kg/plant) which was followed by Tujetis EC-104347 (1.93kg/plant) and Gul-e-Shah Rose Pink (1.82kg/plant). The anardana acidity ranged from 4.63 to 7.99% and the promising germplasms with more than 7% acidity were AHPG H-2, Tujetis EC-104347, CIAH PG-1, Khog, Gul-e-Shah, IC-318712 and Tabest. Based on nine points hedonic scale, CIAH PG-1 received the highest overall acceptable sensory score of 8.67, followed by Tujetis EC-104347 and Gul-e-Shah R. Pink at 8.37 and 8.23 respectively. In conclusion, CIAH PG-1 demonstrated exceptional performance across various matrices, including field performance, anardana recovery, quality and sensory attributes, which establishes it as
the superior choice for quality anardana production. Tujetis EC-104347 and Gul-e-Shah R. Pink also observed suitable option for processing applications and valuable contributors to future breeding programs.

Evaluation of enzymatic and agronomic characteristics and yield stability of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes under normal conditions and water deficit stress

Najari Zaher, Nabizadeh Esmail, Azizi Heydar , Mohammadian Rahim , Hamze Hamze — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study evaluated sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes for quantitative and qualitative characteristics under normal and water deficit conditions. The experimental design was a split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Irrigation treatments (normal, water deficit stress) were assigned to the main plots, and 18 sugar beet genotypes were assigned to the subplots. The results showed that irrigation deficit increased the content of proline, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX) by 57.69%, 54.78%, 50.89%, and 55.56%, and decreased root and white sugar yield by 21.35% and 11.93%, compared with normal irrigation, respectively. Under normal irrigation, genotype F-20734 produced the highest yield of white sugar, followed by genotype F-20851. However, genotype F-20851 had the maximum white sugar yield under water deficit. The results of AMMI analysis based on root yield indicate that 62.12%, 12.70%, and 2.21% of the total data variance were accounted for by the additive effects of genotype and environment and the multiplicative effect of G×E, respectively. Based on the AMMI stability value (ASV), the F-20814 genotype was recognized as a stable variety with acceptable root yield in four environments. Based on the AMMI stability value (ASV) and GGE analysis, genotype F-20814 achieved acceptable root yield and yield stability compared to other genotypes. According to the MTSI index, genotypes F-20734 and F-20851 exhibited stability across all traits and environments studied. Considering all the indicators, the F-20851 genotype can be suitable for cultivation in areas where plants face different periods and intensities of water shortage stress.

Preponderance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with partially damaged tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) obtained from local markets in Southwest Nigeria

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Ripened tomato fruits tend to rapidly deteriorate after harvest due to the physiological activities of plant hormones and their naturally high-water content, which makes them susceptible to spoilage by microorganisms. This study was therefore carried out to isolate, characterize and identify pathogenic bacteria associated with partially rotten tomato fruits. Partially rotten tomato fruit samples were sourced from local markets in Southwest Nigeria and subjected to bacterial analysis. The level of susceptibility of the bacteria isolates to commonly used ?-lactamase antibiotics was evaluated via the disc diffusion method. The bacterial isolates with the highest resistance to all the antibiotics tested were selected for molecular characterization using 16S rRNA gene profiling. Forty-two bacterial isolates were obtained from the tomato samples, namely Bacillus spp. (26.19%), Klebsiella spp. (16.67%), Serratia spp. (14.29%), Citrobacter spp. (14.29%), Staphylococcus spp. (7.14%), Pseudomonas spp. (4.76%), Micrococcus spp. (4.76%), Enterobacter spp. (4.76%), Providencia sp. (2.38%), Proteus sp. (2.38%) and Salmonella sp. (2.38%). The highest level of antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates was against Ciprofloxacin (10 ?g) at 100%, followed by Zinnacef (20 ?g) at 72.77%, while the highest susceptibility was against Streptomycin (30 ?g) at 94.74%. Using phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequence, three bacteria that were resistant to every single drug tested were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter asburiae and Enterobacter cloacae. This study shows that antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present in partially damaged tomatoes; thus, consumption of improperly cooked tomatoes could pose a significant public health risk.

Elucidation of genetic diversity in distinct brinjal genotypes: Multivariate analysis using D2

Fri, 17 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Genetic divergence study among 45 brinjal genotypes was performed using Mahalanobsis D2 statistics to find prospective genotypes for use in a breeding programme. The genotypes were assessed for 11 traits and divided into twelve clusters based on Tocher’s method. Cluster I had the most genotypes (18), followed by cluster III (5), cluster V (4), cluster IV, VI and IX (3 each), cluster II, VII and X (2 each) and cluster VIII, XI and XII (1 each). The intracluster distances ranged between 0 and 1064.87. Cluster X has the largest intra-cluster distance (1064.87), followed by Cluster IV (831.08). Cluster VIII, XI, and XII had the smallest intra-cluster distance (0). The inter-cluster distances varied from 804.88 to 4758.26. The largest inter-cluster distance was between IX and XI (4758.26), followed by III and XII (3923.90), and the shortest distance was between cluster II and III (804.88). Genotypes from the cluster with a large inter-cluster distance could be selected as parents to produce superior F1 hybrids and segregants. The three characters, fruit length (29.70%), number of primary branches (18.89%), and plant height (14.55%), altogether account for 63.14% of overall divergence. As a result, the combination of those traits could be exploited to develop superior varieties with higher yields.

Extended distribution of two orchids in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya, India

T Kamini, K Rahul, K Vikas — Wed, 05 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Here we present extended distribution of two orchid species in Himachal Pradesh. In India, Calanthe trulliformis King & Pantl. was previously restricted to the eastern Himalayan region, is now documented for the first time in the western Himalayas. Additionally, Neottia longicaulis (King & Pantl.) Szlach., earlier recorded from Uttarakhand and Sikkim, is now reported from Himachal Pradesh based on collections from Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kangra. Our findings include a detailed description, a photoplate, a locality map and comprehensive notes on these species' habitat, phenology, and distribution.

Digital database and mapping of pulse crops in the temperate areas of Jammu region

G Singh, L K Sharma, S Ojha — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Pulses are environmentally friendly, low in fat, calories, and salt, and rich in resistant starch, dietary fibre, minerals, and vitamins. They can thrive under stressful conditions and are often referred to as the "poor man's meat". With their low glycemic index, pulses help regulate blood sugar levels, making them beneficial for diabetes management. Additionally, they contribute to environmental sustainability by requiring less water and synthetic fertilizers, than other crops, while enhancing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. Incorporating pulses into diets supports human health and promotes environmental sustainability, underscoring their importance in addressing food security and fostering sustainable agricultural practices. India leads global pulse production, contributing 25% to the total pulse production. In the Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) region, 12,955 acres and 5,938 hectares are reportedly dedicated to pulse cultivation. According to digital database mapping, 98% of respondents in the study area cultivated Rajma, followed by black gram (79%), green gram (76%), horse gram (21%), French bean (19%), and red lentil (15%). The study revealed that all respondents used farmyard manure as a nutrient source, though application rates varied across regions and crop types. Hand weeding was the preferred weed control method across all farms. The findings also highlight a strong preference among farmers for organic farming over conventional methods, with many advocating for the increased promotion of organic practices. This research explores the current state of pulse production technologies, identifies limitations affecting their cultivation, and strategies to enhance productivity.

Sustainable utilization of humanure-based bio-product for Marigold (Tagetes erecta L) production in Tropical India

Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Ecological sanitation converts human waste into safe compost, known as humanure, offering a sustainable solution for managing faecal matter. This approach not only recycles nutrients but also reduces environmental pollution. Enriched humanure was prepared by mixing humanure, biochar and human urine in ratios of 1:1:1 and 1:1:1.5 and the mixture was enriched for 30 days. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of the bioinputs (humanure, biochar, human urine) alone and the enriched humanure (1:1:1 and 1:1:1.5) were characterized. To test the efficacy of the enriched humanure, field trials were conducted during the winter and summer seasons in Vridhachalam on marigolds (Hybrid-Bens tall) using a randomized block design with 11 treatments in three replications. Treatments included bioinputs alone, unenriched and enriched humanure, 50% enriched humanure + 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), RDF + farm yard manure (FYM) and FYM alone. Fertilizers and manures were applied based on the crop s' nitrogen requirement of 90: 90:75 kg/ha. The results showed significantly higher plant growth, flower yield (27.0 to 27.5 t/ha) and flower quality were recorded in the application of enriched humanure in the ratio of 1:1:1 followed by 1:1:1.5 compared to all other bio-inputs treatments and the control. Enriched humanure (1:1:1) proved the most effective treatment for improving marigold growth and yield.

Genetic diversity, correlation and path analysis in female palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.) germplasm- a research article

V Premalakshmi, S Vasanth, S H Juliet, M I Manivannan, M Nandhini — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

In this study, 16 female germplasm of palmyrah were analysed to assess diversity among the accessions. The experiments were laid in Randomized Block Design with 2 replications. Around 27 characters were observed during the research, and they were subjected to correlation analysis, path analysis and genetic divergence. The results of the statistical analysis revealed the characters such as the number of leaves per tree, petiole length, number of inflorescences per tree, number of branches per inflorescence, number of fruit bunches per tree and number of fruits per bunch showed significant and positive correlations with fruit yield per tree. The path analysis showed, the traits viz., crown length (0.040), number of leaf segments per leaf (0.795), leaf length (0.845), inflorescence length (0.366), number of fruit bunches per tree (0.687), potassium (0.850), Total Soluble Solids (0.368), fruit length (0.230) and number of branches per inflorescence (0.170), petiole length (0.006), potassium content (0.850), phosphorous content (0.026) and calcium content (0.042) showed high positive direct effect with fruit yield per tree in female germplasm. In the genetic diversity analysis, the 16 germplasm were grouped into 12 clusters. The highest inter cluster distance was noticed between cluster VIII and cluster XI (959.377). The cluster VIII (Acc.11-KP-KKM) and cluster XI (Acc.2-OD -KKM) were showed high genetic divergence and utilized in the hybridization programme for developing superior genotypes with enhanced quality and improved yield. Among the various character studied, the maximum contribution to divergence was observed for zinc followed by number of fruits per bunch, fruit length, calcium and fruit weight.

Influence of organic inputs on the grain quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Manvir Kaur, Harinderjeet Kaur, Charanjit Singh Aulakh — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Wheat grain quality is a major concern as it feed a large population of the world and it is also a chief source of nutrition in developing countries. Extensive research has been carried out to enhance its nutritional value and quality and nutrient supply is one of the most favorable procedures. The present study also focusses on improving and analysing grain quality traits through addition of organic inputs such as FYM, vermicompost and biofertilizers and was conducted at Trans-Gangetic regions (Punjab) in a loamy sand soil with medium levels of available nitrogen. The experiment consisted of different levels of FYM, vermicompost, inorganic fertilizers (to supply N) and biofertilizer inoculation and unfertilized control. Among various organic treatments, higher FYM level, FYM250+Biof had the highest GAS (5.93 and 5.63), SDS-sedimentation value (49.7 and 35.3 cc) and protein content (12.4 and 12.3%) during both the years. Significantly lower phenol reaction score was also observed with FYM250+Biof (3.3 and 4.2 for the year 2016-17 and 2017-18). Also, the micro-nutrient content (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) was significantly higher with organic inputs indicating wide range of nutrient supply and improved status of soil. Protein being a chief factor to influence various quality parameters had strong correlation with grain hardness (r = 0.946 and 0.961), hectolitre weight (r = 0.943 and 0.846), SDS (r = 0.979 and 0.963) and gluten. PRS, an undesirable factor, had negative correlation with all the other factors. Micronutrients, such as Cu, Fe Zn and Mn also had variable correlation with different parameters.

Sensitivity and diversity analysis of Nilakottai ecotype tuberose under ethyl methane sulphonate exposure: Morphological variations and antioxidant activity

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The Nilakottai ecotype, a renowned indigenous variety of tuberose cultivated by farmers in the Dindigul district, is distinguished by its unique fragrance. To further enhance the floral characteristics of this tuberose ecotype, mutation breeding was undertaken at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The present study involved 11 treatments, each replicated 3 times, using a CRD (completely randomized design). The results revealed that the LD50 for the Nilakottai ecotype with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) was 0.42 %. As the EMS concentration increased, there was a reduction in both sprouting and survival, with a 38.2 % and 56.24 % decrease respectively, at the highest concentration. Morphological parameters such as root length, shoot length, leaf length, leaf width and the number of leaves also showed a decrease of 78.80 %, 71.16 %, 87.29 %, 61.90 % and 62.99 % respectively, compared to the control at 1.0 % EMS. Pollen viability studies indicated a reduction in viability with increasing EMS concentration, showing 85.74 % viability in the control group and only 31.54 % at 1.0 % EMS. Analysis of antioxidant enzymes revealed a significant increase in catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels with higher EMS concentrations. Overall, EMS had a pronounced effect on various traits, including germination, growth and antioxidant activity.

Study of the upper epidermis of leaves of Zizyphus species and varieties in Central and Southern Iraq

Iman Jabbar Kamil, Salwa Hamza Hussein Al-hassnawy — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The results showed that some anatomical features of the leaves have good taxonomic value for distinguishing between these species and varieties. The upper epidermal cells of the studied species and varieties showed clear differences in their dimensions. Although the two species Z. mauritiana and Z. spina-christi, existed under the same environmental conditions, the dimensions of the upper epidermal cells of the first species were more significant than those of the second, which made them a distinctive feature of this species. Z. nummularia, the upper epidermis of the varieties of this species, was also significant in dimensions, unlike Z. nummularia, in which the upper epidermal cells were large in dimensions. The difference was also evident in the thickness of the surface walls of the upper epidermal cells, which were thicker in most species of Z. mauritiana than in the rest of the species, especially the cells of Armouti Tailandy, which were even thicker than the walls of the upper epidermal cells of Z. nummularia, despite the harsh conditions in which this species lives. The variation in the distribution of stomata on the surface of the upper epidermis was apparent between species and sometimes between varieties of the same species. As mentioned in the results, this variation helped include the species and varieties in one group. This reflects the close evolutionary relationship between them. Then, the frequency of stomata on the surface of the upper epidermis of species Z. nummularia is higher than that of the rest of the species. This may seem natural for the species Z. nummularia due to the nature of the desert environment.

Effect of stingless bee (Tetragonula iridipennis) pollination on onion seed yield in Rabi and Kharif seasons

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The present study on stingless bee was carried out during Rabi and Kharif of 2022-2023 in farmers field at Oddanchatram, Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu to evaluate their efficiency in pollinating onion, cultivated for seed purpose. Two fields (10 km apart) were used, one with stingless bees (2 colonies/acre) and one without. Foraging activity was monitored every 4 days over 36 days and onion seed yield and germination were compared between open pollination and covered umbels. During Rabi, peak foraging activity occurred from 1100 to 1200 h with 23.6 outgoing bees/5min/h. Pollen and nectar foragers peaked between 1200 and 0100 h with means of 6.5 and 20.1 bees/5min/h, while resin foragers showed peaks at 1200-0100 and 0500-0600 h. Managed pollination yielded 165 kg/acre with 88% germination compared to 120 kg/acre and 77% without bees. In Kharif, similar peaks were observed, with pollen, nectar and resin foragers averaging 4.3, 19.4 and 2.0 bees/5min/h, respectively. Seed yield was 150 kg/acre with stingless bee pollination versus 110 kg/acre without bees, with germination rates of 86% and 74%. Stingless bee pollination improved onion seed yield by 37.5% in Rabi and 36% in Kharif, demonstrating their significant role in boosting crop productivity. Future studies should explore the long-term impacts of stingless bee pollination on crop yields and biodiversity.

Molecular characterization of rice blast fungus (Pyricularia oryzae) from West Sumatra and their virulence to several rice cultivars

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Global rice production is severely impacted by rice blast disease, which is a devastating condition caused by the fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae. Many countries have reported blast diseases associated with rice yield loss. In Indonesia, this disease also destroys rice production in several rice fields in West Java, East Java, Central Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi. The objectives of this study were to identify rice blast fungal isolates in West Sumatra and assess the resistance level of eight local and modern rice genotypes to this disease. Additionally, the rice genotypes were also evaluated for the presence of Pi genes associated with blast resistance by utilizing 25 simple sequence-repeats (SSR) markers known to be linked to rice blasts. The seedlings of all rice genotypes were exposed to fungal isolates to determine their blast resistance capacity based on leaf morphological traits. Before conducting blast resistance testing, the local isolates of rice blast fungus were molecularly identified by aligning sequences in a pairwise comparison. Based on the identification process, three P. oryzae (MoK19-49, MoK19-45, and MoK19-28) fungal isolates were identified. The confirmed P. oryzae isolate MoK19-28 was then used to assess the blast resistance of the rice genotypes using the SES-blast test. The resistance levels of all genotypes were evaluated by observing the morphology of infected leaves for 24 days. Four genotypes, namely Cantik Manis (CM), Bungo Sungkai (BS), Inpari 48 Blas (IB), and Inpago 9 (Ip9), exhibited resistance to leaf blast caused by P. oryzae isolate MoK19-28. Meanwhile, Pulau Batu (PB), Mundam Putiah (MP), and IR64-Sub1 (IR) displayed intermediate resistance to the disease. In contrast, the blast fungus P. oryzae isolate MoK19-28 severely impacted the Kuriak (K) genotype. The rice variety IB contains several Pi genes, specifically Pi1, Pi9, Pikh, and Pi37, which are associated with enhanced resistance to leaf blast caused by P. oryzae isolate MoK19-28. This genetic characteristic sets it apart from susceptible genotypes. This work has successfully identified multiple blast-resistant rice genotypes that could potentially be used in future rice improvement initiatives.

Mushroom-mediated silver nanoparticle synthesis: characterisation, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

Adiba Sharif Abdalrahman, Sara Qahtan Suliaman — Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The use of biological agents for the synthesis of green nanoparticles has garnered significant attention, emerging as a promising approach in nanotechnology and materials science. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesised using an aqueous extract from cultivated mushrooms, including Chlorophyllum agaricoides PP410314, Coriolopsis trogii PP921338.1, Ganoderma sp. PP921328.1 and Lentinus tigrinus PP921339.1, grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The formation of these nanoparticles was confirmed through UV-visible spectroscopy, with maximum absorbance observed at 424 and 426 nm. Nanoparticles were characterised to assess their stability, shape, size and crystallinity using various analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern revealed 2? values corresponding to silver nanocrystals, with average crystallite sizes of 25.31, 27.05, 28.98 and 31.42 nm. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesised nanoparticles was tested against various microorganisms, including Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 and Candida albicans ATCC10231, demonstrating a strong inhibitory effect. Furthermore, antioxidant assays confirmed that these nanoparticles exhibited significant activity, which increased with concentration, in comparison to vitamin C. Overall, the green synthesis approach successfully produces silver nanoparticles with robust antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which can be attributed to the bioactive molecules present on their surface.

Hydroponic system of cultivation and runner removal enhanced plant growth and yield of strawberry cultivars

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Hydroponics is gaining popularity among growers due to changing climatic conditions and the shrinking of resources, particularly land and water. The present study was conducted at SKUAST-K, Shalimar during the months of February to June of 2021 and 2022 to determine the effects of hydroponics and runner removal on plant growth traits of strawberry cultivars with 8 treatment combinations comprised of 3 factors with 2 levels of each viz., variety, growing system and runner removal. The NFT system of hydroponic was used to grow strawberry plants. Treatments were arranged in RCBD with 4 replications. Findings revealed that V2 (Camarosa) had higher plant growth compared to V1 (Sweet Charlie). Significantly higher plant growth was also recorded under a hydroponic system (S2) than a traditional one (S1). Runner removal (R1) additionally benefitted the plant by diverting food energy used in runner growth to the main shoot and resulted in better shoot and root growth. Second-order interaction of treatments further clarified that V2 × S2 × R1 resulted in maximum shoot growth (plant height - 20.15 cm, shoot biomass - 7.20 g/plant and RGR - 0.58 g/g/week) compared to the minimum values of these parameters recorded with V1 × S1 × R0. The highest number of runners (7.92/plant) with maximum runner length (85.32 cm) was recorded with V1 × S1 while their minimum values were evident with V2 × S1. However, V2 × S1 registered the highest fresh weight (6.13 g/plant) and dry weight (0.45 g/plant) of runners along with the number of propagules (6.93/runner) against their minimum values recorded with V1 × S1. V1 × S2 × R1 resulted in the highest number of fruits (23.32/plant), fruit breadth (3.31 cm) and fruit yield (288.00 g/plant) compared to other interactions.

Growth and yield of irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by mechanization and nutrient management practices

Mon, 20 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Maize is a dominant and promising crop grown in almost all regions throughout the year for various purposes, owing to its wide adaptability. In India, the productivity of maize is low, which can be attributed to usage of conventional varieties, inadequate supply of organic and inorganic fertilizers, low adoption of mechanization practices, and the indiscriminate use of pesticides and fungicides etc. Among these factors, mechanization and nutrient management practices play a critical role in influencing productivity through supply of nutrients and ensuring timeliness of operations. Keeping in view the above facts, field experiments were conducted in the Department of Agronomy and the Department of Millets during Kharif seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020 to study the growth and yield of irrigated maize as influenced by mechanization practices and nutrient management strategies. The results of mechanization experiment revealed that T3 - sowing by inclined plate planter (75 × 20 cm – drip tape irrigation) + spraying of pre-emergence herbicide (3 days after sowing (DAS) - after irrigation) + weeding by power weeder (30 - 35 DAS) achieved higher grain yield (5549 kg ha-1), net returns (Rs. 58, 158 ha-1), and B:C ratio (2.66). The results of nutrient management experiments revealed that the application of 250:75:75 kg NPK/ha (100% the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) achieved higher grain yield (7327 kg ha-1), net returns (Rs. 73518/ha) and B: C ratio (2.50) in maize (T2).

Phytochemical profiling and biological evaluation of Annona muricata L. root extract: A comprehensive assessment

M M G Gama, K R B Rani — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Annona muricata Linn., a component of the Annonaceae family, is a fruit-bearing tree endowed with a rich tradition of utilization. Recognized by various colloquial names such as soursop, graviola, and guanabana, Annona muricata is an evergreen botanical species predominantly found in tropical and subtropical zones globally. The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties while simultaneously elucidating the quantitative composition of phytochemical constituents within the root extract responsible for the pharmacological activities of the investigated subject. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to assess antioxidant activities, while the well diffusion method evaluated antibacterial activity against common pathogens. Researchers have reported various bioactive compounds alkaloids, phenols, etc., that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anticancer, antioxidant, and other prophylactic activities. The chloroform extract displayed notable inhibitory efficacy against E. coli MTCC 443, indicating increased susceptibility with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.3 mg/mL. The sample exhibited a comparatively elevated alkaloid content compared to its phenolic content. Bioactive phytoconstituents with diverse biological activities, justifying the rationale for their therapeutic use by local inhabitants.

Consumer awareness and adoption of multi-source edible oils: key influencing factors and barriers

Asmithaa G, Chandrakumar M, Murugananthi D, Vanitha G, Parameswari E — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Edible oils are essential to Indian cooking methods and flavour profiles and they have long been a component of human nutrition and culinary traditions. These oils, derived from a range of plant sources, significantly improve the taste, texture and nutritional value of food. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in Multi-Source Edible Oils (MSEO), also known as blended oils, which combine two or more types of vegetable oils to create products with improved cooking properties and nutritional profiles. Edible oil consumption is influenced by various factors, such as marketing efforts, culinary preferences and health consciousness. As lifestyle-related health conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes become more prevalent, many consumers are becoming more concerned about their cooking oil choices. The purpose of this study is to examine consumer awareness, adoption factors and barriers related to MSEO in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The study uses statistical tools like factor analysis and Garrett ranking to identify the major factors and constraints in adopting MSEO. The study reveals that, while most respondents are aware of MSEO, only a few use it. Product performance emerges as the main factor influencing adoption, while marketing, health and economic variables also play a role. Major barriers include higher prices, preference for traditional oils and lack of knowledge. These findings can aid the development of strategies to enhance MSEO adoption, potentially leading to healthier dietary practices in the region.

Spatial yield estimation in rice using spectral indices derived from satellite datasets and DSSAT crop simulation model

Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

An inter-comparison of 2 rice yield estimation procedures namely, the Semi-Physical model and the Crop Simulation model, Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT), was conducted for the Samba Season (August 2023 to January 2024). This study focused on the Mayiladuthurai and Nagapattinam districts of Tamil Nadu. The Semi-Physical model utilized
satellite-derived remote sensing data, including Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR), Water stress, Temperature stress and crop physiological parameters such as Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) and Harvest Index (HI), to estimate crop yield. The DSSAT crop simulation model estimated rice yield using inputs such as soil properties, weather data, genetic coefficients and crop management practices. The simulated yield was further integrated with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to generate spatial yield maps. The generated yields were validated with Crop Cutting Experiment (CCE) based yield estimates. The DSSAT model demonstrated superior performance, achieving an agreement of 88.2% in the Mayiladuthurai district and 86.8% in the Nagapattinam district.

Assessment of polyclonal derivatives for morphological traits and hybridity analysis using SSR markers in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

V Jegadeeswari, K Padmadevi , K.R Vijayalatha, J Suresh — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is increasingly cultivated as an intercrop in South India, necessitating the development of high-yielding, region-specific varieties. As a self-incompatible crop, establishing polyclonal orchards with cross-compatible varieties and producing full-sib hybrids through controlled pollination is vital for genetic improvement. Evaluation of half-sib and full-sib progenies was undertaken in polyclonal cocoa gardens situated at Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar and Horticulture Research Station, Thadiyankudisai, under the auspices of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Pods developed from the natural cross and cross-made using caging techniques were evaluated, and seeds were sown to assess the performance of the hybrids. The findings illustrated the highest germination percentage in the half-sib cross CCRP 5 × X (89.66 %), followed by CCRP 4 × X (85.57 %). The highest value for plant morphological characters like plant height (2.11 m), stem girth (15.7 cm) and jorquette height (1.58 m) was recorded in CCRP 5 × X. Among the full-sib progenies, the highest germination percentage (86.1) was recorded by FS 17 (CCRP 3 × CCRP 5), followed by FS 18 (CCRP 5 × CCRP 3) (81.8). The hybridity of the seedlings was tested using SSR markers, which confirmed that out of 26 full-sib crosses, 16 exhibited a heterozygous nature. These findings demonstrate the potential of selected progenies to serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at enhancing cocoa productivity and sustainability in South India.

Co-expression network analysis for identification of candidate genes regulating phosphorus use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial nutrient for plants, but its deficiency can significantly reduce crop yields, especially in wheat. To understand the genetic basis of Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in wheat, we analyzed the gene expression patterns of plants under phosphorus stress. We identified and analyzed 1194 differentially expressed genes, constructing a network of these genes through cytoscape. We have extracted 26 hub genes from this network, which are key players in PUE. These hub genes are involved in various biological processes related to phosphorus uptake, transport and utilization, as revealed by KEGG pathway analysis. Our findings provide valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying PUE in wheat and may contribute to the development of strategies for improving crop yields in phosphorus-deficient environments.

Phenotyping and diversity assessment of Dendrobium species by using DUS guidelines

Sat, 08 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Dendrobiums are sympodial epiphytic orchids belonging to the family Orchidaceae. and have an extraordinary variation in bloom shape, size and colour. They are widely recognized for their enchanting beauty and longlasting quality. Morphological characterization of Dendrobium species was carried out using the DUS guidelines developed by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority (PPV and FRA) in New Delhi. A total of 15 Dendrobium species were characterized for 52 vegetative and floral traits. Among the 52 traits, 8 were monomorphic, 12 were dimorphic and 32 were polymorphic, indicating their potential for characterization. Principal component analysis showed 86.14% variation in the first 4 principal components with an eigenvalue >1.0. The first and second principal components explained 41.43% and 19.45% of the total variation respectively. The dendrogram produced by a Ward analysis validated the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) findings. The Dendrobium species were grouped into 2 major clusters with three sub-clusters based on the correlation between the morphological traits among the species. Characterization established distinctiveness amongst the Dendrobium species. Breeders/farmers can use this study to distinguish between different species and apply for protection through the PPV and FR Authority, New Delhi. The trait-specific data generated while characterizing can be used to develop new inter-specific hybrids, which are common in orchids.

Host infectivity of Pyricularia pathogen of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) on Poaceae weeds

Fri, 17 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Blast disease of finger millet is a serious disease all over the world and causes significant yield loss. Pyricularia populations consist of various pathotypes with different host ranges within the Poaceae family and express host specificities mediated by Avr and R genes. So, identification of the host range of Pyricularia on weeds within the poaceae family will give an idea for further research on understanding of genes responsible for host specificity reaction of Pyricularia among various host ranges. Pyricularia isolated from finger millet was tested on different weed host plants to study the infectivity of Pyricularia on weed species. The Pyricularia pathogen isolated from the infected leaf of finger millet plants having spindle-shaped lesions. The Poaceae weeds viz., Chloris barbeta, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Dactylacterium aegyptium, and Echinochloa colonum are observed regularly in the field of finger millet. Among the weed species, spindle shaped lesion was observed in C. barbeta, C. dactylon, C. rotundus and D. aegyptium in leaf detachment assay with Pyricularia at Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal, Tiruvannamalai, India. Whereas E. colonum did not express any lesion. The incidence of Pyricularia in finger millet was studied under various weed infestation levels under field conditions during 2022-23 and 2023- 24 growing seasons. It was found that the experimental plot of finger millet with all Poaceae weeds recorded the highest incidence of leaf blast and the largest number of Pyricularia colonies in both years. This was followed by the plot with finger millet + D. aegyptium alone and finger millet + C. rotundus alone. The leaf blast symptoms were noticed in finger millet after one week of sowing in the case of the crop with all weed species during 2022-23 and 2023-24. A significant correlation was obtained between the incidence of the leaf blast and colonies of Pyricularia from 28 days after sowing till the maturity of the crop in both years. Hence, the incidence, as well as colonies of Pyricularia, were higher in plots with finger millet + all weeds, followed by plots with finger millet + D. aegyptium alone and plots with finger millet + Cyp. rotundus alone.

Sustainable fodder crop-feed integration practices: Impact on dairy farm economics and agricultural diversity

Renu Janarthanan J, Velavan C, Rohini A, Maruthasalam S, Pangayar Selvi R — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The study aimed to identify factors influencing feed purchase among dairy farmers in Tamil Nadu. The study highlights the crucial relationship between fodder crop cultivation and dairy farming economics. Local fodder crops like Hybrid Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) play a vital role in supplementing commercial cattle feed, potentially reducing feed costs by 15-20 %. Integrating sustainable fodder cultivation practices with commercial feed usage presents opportunities for improving dairy farm profitability while promoting agricultural diversity. A survey was conducted among 200 dairy farmers in the districts of Ariyalur and Perambalur to gain a deeper understanding of that consumer buying behaviour, cost of production, benefit-cost ratio, factors influence buying behaviour and constraints faced by the farmers while purchasing and using cattle feed, such as the fact that specific feeds are improperly prepared, that costs are prohibitively high and that obtaining credit to pay for feeds is difficult. Key determinants of feed choice include product-related factors, marketing, economic factors, distribution, farm and milk production, labour and Government support. It is concluded that producers, distributors and legislators have insightful information about how to raise feed quality, accessibility and affordability while also boosting the financial viability and sustainability of Tamil Nadus’ dairy industry.

Integrated disease management strategies for sustainable tomato cultivation in bacterial wilt-endemic region of Tamil Nadu

Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a major threat for tomato farmers, especially in tropical areas. This study investigates the prevalence and management of bacterial wilt disease in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, over three growing seasons (2020–2023). The survey found the disease occurrence in Kinathukadavu, Madukarai and other blocks with severe incidence during the Rabi season. An Integrated Disease Management (IDM) approach, incorporating soil amendment, soil application of Bacillus subtilis, intercropping marigold and seedling root dipping of streptocycline and drenching with copper-based fungicides, was evaluated in field trials over three consecutive years. IDM treatment (T6) consistently resulted in the lowest disease incidence, ranging from 2.67 to 4.47 % and the highest yield (394.50-404.63 q/ha) and Benefit: Cost (B: C) ratio (3.91-3.63) over the study period, demonstrating its cost-effectiveness compared to other treatments. A strong negative correlation between wilt incidence and yield was observed, with IDM T6 yielding the best results. These findings suggest that Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is an effective and sustainable approach for managing bacterial wilt disease and improving tomato yield in affected regions.

Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Simarouba glauca leaf extract

Aljawobaei Waleed, Thippeswamy N B, Ali Saif S M , Achur Rajeshwara — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Simarouba glauca is a medicinal plant native to India and other tropical regions of South and Central America. Although this plant is widely used to cure many diseases, a systematic study is lacking to understand its medicinal value. Thus, we focused on analysing the phytochemical composition of S. glauca leaf extracts and evaluating in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities using standard bioassays. The anti-inflammatory activity was conducted using protein denaturation assay, heat-induced hemolysis and lipoxygenase inhibitory assays, which revealed IC₅₀values of 328 µg/mL, 342.6 µg/mL and 432.1 µg/mL, for the aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. For antioxidant activity, the aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with IC₅₀ values of 180.7 ?g/mL, 209.7 ?g/mL and 678.2 ?g/mL for DPPH and 75.3 µg/mL, 83.9 µg/mL and 225.8 ?g/mL for ABTS, respectively. Further, the FRAP assay showed scavenging activity of 72.28±0.76 ?g/28 mL, 72.5±0.75?g/mL and 16.8±0.58 µg/mL and the phosphomolybdate method exhibited significant antioxidant activity of 80.0 ± 0.87 µg/mL, 81.39 ± 0.69 µg/mL and 47.17 ± 0.58 µg/mL, respectively. All these results indicate that aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. glauca leaf display potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and thus could further be explored for its utility as a therapeutic agent.

Biofungicides derived from indigenous microorganisms fermented on Tagetes erecta L. flowers for the control of anthracnose in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Local microorganisms (LMo) are native microbial consortia that colonize specific substrates and ferment them when supplemented with nutrients. LMo-based products are emerging as eco-friendly alternatives for plant disease management. In this study, Tagetes erecta L. flowers were used as a substrate to cultivate LMo, which were then cross-applied to chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) to control anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici. The research aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity, minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and overall effectiveness of LMo derived from T. erecta flowers against C. capsici. The study was conducted in 3 stages: first, assessing the antifungal activity of LMo using the agar dilution method, second, determining the MFC of the LMo solution and third, evaluating the in planta efficacy of LMo in controlling anthracnose. Results demonstrated that LMo formulated from T. erecta exhibited strong antifungal activity, with a 15.99 mm inhibition zone and an MFC of 40%. In the field trial, a 50% LMo concentration significantly suppressed anthracnose, improving chili pepper condition and appearance compared to both negative and positive controls. These findings suggest that LMo based on T. erecta flowers offers a cost-effective, abundant and eco-friendly solution for anthracnose management, particularly for chili farmers in Southern Sulawesi.

Genetic analysis of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for yield and oil quality parameters

M Umadevi, K Vanitha, S R Mythili, P Shanthi , D Kavithamani , S Arulselvi — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Genetic variability is a foundation for advancing crop improvement programs. The effectiveness of selection is influenced by the characteristics, scope, and degree of genetic variability found in the material, as well as the extent to which this variability is heritable. This study assessed fifteen traits, including yield and oil quality parameters, in 55 groundnut accessions from diverse origins. The analysis of genetic parameters, including phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability, genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (GAM), skewness, and kurtosis revealed significant genetic variation for several key traits. Notably, the traits viz., the number of branches(NB)/plant, hundred pod weight, shelling percentage(SP), oil yield/plant, and oleic acid(OA) content exhibited high PCV, GCV, heritability, and GAM. The analysis showed significant genetic variability and a predominance of additive gene effects, suggesting phenotypic selection as an effective approach for groundnut improvement. Association analysis revealed positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations of single plant yield(SPY) with traits like days to first flowering(DFiF), NB per plant, number of pods(NP) per plant, hundred pod weight, oil yield per plant (OYPP), and OA content. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified five principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1, explaining 75.13% of the total variation. A biplot constructed using the first two PCs visually represented the importance of NP/plant, NB/plant, oil yield/plant, and OA content for yield improvement strategies. Cluster analysis efficiently grouped the 55 genotypes into five distinct clusters. The high OA lines "Girnar 4" and "Girnar 5" were clustered together. This information suggests that selecting accessions from clusters with greater genetic distance can be a valuable strategy to maximize genetic variability within breeding programs.

Response of summer irrigated black gram (Vigna mungo L.) to planting method and weed management methods under western agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu

S Senthamizhselvan, FS Anitta, M Raju, RPV Babu, AP Mohankumar — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

To assess the effect of sowing methods and weed management on summer irrigated black gram yield, a field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2024 in the Department of Pulses at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The treatments were employed in the Split plot design and replicated thrice. The sowing methods and weed management treatments were allotted in the main and subplots, respectively. The findings showed that, among the sowing methods, furrow-irrigated raised beds recorded a lower weed density and concerning weed management, the pre-emergence (PE) application of Pendimethalin 30 % + Imazethapyr 2 % EC (ready mix) and weeding with power-operated weeder at 20 DAS resulted in lesser weeds which leads to higher weed control efficiency (79.88 %) and higher seed yield in both furrow-irrigated raised beds and pre-emergence (PE) application of Pendimethalin 30 % + Imazethapyr 2 % EC (ready mix) and weeding with power-operated weeder at 20 DAS.

Role of farm size in adopting salinity-tolerant paddy varieties: A study in coastal districts of Tamil Nadu

S Manikandan, R Premavathi, VS Kannan, P Janaki, RG Selvi — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between the causes of salinity, farmers' preferences, and the adoption rates of salt-tolerant rice varieties with an emphasis on how farm size and socioeconomic variables impact these decisions. The study employs an ex-post facto research approach to investigate the cause-and-effect relationship between farm features and the adoption of various salinity-tolerant cultivars. A total of 210 farmers were selected using snowball sampling to evaluate their adoption patterns. The results indicate that marginal farmers predominantly adopt varieties like TPS-5, TRY-3, and KKL(R)-1 due to their adaptability to small-scale farming under salinity stress. Conversely, TRY-1 is more favoured by larger farms, while small-scale farmers prefer TRY-5 as a viable salinity-tolerant option. The analysis, conducted using a One-Way ANOVA test, reveals a significant relationship between farm size and variety adoption, with socio-economic factors playing a critical role in shaping these preferences. These findings may assist policymakers and agricultural extension agencies understand the importance of providing farmers with the information, tools, and social support they require to enhance the adoption of specific varieties.

Two decades of spice trade among SAFTA nations - Is it really aromatic for India?

Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) are the foundation of the multilateral trading mechanism and act as a path to boost trade, enhance market access and strengthen relations with economies across the globe. The growing number of trade agreements between countries and within regions reflects a global momentum towards economic openness and creating more dynamic and competitive market environments. This study employs the gravity model with panel data from 2002 to 2020 to examine the trade effects, including trade creation and trade diversion of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on the spices trading between India and SAARC member countries under the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). The analysis shows a trade creation effect of SAFTA in the fixed effect (FE) model. The results also suggest that the spice trade could help in improving the Indian economy with SAFTA. India being the major spice exporter to the world nations and SAARC countries, has the relative trade advantage in spice trade with members of SAARC nations. Globally, India can use the advantage of exporting spices for higher value rather than for high volume proportional to the distance, which is a proxy for the trade costs.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxicity and FTIR analysis of whole plant extract of Elephantopus scaber L. (Asteraceae)

G Sangeetha, M S Jisha — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Elephantopus scaber L. belongs to the family Asteraceae, is a common wild herb that forms undergrowth in shady places. Decoction of whole plant is used as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, emollient and tonic. The main aim of the proposed work is the evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, in vitro cytotoxicity and FTIR analysis of crude methanolic whole plant extract of E. scaber L. In the preliminary phytochemical analysis glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins and saponins were found whereas steroids were absent. In antioxidant analysis, two important assays such a DPPH radical scavenging assay and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay were selected. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, it was noticed that the ability of methanolic whole plant extract had highest scavenging effect on the DPPH radical which was increasing with an increase in the concentration of the sample whereas in Nitric oxide scavenging assay, compared to standard drug ascorbic acid methanolic whole plant extract showed moderate radical scavenging activity. In in vitro cytotoxic analysis, whole plant extract showed potential cytotoxic activity against different cell lines like MCF 7 (Human Breast Cancer Cell line) and HCT 116 (Human Colon Cancer Cell Line). The cytotoxic effect was expressed as IC50. The IC50 value against MCF-7 cell line was 78.76 ± 1.23 µg/mL whereas 98.40 ± 1.56 µg/mL against HCT-116 cell lines, which indicated that the crude whole plant extract of E. scaber L. showed high cytotoxicity effect against selected cancer cells lines. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed that various characteristics frequencies with peak values. This study suggests that whole plant extract of E. scaber L. exhibit high antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials and will be helpful for the sustainable utilization of the plant.

The effect of canopy temperature depression in Barley crop on different environmental sowing conditions in Trans-Gangetic plains of India

B Navreet, S Surender, D S Chander, D Pankaj — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A study on barley crops was carried out at the research farm of the Department of Agricultural Meteorology during the Rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The trial objective was to understand the effect of various meteorological, plant and soil parameters on the Canopy Temperature Depression (CTD) of barley crops under varying growing environmental conditions. Four dates of sowings were selected for both rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21, i.e., D1- 15th November 2019, D2- 30th November 2019, D3- 15th December 2019 and D4- 30th December 2019 and D1- 28th November 2020, D2- 14thDecember 2020, D3- 28thDecember 2020 and D4- 8 th January 2021. The meteorological parameters were taken from the agrometeorological observatory at the research farm of CCS HAU, Hisar. Plant and soil parameters were recorded and calculated during the field trials conducted on barley crops in both seasons (2019-20 and 2020-21). The CTD of the barley crop was observed using a hand-held infrared thermometer at different phenological stages. It was observed that the CTD of D1 and D2 sown crops was majorly influenced by meteorological and soil parameters, respectively. The plant parameters majorly influenced the CTD of D3and D4 sown crops.

Synergistic effects of insecticides and lactic acid bacterial formulation on Plutella xylostella (L.) and beneficial coccinellids in cauliflower

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

India, a leading producer of cauliflower, experiences up to 52 % yield loss due to defoliating caterpillars, particularly Plutella xylostella (L.). Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), known for their role in plant microbiomes, are widely used in agriculture as biofertilizers, biocontrol agents and biostimulants. In this note, the present study focuses on the co-application of LAB formulation with insecticides emamectin benzoate 05 % SG, tolfenpyrad 15% EC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC on potted cauliflower plants in a screenhouse over two seasons to combat P. xylostella and assess the orientation behaviour of predators, particularly coccinellids. The results showed that leaf area damage by P. xylostella was significantly reduced in plants treated with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC + LAB (5 %) (63.39-66.17 %), compared to chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC (60.82-63.08 %) and LAB (5 %) alone (25.45-29.05 %). Coccinellid abundance was higher in plants treated with LAB (5 %) alone (1.98-3.03 per four plants) than in those treated with insecticides and control plots. LAB density of both seasons showed a similar trend, with significantly higher values in plants treated with LAB alone (45.17 CFU/cm²) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC (41.39 CFU/cm²), compared to control plants (1.88 CFU/cm²).

A comprehensive study on the stability of Desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum) genotypes under rainfed conditions using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis

A Sheeba, P Yogameenakshi, S H Ramakrishnan, N Aanandhi, K Baskar — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The present study aims to assess the stable and adaptable cotton genotypes under rainfed vertisol conditions using Additive Main effects Multiplicative Interaction and Genotype and Genotype × Environment (GGE) biplot analyses. Seventeen cotton genotypes were evaluated for seed cotton yield at the Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti, over three years (2020, 2021 and 2022), treated as distinct environments. Seed cotton yield was subjected to pooled ANOVA, AMMI and GGE biplot analysis, revealing significant variation between genotypes, environment and GEI, with the climate and G × E interaction accounting for 33.8 % and 27.8 % of the total variation, respectively, in seed cotton yield. Based on AMMI I analysis, the genotypes G5 (TKA 0856) and G13 (TKA 1336) were found to have overall adaptability in all the environments (years) studied and considered stable genotypes. GGE biplot was plotted for seed cotton yield using PC1 and PC2, accounting for 70.2% and 26.2 %, respectively, explaining 96.4 % of the total GEI variance. The winning genotypes identified for three mega-environments are G2 (TKA 0612), G16 (TKA 1104) for the first, G6 (TKA 1035), G13 (TKA 1336) for the second and G11 (TKA 1326), G4 (TKA 0848) for the third respectively. The genotype G6 (TKA 1035) was chosen as the most ideal genotype based on mean vs. stability analysis. Among the test environments, E1 was considered the most discriminating environment suitable for selecting widely adapted genotypes.

Effect of foliar spraying with cadmium chloride (CdCl2), oxalic acid and their interactions on some physiological traits of bean (Vicia faba L.)

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The essay was regulated through the 2022-2023 developing period according to the Randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a working experiment (3×2) with three replications, each replication included 12 pots to examination the event of foliar splash with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at two concentrations (200 and 300) mg L-1 and oxalic acid in assembly (50, 100 and 150) mg L-1 on some physiological characteristics of bean plants, If after math show meaningful rising in rising in catalase enzyme activity (44.67 intake unit Ml-1) vitamin C content (87.40 mg 100 gm m-1 wet weight) and proline acid content (61.19 µg gm-1 fresh mass) also Hydrogen peroxide content (3.20 µg gm-1 fresh weight) when plants related at the concentration 300 mg L-1 of CdCl2, while there was a significant decline in the average motion of salicylic acid content under the same treatment, as for treating the plant with oxalic acid led to a substantial increase in vitamin c content (85.88 mg 100 gm-1 wet weight) proline acid content (73.94 µg gm-1 fresh mass) Hydrogen peroxide content (2.70 µg gm-1 fresh weight) and salicylic acid content (13.20 µg gm-1) when plant treated at the concentration 150 Mg L-1, while there was a significant decrease in catalase enzyme activity (33.29 intake unit ml-1) at the same concentration. As for the connect between the two essay factors, it had a significant effect on most of the traits studied.

Archiving Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) based ethnomedicinal practices among tribal communities in the Nilgiris: A perception analysis

B M Pooja, N Anandaraja, C C Fernandaz , P Balasubramaniam , R G Selvi — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Ethnomedical practices of the tribal community in the Nilgiris district were documented and analyzed to assess their knowledge and perception of Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) and to understand the constraints faced in utilizing the same. This study, in doing so, presents a discussion of the interface of socioeconomic variables with indigenous traditional knowledge to highlight the determinants that facilitate the retention and transmission of traditional medicine knowledge in these communities. The present study adopted an exploratory research design. Data were collected from six tribal communities through snowball sampling, with a total of 120 respondents in two blocks of the Nilgiris district. While analyzing the relationships, the socio-economic characteristics were correlated with the knowledge levels and constraints on traditional medicinal practices. Some of the other tools that were applied to these studies included rank-based quotients and multiple regression analysis. Findings indicate that a major section of the tribal population has a medium to low level of knowledge of ITK, with perception varying due to age, income, and information availability. Superstitions, extraction of scientific principles involved in allopathic science, and most of all, lack of interest shown by the younger generation are major factors inhibiting the spread of the practices. Diagnosing these challenges with specified community engagement strategies, education, and access to traditional medicine is thus the highway to sustaining this invaluable cultural heritage. The research suggests a holistic approach to conserve ITK and traditional medicine by marrying modern healthcare with traditional practices to maintain their relevance for posterity.

Delineation and mapping of groundwater quality in Salem district: A comprehensive assessment of contaminant sources

Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A comprehensive study was conducted at block level in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India, to evaluate the major ionic chemistry and to assess the suitability of ground water for irrigation purpose. A total of 200 groundwater samples were systematically collected through grid survey and analyzed for major ionic constituents and irrigation water quality parameters. The resulting water quality parameters were interpreted based on established hydrochemical guidelines. The classification of groundwater samples under various quality categories based on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) indicates that many blocks (70 %) in the study area exhibit good-quality groundwater suitable for irrigation. However, exceptions (30 %) were observed in the blocks of Omalur, Mecheri, Kolathur and Pethanaickenpalayam having been observed with saline and alkali water quality. This might be due to the underlying metamorphic and crystalline rocks carrying the element calcium and sodium rich minerals are responsible for the development of saline/alkali groundwater. It was observed that mushrooming of industrial complexes in these blocks might also be the reasons for the development of saline or alkali groundwater. The need for this work is to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation in Salem District and identify areas affected by saline and alkali contamination due to natural and industrial influences.

Corticolous crustose lichens in Pangasinan, Philippines, including one new country record

Fajardo Weenalei, Doria Mark Anthony — Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Corticolous crustose lichens are one of the understudied groups of lichens in the Philippines due to the limited research and insufficient taxonomical knowledge among these taxa. This study extends the inventory of corticolous crustose lichens in western Pangasinan, Philippines, specifically in Alaminos city tree park, an area established in local reforestation efforts. Morphological, anatomical, and chemical characterizations were done to identify the lichen species. Character and character states of the ascomata, hymenium, exciple, ascus, ascospore, and lichenic acid were examined. Moreover, a provisional dichotomous key was created. This survey identified ten lichen species across five families. The crustose families were Arthoniaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Graphidaceae, Malmideaceae, and Trypetheliaceae. The species identified were Coniocarpon cinnabarinum, Coenogonium geralense, Carbacanthographis albolirellata, Diorygma confluens, Graphis furcata, Graphis lineola, Malmidea subgranifera, Nigrovothelium inspersotropicum, Sarcographa labyrinthica, and Trypethelium eluteriae. The Graphidaceae family has the highest number, with four species, followed by Trypetheliaceae, with two species. The Arthoniaceae, Coenogoniaceae, and Malmidaceae families have only lichen species each. Notably, Carbacanthographis albolirellata represents a new distribution record for the Philippines. The richness of corticolous crustose lichen species in Alaminos City Tree Park is relatively low. Nevertheless, the one newly recorded species in the Philippines added valuable insights to the limited lichen research.

Eco-friendly utilization of rice husk ash for amending acid soils

P Malathi, K Preetha, D Selvi, E Parameswari, S P Thamaraiselvi, K M Sellamuthu — Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Rice husk ash (RHA) contains appreciable amounts of exchangeable cations and plant nutrients which can be used as liming material for acid soil reclamation. Hence, the present study was carried out to assess the potential of rice husk ash for soil acidity reclamation and its effect on related soil properties. RHA was collected from a modern rice mill and its physical and chemical properties were assessed. The results confirmed the alkaline nature of RHA with a pH of 8.30 at 1:10 RHA-to-water suspension. An incubation experiment was conducted with five levels of RHA viz., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 t ha-1; compared with the treatments without liming material and the lime application as per lime requirement. Soil sampling was performed at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after incubation (DAI) and analysed. The results indicated that the application of RHA 50 t ha-1, 40 t ha-1,30 t ha-1 and lime (100% lime) were comparable in enhancing the soil pH, effective cation exchange capacity and percent base saturation and reduced the total acidity and exchangeable Al. With all levels of RHA and lime application, favourable effects on soil properties related to acidic soil reclamation were observed over time. Exchangeable Ca and Mg were the highest in the 100% lime requirement, followed by RHA at 50 t ha-1. Exchangeable K and Na were the highest in rice husk ash at 50 t ha-1. The results emanated from this study ensured the potential of rice husk ash as a source of lime for acidic soils reclamation.

Identification and characterization of genes that regulate flowering in pigeon pea (Cajanaus cajan): An in-silico exploration

Animesh Pattnaik, Madhusmita Barik, Rukmini Mishra, Jatindra Nath Mohanty — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Pigeon pea is a versatile pulse crop extensively cultivated across Latin America, Asia and Africa. It serves as a rich source of protein and fibre. The life cycle of this annual crop is significantly influenced by the timing of flowering, which affects both seed production and the overall growth period. Variation in flowering time is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, making it a crucial adaptive trait in flowering plants. In this study, we aim to understand how the genetics of pigeon pea plants regulate their flowering time.

We employed 2 methods, HMM profile search and standalone BLAST search, to identify genes involved in flowering regulation in pigeon pea. Protein sequences of 6 known flowering regulators from Arabidopsis and related plants were retrieved from the NCBI database. The entire set of protein sequences from pigeon pea was used as the database for comparison. The top hits with more than 30 % identity and known conserved domains were considered true orthologs, resulting in the identification of 6 pigeon pea genes: CcFrigida, CcFrigida Like1, CcFrigida Like2, CcFrigida Es-sential1, CcTerminal Flowering1 and CcTerminal Flowering2. Through a thorough review, we identified floral repressive genes, such as FLC and its activators, as significant targets for promoting early flowering in plants.

Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the role of MADS-box genes in flower development, we still lack sufficient information about flowering genes and their specific impact on flowering traits in pigeon pea. This investigation will provide details about the biological basis of adaptive traits in this important pulse crop by examining flowering genes in pigeon pea.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. with special emphasis on antibacterial, antioxidant and plant growth promoting potential

Roy Sanchali, Mukherjee Biyas, Parvin Nasrin, Dutta Sikha — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The creation of "microbial nanotechnology" for quick and large-scale manufacturing of nanoparticles would be possible with an effective biosynthesis method. Plumbago zeylanica L. is a medicinal plant from which the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. was isolated and identified by 18S rDNA sequencing and microscopic studies. Cell filtrate of Colletotrichum sp. was employed to produce biological silver nanoparticles which acted as a reducing and stabilising agent during this process. The brown colour proved that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being produced. In characterization of AgNPs, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy revealed maximum absorption at 425 nm. From transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopic study the shape of the silver nanoparticle was found spherical with 10–30 nm diameters. The existence of elemental silver (peak) was verified by the silver signal in the energy-dispersive X?ray spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared analysis showed some major and minor shifts in the peaks of some chemical bonding. Synthesised AgNP had strong antibacterial action against pathogenic bacterial strains in 200 g/mL concentration and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 741, it showed the highest inhibition. The AgNP concentration of 150 g/mL demonstrated the highest competency for antioxidant capabilities while ascorbic acid was used as the reference. Also, AgNP exhibited plant growth-promoting ability as in 40 mg/L concentration; it significantly enhanced the shoot and root growth, total soluble protein, sugar, and indole acetic acid content of P. zeylanica L. This AgNP can be useful in pharmaceutical industries and agriculture as nano fertilizers for all these purposes.

Wisdom of utilizing Zingiberaceae plants by traditional healers in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand

S Jitjum, K Yincharoen, W Hayeeyahya, A Chemore, T Ruangrit, S Laohaprapanon — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Plants in the ginger family are globally utilized in diverse ways, varying from region to region. This study aims to compile the uses of ginger family plants by traditional healers in five districts of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. These districts include Thung Song, Na Bon, Lan Saka, Chang Klang, and Ron Phibun, which have not been previously studied. Ten traditional healers were selected based on specific criteria. This qualitative research was conducted through semi-structured interviews combined with observations. The data were analyzed descriptively, including frequency, fidelity level (FL), and use value (UV). The study found that traditional healers use 16 species of ginger family plants, including Curcuma longa L., Zingiber ligulatum Roxb., Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Amomum testaceum Ridl., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Curcuma comosa Roxb., Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., Kaempferia galanga L., Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker, Amomum biflorum Jack, Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp, Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum., and Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S.Sakai & Nagam. The highest FL values (100%) were found for four species, including Amomum biflorum Jack, Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp, Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum. and Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S.Sakai & Nagam. The highest UV value was found for Zingiber officinale Roscoe (0.4). Scientific evidence has identified 14 pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, gastroprotective, anthelmintic, anti-emetic, anti-platelet, antioxidant, analgesic, neuroprotective, renoprotective, aphrodisiac, anti-ulcer, antipyretic, and anti-asthma properties. These activities support the therapeutic effects used by traditional healers. Traditional healers use these ginger family plants as ingredients in polyherbal and monoherbal medicinal formulas. Ginger family plants play a crucial role in community healthcare and are employed in various ways. This constitutes a cultural heritage worthy of preservation and documentation for the benefit of global healthcare.

Evaluation of genotypic variations in the protein content of soybean through near infrared spectroscopy

K Anandhi, P Meenakshi, R C Sivabharathi, L Karthiba, V Vasanth — Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Demand for soybean seeds with increased protein content is high in the international market. In this context, breeding soybean varieties targeting high protein content is the need of the day. In this paper, elite soybean germplasm accessions were screened for protein content. Eighty-eight soybean germplasm was evaluated for protein content through near infrared spectroscopy. A prediction model to determine the protein content of soybean germplasm through a non-destructive method was developed to calibrate the NIR. The protein content of 39 lines was analyzed in wet lab conditions and used to calibrate in NIRs between 1400 and 2400 nm at 2 nm intervals. High determination coefficient and low values of root mean square error (2.585) and standard error of prediction (2.832) confirmed the model’s utility for predicting the protein content of unknown samples. Accordingly, the protein content of 49 germplasm lines revealed that the genotypes LU96, TNAU20056, and SL525 depicted high values of 56.66, 55.51, and 54.48% protein content, respectively, but with fewer yields. The genotype RKS45 recorded a protein content of 45.33% with a single plant yield of 34.09 g, which can be further utilized for hybridization and selection. Thus, a non-significant correlation was observed between the protein content and single plant yield, suggesting that an increase in protein content will not directly influence the yield parameters. This paper provides a simple methodology to accurately determine the protein in a large set of samples in a short time, which helps in speed breeding programs.

Assessment of suitability of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cultivars for value addition through dehydration technology

U Das, U R Nidoni, A R Kurubar, S S Prasad, M Balaji — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This novel experiment assessed the suitability of twelve Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cultivars for value addition through dehydration technology. Fresh fruit samples were collected randomly from the plants and subjected to dehydration. Five qualitative characters such as total soluble solids (TSS), pH of fruit pulp, moisture content, ascorbic acid content and phenol content were analyzed along with organoleptic evaluation of fresh and dehydrated ber cultivars. Significantly higher TSS among fresh ber was found in Chhuhara (23.96 °Brix) and dehydrated ber was in Sanaur-2 (29.91 ° Brix). The highest pH among the fresh and dehydrated cultivars was recorded in Illaichi (4.73), followed by Dandan (4.70). The highest ascorbic acid content was recorded in fresh Seb (108.73 mg/100 g of fresh fruit) and dehydrated Kadaka (58.55 mg/100 g of dry fruit pulp). Significantly, the highest phenol content among fresh and dehydrated ber was in Seb 219.40 mg/100 g of fresh fruit pulp and 236.24 mg/100 g of dry fruit pulp, respectively. In the organoleptic evaluation, Kadaka ranked first, retaining a high ascorbic acid content even after dehydration. Based on the present study, Kadaka appears to be the best cultivar for dehydration, followed by Seb and Gola.

Assessing the pollutant removal potential of native reeds in sewage and paper mill effluents

Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Reed plants are cost effective method of remediating the wastewater. To test the removal efficiency of pollutants from sewage and paper mill effluents, four different reed plant species, Canna indica (Indian Shot), Colocassia esculenta (Taro), Typha domingensis (Southern Cattail) and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Tannia), were compared for their removal efficiency of pollutants from sewage and paper mill effluents. Because of the high cost and limited effects of present physico-chemical treatments in wastewater treatment plant, this reed bed system can act as a cheaper process, that are essential to remove the organic pollutants, thus make them suitable for agricultural and irrigation purposes. In this study, initially, the raw effluent of sewage and paper mill was characterized. The four reed plants were separately screened with both the effluents by adopting the treatments for the four reeds and seven days retention time as two factors with 2 replications in pots. Each day, the treated effluent was collected from the pot and analysed. Up to day 7, the screening was done with both the effluents. The result shows that the Canna indica and Colocassia esculenta could be the better option for pollutant removal from the sewage and paper mill effluent respectively. The removal efficiency was higher in Canna indica (60%) for sewage wastewater and Colocassia esculenta (65%) for paper mill effluent. This removal percentage shows that the tolerating nature of the plants to the wastewater. The efficiency of the removal of pollutant by reeds can be further improved by bioaugmentation process which aids the action of microbes in the rhizosphere of the reed plants which may be used in the reed bed system.

Seasonal dynamics of arthropods in Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and nutritional link to rodent foraging

K Premalatha, J N Prithiva, S Leelavathi, R Pushpam — Mon, 20 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is a highly nutritive crop with more vitamins and minerals used as a fodder legume since it is available throughout the year. In the Coimbatore district farmers prefer lucerne as a fodder crop because of its quality, year-round production, and seed yield fetches a high price. The monitoring study on lucerne crop pests, natural enemies and pollinators was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for three seasons from October 2021 to June 2024. The major sucking pests observed in Lucerne were aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) and stink bugs (Nezara virudula, (L.)) and the natural enemy observed was coccinellid predators (Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius)). Natural enemies such as the Ladybird beetle (Coccinella repanda Thunberg) and Paper wasp (Polistes exclamans Vierick) were also documented as crucial in regulating these pest populations. The study also observed a diverse range of pollinators including the Alfalfa Leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata (Fabricius)), various butterflies, and several species of bees that are vital for effective pollination and enhanced crop quality. The population of aphids and stink bugs ranged from 0.00 to 1.47 and from 0.00 to 1.35, respectively, from April to May. In contrast, from November to February, the aphid population varied from 0.07 to 0.45, while the stink bug population ranged from 0.02 to 0.38. The maximum population of coccinellids was recorded at 3.16 in October 2023. The correlation of pest and predator population with weather parameters showed maximum and minimum temperatures favoured the population development while it was negatively correlated with relative humidity and rainfall. Profiling of root nutrients showed lucerne roots contain a significant amount of essential nutrients that meet the dietary requirements of mice.

Optimization of water blanching and cabinet drying conditions for preservation of nutritional and phytochemical properties of moringa leaves

R Neelavathi, C I Rani , T.Arumuganathan — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The perishable nature of moringa leaves leads to its limited shelf life. Drying methods reduce water activity and help extend the shelf life of dried leaves. In this study, the moringa leaves were subjected to water blanching at 50, 60, 70 and 80 oC for 1, 2 and 3 min, followed by drying. Water blanching at 50 °C for 3 min resulted in the highest retention of total carotenoids (24.65 mg/100 g), iron (21.50 mg/100 g), calcium (1413.10 mg/100 g) and colour of dried moringa leaves. To assess their impact on nutrient retention, the water-blanched moringa leaves were then subjected to three different drying methods: cabinet drying, sun drying and shade drying. The drying methods significantly influenced the retention of nutrients, with varying degrees of effectiveness across methods in moringa leaves. The moringa leaves blanched in water at 50oC for 3 min and dried in a cabinet drier retained the higher total carotenoids (24.65 mg/100 g), iron (21.50 mg/100 g) and calcium (1413.10 mg/100 g).

Diversity of wild edible plants, nutrition and phytochemical evaluation of certain plants with ethnobotanical importance from Tinsukia district, Assam, India

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The present study was conducted in 2021-2023 and recorded a total of 96 species, out of which 56 % were used as vegetables, 30 % as edible fruits and 7 % as masticatory, spice and condiments. This study also aims to evaluate the nutritionally important minerals concentration and phytochemical constituents of 5 plant taxa, i.e., Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaud., Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgew., Smilax perfoliata Lour., Portulaca oleracea L. and Phlogacanthas thyrsiformis (Hardw.) Mabb. which are widely used in folk healing practices and folk medicine by the various ethnic communities of Tinsukia district. The concentration of 5 macro minerals Na, K, Ca, Mg and P is in the range of 12.5 -18.4, 90.4 -246.9, 140 -214.3, 84.9 - 112.2, 23.7 - 41.2 mg/100 g respectively. The ratio of K/Na (5.9:1 to13.4:1), Ca/P (4.1:1 to 9.1:1) and K/(Ca+Mg) (0.11:1 to 0.32:1) are found to be adequate ratios ranging from respectively. Microminerals like Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Ni are found in the range between 5.90 -16.17, 0.41-0.91, 0.13 -0.32, 0.07 -0.27 and 0.07 - 0.17 mg/100 g respectively. Some of the important phytochemicals are also found to be present in the analyzed plants. The study shows that consumption of these species may be beneficial for maintaining good mineral nutrition among the common people at a minimum cost.

Growth, productivity, quality and profitability of organic finger millet under cultivar and nutrient management options

R K Sahoo, S D Behera, B Behera, J Jena, G Mishra, S Dash, S S Mahapatra — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Cultivars and nutrient management determine productivity and quality of the organic finger millet. A field trial was carried out during the kharif season 2022 at Binjhagiri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha comprising the four cultivars of finger millet and four nutrient management practices through organic manure combinations with split plot design replicated thrice. The four cultivars namely, C1- ‘Arjuna’, C2- ‘Bhairabi’, C3- ‘Chilika’ and C4- ‘Kalua’ were assigned to the main plots. Recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) such as 50 kg ha-1 was supplied through varying percentage of organic manures namely, farmyard manure (FYM), neem oilcake (NOC) and vermicompost (VC). Four nutrient management practices such as N1- FYM (RDN100), N2- FYM (RDN40) + NOC (RDN30) + VC (RDN30), N3- FYM (RDN50) + NOC (RDN25) + VC (RDN25), N4- FYM (RDN60) + NOC (RDN20) + VC (RDN20) were assigned to the sub-plots. Combination of the treatments viz., C3N2, C4N2, C3N3 and C4N3 excelled over the others for grain and protein yields and profitability, but treatment combination C4N2 was the most promising considering the parameters like grain yield (2.10 tha-1), net return (Rs. 36940 ha-1), protein yield (165.75 kg ha-1), calcium yield (7.34 kg ha-1) and iron yield (0.137 kg ha-1). There was significant positive correlation of grain yield with all growth-yield parameters, except test weight, whereas regression analysis indicated 70.86, 85.21 and 73.45% contribution of tillers hill-1, dry matter production and leaf area index at harvest, respectively, to variations in grain yield. The organic finger millet growers should cultivate cv. ‘Kalua’ with application of FYM+NOC+VC @ 4.35+0.34+0.6 t ha-1 for achieving maximum yield and grain quality.

An analysis of the adoption level of modern tea cultivation techniques by the small tea growers (STGs) of Nilgiris district

A Bharathwaaj, P Balasubramaniam — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The small tea growers (STGs) of the Nilgiris district play a significant role in Indias’ tea industry, contributing notably to state and national production. Despite advancements in tea cultivation technologies, the adoption rates among these growers remain suboptimal, primarily due to limited access to modern techniques and resources. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University’s Directorate of Open and Distance Learning (DODL) introduced a certificate course in Tea Cultivation Technology to address this gap. This particular study utilizes an Ex-post facto research design. The study was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in the Nilgiris and Coimbatore districts, a major tea-growing tract in Tamil Nadu, India. Using Simple random sampling method, 120 tea growers were selected as the sample size during the survey. A wellstructured pre-tested interview schedule was prepared and the information was collected using personalized interview. Descriptive Statistics, Correlation and Regression analysis followed by Garrett ranking were computed to analyze the adoption level, constraints faced and the suggestions given by the Tea Growers. Based on the findings, this study revealed that most tea growers (49.17%) had a medium level of adoption after enrolling in the certificate course. The most significant challenge was the lack of exposure visits and practical classes (14.72%) followed by inadequate home learning environment. The most ranked suggestion is to enhance the course by increasing hands-on experience sessions and exposure visits (56.66%). Thus, the tea growers consider distance learning a useful educational tool for expanding their knowledge and understanding of agricultural technologies and implementing them at the field level, enabling them to enhance farm conditions and explore business venture opportunities.

Bio-efficacy of cow-urine-based neem, nochi and adhatoda extracts against sucking pests and impact on natural enemies in organic rice

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

To overcome the adverse effects of synthetic pesticides in rice, organic farming by utilizing botanicals is a viable alternative. The bio-efficacy of cow-urine-based extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica), nochi (Vitex nigundo) and adhatoda (Adhatoda vasica) was studied. The experiments targeted major sucking insect pests, brown plant hopper (BPH) and green leaf hopper (GLH), in wetland paddy fields, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during Rabi 2023. The results showed that the cow-urine-based extracts of neem, nochi and adhathoda (NNA) leaves @15 % were most effective against BPH and GLH with 70.23 and 72.48 percent reduction over control (PROC), which was on par with NNA leaf extract @10 % and the PROC were 67.13 and 68.18, respectively. Individual 10 % leaf extracts of Neem, Nochi and Adhatoda recorded lower PROC values against BPH (53.68 %, 55.40 % and 53.68 %) and GLH (52.68 %, 55.75 % and 53.02 %) compared to the combined NNA extract at 15 % and 10 %. The neem, nochi and adhatoda (NNA) leaf extract @ 15 % has a moderate impact on beneficial arthropods, expressed as percent impact over control (PIOC) for natural enemies like spiders (27.70), coccinellids (32.99), rove beetles (10.88), mirid bugs (19.95) and ground beetles (43.99). Foliar application of NNA leaf extract at 10 % resulted in lower PIOC values (26.28 %, 31.33 %, 10.14 %, 18.74 % and 39.86 %, respectively, for spiders, coccinellids, rove beetles, mirid bugs and ground beetles), indicating its relative safety for beneficial arthropods. The eco-friendly, cost-effective and residue-free nature of the cow-urine-based neem, nochi and adhatoda leaf extract can be easily incorporated into the Integrated Pest Management programmes in the organic rice production system.

Enhanced siderophore production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antagonism against fungal threats in sesame fields

T P Karthika, C Dileep — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

We succeeded in identifying and isolating three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, namely, P2LA3, N3D3 and KMND3, from the soil of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivation fields in Onattukara, Alappuzha district, Kerala, India. Further in-depth microbiological studies reveal that the maximum siderophore yield is observed in strain KMND3 (70.9 µM), followed by P2LA3 (54 µM) and N3D3 (27 µM). All these strains showed considerable antagonism against significant sesame fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Among these strains, KMND3 proved to be the most effective. Therefore, we focused on this strain for further study to demonstrate the influence of various physico-chemical parameters on siderophore production. This study identified several parameters that enhance production, such as starch as a carbon source, yeast as a nitrogen source and supplementary media containing Cd2+, Mn2+ and Hg2+. In contrast, a high concentration of iron was found to inhibit production. The results of our study confidently highlight the potential of P. aeruginosa strain KMND3 as a successful bio-control agent capable of suppressing fungal pathogens in sesame through siderophore-based mechanisms.

Enhancing brinjal resilience to little leaf disease through bio-intensive management

Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Little leaf disease, caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii, is a major risk to brinjal cultivation, leading to reduced yield and quality. Traditional chemical control methods offer only temporary relief and pose environmental risks. This study aimed to develop a bio-intensive strategy for managing little leaf disease by identifying effective rhizobacterial isolates with plant growth-promoting traits. Among 100 isolates screened, Bacillus licheniformis (B 67) demonstrated the highest indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) activity, siderophore activity and phosphorus solubilisation, followed by isolate B 38. Pot culture experiments revealed that treatments involving seedling treatment and drenching with B. licheniformis (B 67) or Bacillus subtilis (Bbv 57), combined with need-based application of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE 5%), demonstrated significant reductions in disease incidence and improvements in plant health. Field trials validated the efficacy of an Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) module developed from the findings of pot culture studies. The module comprised seedling treatment with B. licheniformis (B 67) and B. subtilis, drenching with humic acid, foliar applications of ferrous sulphate and zinc sulphate and targeted chemical sprays. This approach achieved the lowest disease incidence and significantly improved yield compared to untreated controls. The study underscores the potential of bio-intensive management strategies integrating rhizobacteria, micronutrients and eco-friendly sprays to sustainably manage little leaf disease while enhancing crop resilience and productivity. These results provide evidence for environmentally safe and effective alternatives to chemical-based disease management in brinjal cultivation.

In vitro biological activity of seed oil of Withania coagulans and synthesis of catalyst from residual biomass

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Withania coagulans is a well-known medicinal plant reported to possess numerous biological activities. However, the plant remains underutilized compared to other medicinal plants due to lack of clinical and analytical studies. In the present study, in vitro biological activities of oil extracted from seeds of W. coagulans were studied along with synthesis and characterization of catalyst from residue obtained post oil extraction. The extracted oil exhibited DPPH-radical scavenging activity, protein denaturation activity and in vitro -? amylase inhibitory activity. These activities were comparable to the corresponding activities of standard compounds indicating diverse medicinal potential of the oil. The residue obtained post oil extraction was utilized for synthesis of catalyst. The synthesized catalyst was characterized to identify the nature of the catalyst. Catalyst synthesized from residue was found to be silica-based catalyst, crystalline in nature and EDX mapping revealed catalyst to comprise of C, O, Na, Si, P and Ca. Interpretation of results obtained depict potential utilization of W. coagulans for diversified traditional as well as industrial application.

Evaluation of variability and principal component analysis in segregating populations of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

R Sangeetha Vishnupraba, PL Viswanathan, S Manonmani, L Rajendran, T Selvakumar — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Groundnut is a favourable and profitable crop for resource-poor farmers in Africa and Asia, both for edible oil production and direct consumption. There is significant potential to breed high-yielding, better-quality groundnut cultivars by generating new variations through artificial techniques. In this study, the F2 generations of the crosses CO 7 × Chico and ICGV 07222 × Chico was analysed to assess the variability created through artificial hybridization in groundnut. The various yield and yield-related traits were analysed to estimate genetic parameters, skewness, kurtosis and subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The variability study of the F2 population from both crosses revealed significant variations for the traits under study. The traits “days to accumulation of 25 flowers” and “shelling %” showed low GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) and PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation) in both populations. Most traits exhibited moderate to high heritability and genetic advance, whereas “days to accumulation of 25 flowers” and “maturity duration” had moderate heritability and low genetic advance. Only shelling % had low estimates of heritability and genetic advances.
Tests for skewness and kurtosis revealed that both F2 population did not follow a normal distribution. The traits “days to maturity”, “shelling %”, “kernel yield,” and “hundred kernel weight” displayed significant positive skewness. The traits “days to accumulation of 25 flowers”, “number of matured pods”, “height of main axis”, “shelling %”, “hundred pods” and “hundred kernel weight” and “pod yield” showed platy- kurtosis, while “Kernel yield” displayed lepto-kurtosis in both populations.
The first principal component explained 37 % and 32 % of the total variance in the 2 F2 populations respectively, with a focus on yield-related traits. The PCA biplot effectively clustered the genotypes based on the 10 different traits studied and clearly, grouped the population based on maturity duration. Thus, hybridization created significant variation in groundnut for all yield-related traits and yield, except for “days to maturity”. The traits require further enhancement using additional sources and could be improved through intense selection.

Eco-investments: Quantification of carbon sequestration potential and economic valuation of multifunctional agroforestry system

Mon, 06 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The study was carried out to quantify the carbon stock and sequestration potential of the multifunctional agroforestry (MFA) system established for small and marginal farmers in Tamil Nadu, India. The MFA consists of 316 multi-utility trees and shrubs across four quadrats and border trees on a 0.75 acre land. The results showed significant variation in the above-ground and below-ground carbon stock among the different tree and shrub species. Neolamarckia cadamba recorded the highest above and below-ground stock of 70.65 kg tree-1 and 18.37 kg tree-1, respectively. The total carbon sequestered by the vegetation was 3.82 tons (3823.94 kg), with the highest contribution from Quadrat II (1591.85 kg) and the lowest from border trees (132.30 kg). The soil organic carbon (SOC) stock decreased with increasing depth, with the maximum stock observed in the 0–20 cm layer. The total change in SOC stock from the MFA during the study period was 12.99 mg ha-1, with a carbon sequestration rate of 0.18 mg ha-1 yr-1. The total carbon revenue from the vegetation and soil was estimated at US$ 311.4 (US$ 140.3 from vegetation and US$ 171.1 from soil). The findings highlight the significant potential of MFA systems in carbon sequestration and mitigation of climate change, particularly for small and marginal farmers in developing countries.

An in silico molecular strategy to uncover medication against SARS CoV-2 from coastal grass Spinifex littoreus (Burm f.) Merr.

J Vedhamani, I P Ajithkumar — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The coronavirus (COVID-19) caused a global public health disaster and every outbreak is believed to have a natural cure. Hence, this investigation aims to identify a suitable target to inhibit viral multiplication using Spinifex littoreus and to control the binding of human ACE2 receptors with the viral protein through molecular docking. This investigation aids in finding a SARS-CoV-2 antagonist in the coastal grass S. littoreus. Through GC-MS analysis, 22 different phytochemical compounds were screened from the methanolic and chloroform extracts of S. littoreus. Using Swiss ADME software, the drug-likeness properties of the screened compounds were examined. Of the 22 screened compounds, only seven adhere to Lipinski's rule of five. The compound 1-methylene-2b-hydroxymethyl-3,3-dimethyl-4b -(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-cyclohexane was docked against 3CLPRO and the spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The free binding energies of the target proteins are -6.12 kcal/mol and -6.0 kcal/mol, respectively. A stronger ligand -protein interaction results in lower binding energy. These findings could contribute to the development of a new medication for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

Fruit consumption: Exploring consumer demand for exotic fruits in India - Trends and preferences

Kannan Vinodh, Kandaswamy Mahendran, Sengodan Moghana Lavanya — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Exotic fruits, characterized by their unique flavors, vibrant colors and diverse nutritional profiles, have gained significant popularity in the Indian retail market, reflecting changing consumer preferences and a growing awareness of health benefits. This study explores the fruit consumption, import statistics of fruits and consumer preferences for exotic fruits in Coimbatore city, focusing on demographic characteristics, market availability and the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes influencing purchasing decisions. A survey was conducted to assess the demographic profile of exotic fruit consumers, revealing a predominantly educated and diverse group, with a significant proportion aged 31-45 years. Market analysis identified a wide range of imported fruits, highlighting their price points and seasonal availability. A conjoint analysis was performed to understand the importance of various attributes, including fruit appearance, taste, price and packaging size. Results of the study indicate that vibrant colors and competitive pricing are critical factors in consumer choices, with taste preferences favoring mild sweet and tangy flavors. The study also presents utility values for different product combinations, emphasizing the importance of aligning marketing strategies with consumer preferences. Ultimately, this research contributes to the understanding of consumer behavior regarding exotic fruits and offers practical recommendations for stakeholders in the fruit supply chain.

Influence of seed priming to alleviate the seed dormancy and growth performance in wild moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal)

Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

To determine the most effective techniques for breaking moth bean seed dormancy and evaluating the impact of seed priming on growth performance and storage potential, experiments were conducted in 2022–23 at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur. The study examined various treatments for reducing seed dormancy and enhancing growth performance in wild moth beans. Freshly harvested wild moth bean seeds were subjected to seven different seed priming methods: soaking in water for 4 hours and 6 hours; soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) at 100 ppm for 30 min. and 60 min; and soaking in potassium nitrate (0.02 M) for 30 min. Compared against untreated control. The results revealed that seeds soaked in GA3 (100 ppm) showed significantly higher germination and superior seedling growth parameters than the other treatments.
Regarding the soaking durations, seeds soaked in GA3 (100 ppm) for 60 min recorded higher seed germination and seedling vigour. Seed quality measures were assessed at trimonthly intervals while dormancy broken seeds were kept in Thanjavur's ambient settings for 9 months. As per the results of the storage experiment, wild moth bean seeds were kept for 9 months without significantly reducing their germination rate. Further, a linear reduction was observed in seedling length. A significant increase was recorded in moisture, EC, dehydrogenase, alpha-amylase, and superoxide dismutase. Current research concluded that wild moth bean seeds were treated with GA3 (100 ppm for 60 min) as a seed priming procedure to break dormancy and preserve seed vigour for up to nine months of storage.

In vitro assessment of entomopathogenic potential of indigenous Clonostachys rosea CR 02 against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in Potato

Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are economically important polyphagous pest species causing severe yield losses in Potato. To develop a biopesticide in an environmentally safe manner, the virulence and pathogenecity of the indigenous Clonostachys rosea CR 02 (Ascomycota, Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae) was assessed against whitefly under laboratory condition. The mortality was assessed at varying conidial concentrations and exposure times. Both factors, along with their interaction had significantly influenced, where the higher concentrations and longer exposure times increasing the mortality rate. Maximum mortality of B. tabaci nymphs of 75.83% at 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL on day 10, with median LC50 values of 3.24 × 106 and LT50 values of 1.0 × 108 was 6.82 day. For adult B. tabaci, mortality increased exponentially, reaching 52.5% by day 10 at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL. However, C. rosea CR 02 showed lower virulence against adults compared to nymphs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of infected nymph B. tabaci revealed conidial adherence, hyphal growth, hyphal penetration, conidiophore formation and completely colonized the host’s surface (24-96 hours post-inoculation). For adult B. tabaci, mycelial colonization observed 7 days after treatment. This study highlights the entomopathogenic potential of indigenous C. rosea CR 02 against B. tabaci and suggests their use for the environmentally sustainable pest management.

Efficiency of biochar and compost on soil bio-chemical properties and yield of knol-khol (Brassica oleracea L.)

Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A field experiment was conducted to assess how the combined application of biochar with various organic amendments affects the soil biochemical properties and the yield characteristics of knol-khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides L.). The outcomes showed that biochar with organic amendments substantially enhanced the biological characteristics of the soil as compared to the control treatment. There was a notable increment in soil microbial biomass carbon by 33.27 % and dehydrogenase activity by 5.68 % following the integrated application of farmyard manure, vermicompost and biochar (T₈). In addition, several knol-khol growth metrics showed significant improvement in T₈ compared to the control, including leaf number (1.36 times), plant height (1.38 times) and knob diameter (2.3 times). In T₈, the knolkhol production increased by a remarkable 3 times, demonstrating the beneficial effects of the combined treatment on marketable output. The results of the experiment showed that T₈ had significantly higher levels of accessible nitrogen (12.38 %), available potassium (8.54 %), available phosphorus (24.19 %) and organic carbon (9.5 %) than the control. According to this, the concurrent application of farmyard manure, vermicompost and biochar enhanced soil fertility and boosted plant and microbial nutrient availability, which in turn led to higher profitability.

Isolation, identification, and in silico characterisation of antimicrobial peptides from mangrove plants, Suaeda nigra and Suaeda maritima

R P Gathala, U Yamini, M Gudivada — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Infectious diseases continue to be the primary cause of death, representing a significant public health issue globally. While antibiotics are an effective remedy, bacterial infections have developed resistance to these drugs, resulting in antibiotic treatment failure. Hence there is a quest for novel antibacterial agents from natural sources, including plants and other creatures. Plants possess the tendency to synthesise substances to defend themselves from challenging surroundings. This has prompted the investigation of antimicrobial peptides that are commonly derived and possess strong efficacy against pathogens. Moreover, the utilisation of mangroves in traditional medicine is garnering significant attention due to its reputation as an exceptional reservoir of bioactive substances for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, and others. Therefore, the current study concentrated on identifying the antimicrobial peptides from Suaeda nigra and Suaeda maritima. The analysis of leaf proteomes in S. nigra and S. maritima showed that the 15 and 20 KDa peptides exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, which were identified as Alpha-2-purothionin precursor and Vicin-like antimicrobial peptides-2-2-like proteins. The physicochemical characterization of Alpha-2-purothionin and Vicin-like antimicrobial peptides shows respective molecular weights of 14557.8 and 16353.78 Da. As well as their pI values were calculated as 5.13 and 6.11. The 3D structural analysis revealed that the Alpha-2-purothionin precursor and Vicin-like antimicrobial peptides showed an accurate model more similar to the templates PDB ID: 1nbl and PDB ID: 1fxzA. This study concluded that the identified proteins have significant antimicrobial potential against bacterial and fungal species, and their predicted structures were reliable.

Impact of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizer rates on nitrogen uptake dynamics and nutrient use efficiency in wheat

G P Sai, A Singh, S Sarkar, Z A Sana, Pallavi, A Chakraborty, I Fatima — Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A field experiment was performed to assess the impact of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilizer rates, along with their interactions, on nutrient uptake, content and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat at various growth stages. The study examined the effects of administering 40 kg N, 80 kg N, and 120 kg N alongside 0 kg S, 15 kg S, and 30 kg S on N and S uptake, as well as grain and shoot nutrient content during wheat ontogeny. Nitrogen uptake and concentration in wheat grain and shoots were significantly increased by 120 kg of N and 30 kg of S. At 120 kg N + 30 kg S, shoots (13.91, 34.80, 41.50 and 39.89 kg/ha) and grains (152.36 kg/ha) showed the highest uptake, with the lowest recorded in the control. Sulphur uptake followed a similar pattern, peaking at 120 kg N + 30 kg S (3.17, 6.91, and 8.36 kg/ha) in the shoots. This treatment had the highest S levels in shoots (0.67%, 0.44%, and 0.34%) and grain (0.288%) compared to the control group. The 120 kg N + 30 kg S treatment had the highest NUE and sulphur use efficiency (SUE) (91.31% and 84.10%, respectively), while the 40 kg N + 0 kg S and 40 kg N + 15 kg S treatments recorded the lowest values (53.14% and 11.03%). Nitrogen production efficiency peaked at 21.187 kg yield/kg N at 120 kg N and 0 kg S, but S production efficiency decreased with higher S levels. Balancing N and S improved nutrient absorption, content, and utilization efficiency in the wheat production system.

Optimization of irrigation and nitrogen for sustainable rice cultivation: emissions and yield impact

Ashwini S, Sakthivel N, Pazhanivelan S, Ramah K, Janaki P, Ravichandran V — Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Rice cultivation is integral to global food security and exports but contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, mainly methane (CH?) and nitrous oxide (N?O), exacerbating climate change. This study evaluates the effects of three irrigation practices-conventional flooding (CF), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and the modified system of rice intensification (MSRI) on CH? and N?O emissions and rice yields over two seasons (Kar 2022 and Samba 2023). A split-plot design with five nitrogen management strategies was employed, with weekly gas sampling and yield measurements at harvest. Among the treatments, the MSRI method, combined with 75% of the recommended nitrogen dose and a 0.4% foliar nano-urea spray (M3S5), recorded the lowest CH? emissions at 50-60 mg CH?/m²/day, compared to 120-130 mg CH?/m²/day under CF. In contrast, N?O emissions under MSRI peaked at 11-13 µg N?O/m²/day, higher than CF (5-7 µg N?O/m²/day). MSRI also achieved the highest rice yields, averaging 6029 kg/ha in Kar 2022 and 6018 kg/ha in Samba 2023, compared to 5500-5700 kg/ha under AWD. These findings highlight the potential of MSRI with optimized nitrogen management as a sustainable alternative, balancing high productivity with reduced CH? emissions and offering a pathway for climate-resilient rice farming.

Comparative toxicity of certain medicinal plants against invasive chili thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny)

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Chilli thrips, Thrips parvispinus, is an invasive pest causing significant yield losses of up to 80%. To manage this, pest farmers rely only upon insecticides and this situation leads to insecticidal residues being higher than the maximum residual level (MRL). To find out alternative strategies to insecticides, a laboratory bioassay was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of leaf extracts from medicinal and aromatic plants, including Adhatoda vasica, Andrographis paniculata and Coleus aromaticus, against T. parvispinus. The plant extracts were tested at a concentration of 20%, and adult mortality was observed within 24 h of exposure. The results showed that A. vasica leaf extract had the highest toxicity with an LC50 of 7.90%, followed by A. paniculata with an LC50 of 11.14%, and C. aromaticus with the lowest toxicity at an LC50 of 13.92%. A field study was also conducted to evaluate the efficacy of A. vasica leaf extract against the invasive thrips, T. parvispinus, in chilli under field conditions. The results indicated that A. vasica leaf extract at 5 mL/L (43.91 to 45.52%) and 7 mL/L (49.32 to 50.98%) were the most effective doses against T. parvispinus at both locations, besides being safer to natural enemies chilli. The present findings confirm that A. vasica leaf extract (10%) could be a potential eco-friendly alternative to chilli farmers against T. parvispinus.

A systems biology-based study to assess the effects of TNF-alpha ± apigenin in triple-negative breast cancer cell line

E Amjad, B Sokouti, S Asnaashari, S Dastmalchi — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Various treatment methods are available for breast cancer, but therapies with minimal toxic side effects are particularly important. This study computationally investigates the impact of apigenin, a compound used in traditional Chinese medicine, on the TNBC cell line. The GSE120550 dataset was retrieved from the NCBI-GEO database. BRB-ArrayTools were used for pre- and post-processing to identify significantly differentially expressed genes. Additionally, the DAVID web server was utilized to analyze three main components: "biological process," "cellular component," and "molecular function," along with the KEGG signaling pathway. Finally, a Venn diagram was employed to thoroughly investigate the number of shared genes among 15 groups derived from 6 compared sample sets. The primary analysis of 6 pairs of samples revealed significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were prioritized using the TOPPgene web server. These identified genes, playing key roles in inhibiting the progression of BC, are involved in various signaling pathways. Protein-protein interaction network analysis highlighted the biomarkers associated with the inhibitory effects of apigenin across the 15 sets derived from the 6 sample pairs. The findings of this study confirm the inhibitory effects of apigenin, with no toxic side effects, on patients with TNBC. This natural compound holds promise for future therapeutics and novel drug designs.

Unveiling genetic variation in Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) germplasm: A combined approach of morphological characterization and multivariate analysis

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is a commercial crop that is predominantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions, with India emerging as the largest producer globally. This study focused on the genetic diversity and morphological characterization of Gossypium barbadense L., the second most cultivated cotton species. Comprehensive data encompassing qualitative and quantitative traits, spanning morphological attributes to yield-contributing parameters were documented and analyzed using appropriate statistical analysis. The findings indicate the significance of specific attributes, viz., the number of monopodia and sympodia per plant, boll weight and fiber fineness, which emerged as highly reliable markers for selection. These traits exhibit elevated genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, along with substantial heritability and genetic advance as a percent of the mean. Based on per se performance, genotypes SBS 66, SBS 79 and EC 98254 will serve as a source for the selection of parents for improving traits viz., boll weight, upper half mean length, fibre fineness and single plant yield. Principal component analysis divided the total variance into 14 components and cluster analysis segregated the germplasm into 5 distinct clusters, highlighting the substantial genetic variation and the genotypes 3530, CBS 202, ERB 4488 and EGYPTIAN, which can be used as parents in the future breeding programme.

Screening rice genotypes for nitrogen efficiency under graded nitrogen application

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The global application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers continues to rise in efforts to bolster agricultural productivity. However, this surge in usage has led to significant N losses, resulting in low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) among genotypes and consequent water and air pollution. Although many studies advocate reducing N fertilizer usage, research on screening rice genotypes under graded N application is limited. This study aimed to screen rice genotypes to identify N use efficient cultivars under varying nitrogen levels: N0, N50, N100 and N150. The study also sought to identify key physiological traits linked to grain yield under reduced N conditions. Grain yield decreased by 45.2 % at N0 and 21.4 % at N50 while increasing by 22.3 % at N150 compared to N100. Under reduced N application (N0 and N50), MTU-1010, Vasumati, DRR Dhan-58, Varadhan, Brown Gora SB 92, Tulasi, BV-1692 and DRRH2 exhibited least reduction in grain yield, over N100. Notably, parameters such as ?PSII (actual quantum yield of PSII), ETR (electron transport rate) and qP (coefficient of photochemical quenching) displayed a robust positive association with grain yield under reduced N application compared to the recommended (N100) and high (N150) N application. This underscores the significance of PSII photochemistry in enhancing grain production under limited N. Consequently, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence traits emerge as promising indicators for screening rice genotypes with enhanced NUE under limited N scenarios. In summary, the study conclusively identifies Varadhan as a genotype demonstrating high efficiency in nitrogen utilization, both in terms of grain yield and GYEI, particularly under reduced N regimes.

Antibacterial effect of aqueous extract of Syzygium Aromaticum and floxacin against gram negative and positive bacteria: an in-vitro study

GA Al-Oudah, NKK Hindi, LAM Al-Shalah, RM Jalil Ewadh, SM Mohammed — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Syzygium aromaticum is an antibacterial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms. A broad range of anti-disease activities estimate its potential therapeutic uses in treating numerous infectious disorders. The study aims to understand better how Syzygium aromaticum extract inhibits human pathogenic bacteria and demonstrate how the extract works to prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms and adhesion. The antibacterial action of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum was evaluated by using disc diffusion and the assay Agar-well diffusion. Its efficacy was compared with the antibiotic and determined. Additionally, tests on adherence and biofilm formation were conducted. All bacteria isolated from gram-negative (G -ve) and gram-positive (G +ve) bacteria were sensitive to Syzygium aromaticum extract and the range of inhibition zone (20 to 28) mm. Most isolated bacteria were sensitive to floxacin. Most bacterial isolates of Gram-negative bacteria exhibited Moderate adherence and biofilm activity to these extracts. Some bacteria isolates exhibited high adherence and biofilm activity to aquatic extracts of Syzygium aromaticum. The studys' findings were that the extracts from Syzygium aromaticum were highly effective against a variety of G-positive and G-negative isolated clinically, suggesting that they are superior to antibiotics sold in stores. Apart from strong resistance to adhesion and biofilm development.

Biodiversity and ethnobotanical significance of vascular plants in the ecological trail and reservation site of indigenous trees (ECOTRIS), Ifugao Province, Philippines

E D Bimmoy — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study examines the macrofloral diversity and ethnobotanical significance of the Ecological Trail and Reservation Site of Indigenous Trees (ECOTRIS) in Ifugao Province, Philippines. The site is compartmentalized into four distinct land-use areas: an arboretum of native trees, a bamboo plantation, a fern grove, and a grassland with patches of trees. Biodiversity assessments were conducted across three plots established near the water tributaries, revealing the highest diversity index in the midstream plot, attributed to its dense canopy structure. Biodiversity indices using the Shannon index showed that the sampling plot near the stream had the highest value (3.02). In contrast, sampling sites near the marginal land and bamboo plantation had values of 2.56 and 2.78, respectively. Similarity indices indicated that Plot 1 had the highest similarity attributed to the high presence of pioneering species dominating the canopy, while Plot 3 exhibited lower species. Species Importance Value (SIV) analysis highlighted the pioneering species, particularly Melanolepis multiglandulosa Merr. dominated the sampling area. The study documented 22 edible plant species and 35 ethnobotanically significant trees, underscoring local floras’ cultural and medicinal value. This research emphasizes the ecological and cultural importance of preserving indigenous species and highlights the need for sustainable management practices to mitigate human-induced disturbances in the region. The findings underscore the potential of ECOTRIS as a field gene bank, advocating for sustainable management and the integration of indigenous conservation practices to enhance its ecological value and heritage.

Assessing the genetic landscape of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra L. Gaertn) progeny trial: a cluster analysis for sustainable natural fibre resources

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Ceiba pentandra, commonly known as the kapok tree or silk-cotton tree, exhibits diverse ecological roles, medicinal properties, economic value, and cultural significance. In this context, thirty-plus C. pentandra (kapok) trees were selected from various locations in the Theni and Dindigul districts of Southern Tamil Nadu based on superior traits by using the comparison tree method. Harvested pods provided seeds for establishing a progeny trial to evaluate seed source variation and other associated studies. Eleven traits were examined, including pod length, pod diameter, pod weight, shell weight, lint weight, floss weight, seed weight, number of seeds, tree height, girth at breast height, and number of branches. After two years and seven months, significant variations were observed among the genotypes in terms of biometric parameters and pod attributes of C. pentandra. Most characters, including pod weight, pod length, pod diameter, and floss weight, exhibited high heritability values and substantial genetic advances as a percentage of the mean. Cluster analysis categorized the thirty genotypes into four clusters. Notably, considering floss weight as a pivotal trait due to its significance as an alternate source of natural fibres, genotypes g28, g29, and g30 (originating from Sirumalai, Dindigul) were identified as superior to other genotypes. These genotypes can be utilized for further research programs to study genetic diversity at the genome level using advanced molecular tools.

Synergistic effects of seaweed extract presoaking and foliar spray on the performance of paddy improved kavuni (CO 57)

R Elamparithi , K Sujatha, V Alex Albert, T Sivakumar, A Gurusamy, M L Mini — Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop and a primary source of sustenance for more than half of the world's population. Seed treatments and foliar applications have emerged as effective methods to enhance growth and yield attributes. In this study, improved kavuni (CO 57) seeds were used for a field experiment conducted during the Samba season (2023). The experiment was designed using a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 15 treatments and three replications, focusing on foliar spray applications. The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of Sargassum myricocystum, Kappaphycus alvarezii methanol extract and foliar spray on rice growth and productivity. The results revealed that the combined application of presoaking seeds in 0.5 % Sargassum myricocystum methanol extract with a foliar spray of 2.5 % seaweed extract at the panicle initiation and flowering stages (T1F2) significantly enhanced plant growth and yield parameters. Higher plant height (121 cm), leaf area index (4.85), dry matter production (5180 kg ha- ¹), productive tillers (281 m- ²), filled seeds per panicle (170), 1000 seed weight (22.34 g), seed yield (4552 kg ha- ¹) and straw yield (6370 kg ha- ¹) were recorded under T1F2 compared to other treatments. The use of organic input seaweed extracts, improved plant quality and yield sustainably without harming the natural ecosystem. This study highlights the significant potential of seaweed extracts in enhancing overall crop performance, leading to optimal plant growth characteristics and yield attributes. The findings emphasise the role of organic inputs in promoting sustainable agriculture, contributing to environmental conservation while supporting food security.

Antifungal activity of ethanol and methanol extracts from Ageratum conyzoides L. against Fusarium oxysporum

Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Billygoat weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is generally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. This herb not only has activity against a range of crop pests and pathogens but also boasts a rich history of traditional medicinal use across various countries worldwide. Studies of Ageratum conyzoides have provided evidence of the presence of a wide variety of phytochemicals that are capable of demonstrating its pesticidal, antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of various extracts from the billygoat weed on the antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, a fungus that causes diseases for many crops. The billygoat weed powder was extracted with 2 solvents, ethanol and methanol at 4 concentrations (30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 90 %) and the antifungal activity of the extracts was determined by measuring the inhibition of fungal growth diameter at different extract concentrations (0 %, 1 %, 2 %, 4 % and 8 %). The results demonstrate that the E90 and M90 extracts, at a concentration of 8 %, exhibit better antifungal activity compared to the other extracts at the same concentration, with inhibition rates of 87.21 % and 89.77 % respectively. Moreover, when conducting a 2-factor ANOVA analysis, there was an interaction between solvent strength and extract solution concentration on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Hence, Ageratum conyzoides has the potential to be applied in the control of some harmful fungi on plants, oriented as biological pesticides.

In vitro anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic effect of Citrus reticulata- and Citrus limonum-incorporated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

Ajithan S Lakshmi , Ganapathy Dhanraj M , Shanmugam Rajeshkumar — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is an excellent biocompatible material with osteoconductive potential. Numerous studies have reported the potential role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in bone tissue engineering because of their bone cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Likewise, citrus fruits possess anti-oxidant properties. Anti-oxidants are found to reduce oxidative stress, which in turn is found to be effective in bone remodelling. Also, the ease, cheap availability, and potential benefits make citrus fruits a material of choice. So, this study aimed to green synthesize Citrus reticulata- and Citrus limonum-mediated HAP nanoparticles. The green synthesis of C. reticulata- and C. limonum-mediated HAP nanoparticles were conducted and the anti-inflammatory properties of the nanoparticles were assessed using the membrane stabilization assay, the bovine serum albumin denaturation assay, and the egg albumin denaturation assay. The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was also assessed, and the assay used for evaluation was brine shrimp lethality. The successful green synthesis of C. reticulata- and C. limonum-mediated HAP nanoparticles was done. Also, the results revealed that the anti-inflammatory actions of the green synthesized nanoparticle are comparable with the standard. Based on the study results, it was revealed that the green synthesized C. reticulata- and C. limonum-mediated HAP nanoparticles are non-cytotoxic and possess anti-inflammatory activity.

Elemental analysis of humic acid through FTIR and GCMS method and evaluation of humic acid as bio-stimulant for enhancing the yield and quality of rice

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The use of humic substances (HS) as a bio-stimulant emerged as one of the sustainable ways of crop production. The purpose of this study is to analyze the chemical structure of humic acids (HA) through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. This study also aimed to assess the effect of applying HA on the paddy (CO-55 rice variety) to improve the yield and quality of the crop. The experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design with three biological replications in July- 2023 and November-2023-24 at wetland farm (11o 0’5.73’’N latitude, 76o55’33.16’’E longitude for Kharif season and 11o0’7.65’’N latitude, 76055’35.64’’E longitude for Rabi season, respectively), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Here, four different concentrations of HA viz. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 & 0.4% were applied at active tillering and panicle initiation stages of rice along with soil test crop response - integrated plant nutrient system (STCR-IPNS) recommendation-based fertilizers. The application of various treatments showed positive effects in all the parameters of crops viz. growth, yield & quality of rice. Foliar application of HA at 0.3 % recorded the highest grain yield of 5975 and 6245 kg ha-1 which was 5.75 and 6.0 % over control treatment and quality of rice grain viz. protein content (11.9 &13.4 %) and starch (93 & 90 %) in Kharif and Rabi season, respectively.

Promising segregants for enhanced grain yield under moisture stress in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

B L Sahithya, G Uday, D L kumar — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This study aimed to identify transgressive segregants with enhanced yield under moisture stress condition. A population of UAS 375 × HTWYT_66 was developed by hybridizing UAS 375 (a rainfed variety) with HTWYT_66 (NDVI > 0.74 under stress). A total of 125 F3:4 progeny lines were evaluated under restricted irrigation during the rabi 2023-24 season, revealing significant genetic variation. Traits such as peduncle length, flag leaf length, grains per spike, and grain yield exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance, indicating the predominance of additive gene action, which makes them ideal for selection. Grain yield was positively correlated with plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf length, tillers per plant, and thousand-grain weight. Conversely, early maturity showed a negative correlation with grain yield, suggesting that early-maturing varieties perform better under moisture stress conditions. Path coefficient analysis revealed strong direct effects of thousand-grain weight (0.409), peduncle length (0.253), and plant height (0.129) on grain yield, emphasizing these traits as key targets for selection. Principal component analysis indicated that three components collectively explained 61.5% of the observed variation in the UAS 375 × HTWYT_66 population. Selection indices incorporating traits such as plant height, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield demonstrated high genetic gains with a minimal number of characters involved. Promising segregants, including F4:23-24 (11) and F4:23-24 (71), exhibited high yields under moisture stress, making them potential donor lines for breeding programs aimed at enhancing yield in such challenging conditions.

Unshackle Pseudomonas putida GN1 and organic amendments against root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) control by plant growth promotion in groundnut

Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The efficacy of Pseudomonas putida (GN1) and Burholderia cepacia (KKM1) as seed treatment and soil application along with neem cake against groundnut root rot and stem rot disease was evaluated under rainfed conditions during the years 2021, 2022 and 2023. The present study is to evaluate biocontrol agents and organic amendments against Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rolfsii in peanut. The result showed that neem cake (10 %) recorded the maximum inhibition of Macrophomona phaseolina (40.91 %) and S. rolfsii (45.45 %) under in vitro whereas neem cake combined with P. putida and B. cepacia as seed treatment 10 g/kg of seed and soil Application of P. putida @ 2.5 kg + Neem cake 150 kg/ha decreases the soil-borne diseases of root rot (71.70 %) and stem rot (64.88 %) and also increased the yield 2130.48 kg/ha with the cost-benefit ratio of 2.74 under rainfed field conditions comparing to other treatments. In addition, the same treatment increased the total root length (2110.41 mm), Root tips (573 Nos), forks (501 Nos), Maximum diameter (18.11 mm) and estimated volume (27170 cm3 ) when using BioVis PSM Root -Rhizoscanner.

Assessment and analysis of plant vegetation under oil palm from 2000 and 2017 plantation

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Intensive use of chemicals in agricultural cultivation such as fertilizers and pesticides has caused a decline in plant diversity in agricultural ecosystems in recent decades. This study aims to determine the diversity of weeds and dominant weeds in oil palm plantations in the planting years 2000 and 2017. The research was carried out from January to June 2023 at the oil palm plantation PT Perkebunan Nasional III, Kebun Sei Putih, North Sumatra using the 1 m ? 1 m quadratic method. In oil palm stands in the 2000 planting year, the grass weed Cirtococcum oxyphyllum was found as the dominant weed with a high importance index and Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR), while in oil palm stands in the 2017 planting year, the broadleaf weed Ageratum conyzoides was found as the dominant weed. Species diversity (H') under oil palm stands in the 2000 planting year ranged between 0.67-1.61, which means that species diversity is low to moderate, and in 2017 planting year ranged between 1.34-1.64, which means that species diversity is moderate. The community coefficient value for both planting years was low, namely below 75 percent, which means that the weed community in both planting years was very diverse.

Optimal potassium fertilization mitigates drought stress effects on sugarcane growth and physiology

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Sugarcane is a key global crop, providing up to 60 % of raw sugar material. However, abiotic stress factors, especially water scarcity, significantly limit its productivity by reducing nutrient uptake and transport within the plant. Ensuring proper nutrition is essential to improve stress tolerance and maintain sugarcane yield. This study conducted a two-factor experiment following a completely randomized design in a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of potassium application (in soil) on the growth and physiology of a sugarcane cultivar named ROC27 (ROC27 cv.) under a drought condition. The first factor was potassium application (in the form of potassium oxide) with 4 different rates, including K1 (0 kg/ha), K2 (100 kg/ha), K3 (150 kg/ha) and K4 (200 kg/ha), while the second factor was irrigation with 2 treatments: control (normal irrigation daily); drought (no irrigation from 100-120 days after planting). Here, we revealed that drought significantly affected sugarcanes' growth and physiological characteristics as it decreased plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, total plant dry weight and stem fresh weight. Different rates of potassium oxide application in the soil also showed different influences on the growth and development of sugarcane. Applying 100 kg/ha potassium oxide resulted in the highest growth and physiological performance under drought conditions. Furthermore, plants from this treatment also recorded the highest stem fresh weight of ROC27 at the end of the recovery period (20 days of re-watering after drought treatments). Taken together, these results indicate that an appropriate amount of potassium oxide application significantly enhanced sugarcane physiological traits and mitigated the adverse effects of drought on plant growth and development.

Genotype trait analysis to identify potential resistant types to root knot nematode in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Six F1 hybrids were tested for nematode resistance along with their parents and commercial cultivars for two seasons and the pooled mean results were analysed to explore the genetic potential of traits linked to specific genotypes. Nine quantitative, four qualitative and six physiological parameters were analyzed to identify superior hybrids through statistical models viz., analysis of variance, GE biplot and Wards clustering. The hybrids Hisar Arun×HN2 (susceptible), Arka Abha×HN2 and LE 812×HN2 (resistant) were found to be superior for yield per plant under stressed conditions. Higher plant height was observed in IIHR 2868 (86.21cm), primary branch in Arka Abha×HN2 (5.68) and shorter root length in Hisar Lalith (16 cm). Resistant hybrids exhibited earlier flowering i.e., 25 days and less fruit number. The susceptible genotypes expressed lower fruit number (17-20 fruits) on the contrary resistant hybrids had more than 20 fruits. The yield ranged between 667 g in CLN2123A to 1189 g in Hisar Arun×HN2. Under stressed conditions, the resistant hybrids Arka Abha×HN2 and LE 812×HN2 produced yields of 1169 g and 1153 g, respectively. Genotype Trait Biplot revealed that the PC1 and PC2 had contributed 70 % to the total variance and positive contributions to parents and hybrids were capped. The hybrids LE 812×HN2 and Arka Abha×HN2 can be well utilized in root knot nematode infested fields. The contribution of parents and its hybrids, associated traits and their interrelationships provide new dimension for the breeders to select trait specific parents and hybrids for crop improvement programs.

Impact of national development programs and legislations on the cereal crops seed sector in Iraq

ben ammou Saloua , Ammar Mamdooh Abdulqader, Ahmed Muhammad Jassim Al-Aqidi — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Agriculture is a crucial economic sector in Iraq, benefiting from abundant natural resources, skilled labor and essential infrastructure. These elements have enabled the sector to play a significant role in agricultural development, particularly in the production of strategic crops. Between 2010 and 2020, the Iraqi government implemented various policies and legislation aimed at advancing the seed sector. These efforts focused on supporting and developing seed-producing entities across governmental, mixed and private sectors, positioning them as essential instruments for executing the strategies of the government. Modern agricultural technologies, especially improved seeds, have been vital in boosting productivity and reducing costs. Therefore, the government has prioritized the adoption of advanced technologies within its agricultural policies and programs. These scientific innovations, particularly in seed production, are key to enhancing the cultivation of strategic crops. Improved seeds have thus become a cornerstone of Iraq’s agricultural development, contributing to both increased productivity and sustainable farming practices. This research aims to clarify the role of national development programs and legislation in strengthening the seed sector and increasing the production of strategic crops in Iraq. It reviews the progress in grain crop production between 2006 and 2020 and examines the most significant aspects of government policies, highlighting how legislation and national programs have played a pivotal role in the production of higher-grade seeds and the development of strategic crop cultivation.

Rice straw biostimulants: Phytochemicals and effects on maize growth and tomato yield

V Vinothkumar, P Janaki, T Chitdeshwari, E Parameswari, M Suganthy, R Krishnan — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Biostimulants offer sustainable alternatives to enhance plant growth, resilience and crop yield, especially in organic farming. This study aimed to develop a nutrient-enriched biostimulant from rice straw, a widely available agricultural by-product, often burned, leading to environmental pollution. Rice straw was collected, processed and extracted using cow urine and deionized water (1:50). The extracts underwent phytochemical analysis via GC-MS and LC-MS, identifying bioactive compounds such as fatty acids, sterols, phenols and flavonoids. Elemental analysis confirmed the presence of key nutrients and trace elements, including potassium and magnesium, essential for plant growth. In-vitro assays on maize (CO6 hybrid) evaluated the biostimulant’s efficacy, showing a 12 % increase in germination and a 25 % improvement in seedling vigor at optimal cow urine extract concentrations (CE) (25 %). Root length and shoot biomass also exhibited significant improvements. Field experiments on tomato cultivar (Madhan hybrid) compared the effects of the rice straw-based biostimulant with panchagavya, a traditional organic preparation, alongside controls including cow urine and water. The findings revealed that the rice straw-derived biostimulant markedly improved fruit yield by 22 % compared to the control. This enhancement exceeded that of panchagavya, which achieved a 17 % increase in fruit yield. These results underscore the superior efficacy of the rice straw-based treatment, especially those extracted with cow urine, in enhancing crop productivity, reducing reliance on synthetic agrochemicals and promoting environmentally sustainable agricultural practices.

Multi-trait selection in yellow kernel maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes using multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index

Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The production of food crops is greatly influenced by maize, which is essential to global food security. Genetic variation and selection are key components in maize breeding that maximize genetic gain and productivity. The present study, 238 maize genotypes were investigated for fourteen quantitative traits to identify diverse and desirable genotypes for future breeding and varietal development programs. Significant genotypic effects were observed for grain yield and its attributes and other agronomic traits, indicating potential for genotype selection. Multivariate PCA analysis revealed that the first four PCs (70.1 % of total variation) effectively captured the considerable diversity within traits. Key traits such as flowering time, plant height, ear height, ear characteristics, and grain yield were essential in distinguishing between the genotypes analyzed. A recently introduced multi-trait-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) was used to predict the selection gain and identify the effectively performed genotypes by considering multiple traits. The MGIDI predicts significant desired genetic gains across all characteristics. Strengths and weaknesses of selected genotypes based on MGIDI provided insights into their overall suitability and factor contributions. The genotypes G32, G76, G163, G212, and G169 were identified as performing better using the MGIDI method, considering their strengths and weaknesses for the traits analyzed. MGIDI is a powerful tool that can help breeders effectively select the most desirable genotypes in maize.

Morphological diversity and genetic potential of Aloe barbadensis Mill. accessions from diverse agro-climatic regions of Tamil Nadu, India

C Abinaya, J Suresh, S T Bini Sundar, E Kokiladevi, D Uma, N Bharathi — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Aloe barbadensis Mill. is a medicinal plant of great importance, widely cultivated for its therapeutic properties. However, limited research has been conducted on the morphological diversity of Aloe vera germplasm in India. This study assessed the morphological diversity of 40 A. vera accessions collected from different agro-climatic regions in Tamil Nadu, India. Eight quantitative morphological descriptors were evaluated. Significant variations were observed for all the studied traits, indicating substantial morphological diversity among the accessions. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three principal components (PC’s) accounted for 72.90% of the total variation. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into three main clusters based on morphological similarity. Associations were found between several traits, with correlation analysis showing significant positive correlations between plant size, leaf dimensions and yield-related traits. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for several characteristics, suggesting the potential for genetic improvement through selection. The findings highlight the morphological diversity in Tamil Nadu A. vera germplasm, which can be exploited for the genetic improvement and development of effective conservation strategies for this valuable medicinal plant. The morphological diversity observed in this study can be attributed to the diverse agro-climatic conditions and geographical locations from which the accessions were collected.

Evaluating the impact of an organic nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen availability and its influence on microbial population in paddy soil

Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

An incubation study was conducted to estimate the potential inhibition rates of nitrification using phytonim-coated fertilizers like urea and ammonium sulfate (AS) at different concentrations viz., 100 % and 65 % of the recommended dosage (RD) and additionally ammonifying bacteria (AB) was added with urea as one of the treatments. Samples were taken at 13 different intervals in a 45-day incubation experiment. Applying phytonim-coated fertilizers delayed the nitrification process for 35 days, improving the soils' available N. Ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation rates were reduced by 14 % and 35 % in phytonim-coated urea, 11 % and 23 % in phytonim-coated urea + AB and 24 % and 45 % in phytonim-coated AS, respectively over uncoated fertilizers. Nitrate reductase activity was reduced by 17 %, 16 % and 21 % in phytonim-coated fertilizers like urea, AS and urea + AB compared to uncoated fertilizers. Soil urease activity was inhibited in phytonim-coated urea (100 % RD and 65 % RD) of 9.6 % and 7.4 %, respectively, whereas 5.7 % and 6.7 % increased urease activity were observed in phytonim-coated urea + AB (100 % RD) and coated urea + AB (65 % RD). Increased soil dehydrogenase activity and FDA hydrolysis of 20 % and 15 % were observed in phytonim-coated urea, 15 % and 18 % in phytonim-coated urea + AB (100 % RD) and 17 % and 16 % in phytonim-coated AS over uncoated fertilizers. Results show that phytonim-coated AS (100 % RD) (T8) has inhibited nitrification most, followed by phytonim-coated urea (100 % RD) (T4) during the incubation period. This study concludes that applying organic nitrification inhibitors inhibited the nitrification and denitrification rates, affected the urea hydrolysis and positively affected the microbial population.

Biostimulants: Mitigation strategy for salinity stress in fruit crops

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The burgeoning specter of abiotic stresses caused by global climate change, including drought, salt, extremely high temperatures, heavy metals and UV radiation, has rendered fragile agroecosystems increasingly precarious. This has reduced the production and quality of fruit crops. The burden on plants might be even worse if several stressors occur at once. These multifarious stressors have led to a 70 % reduction in annual agricultural production globally, sparking the embers of food scarcity and stoking the fires of hunger within our ever-expanding populace. However, within this seemingly hopeless situation, a number of alternatives have surfaced as a glimmer of light. Biostimulants, derived from natural or organic sources, enhance plant development and resilience by enhancing their capacity to absorb nutrients, withstand stress and sustain overall health. The exogenous application of biostimulants on an organic basis has emerged as a powerful treatment for certain of them, promoting plant growth and production in the face of adversity. These biostimulants work across a wide range of pathways, composing a symphony of resistance to stress-related difficulties. Only a few papers have provided information on plant biostimulants’ impacts on fruit quality, which is connected to appearance, chemical composition and physical characteristics. The objective of this review is to assess the efficacy of externally applied organic biostimulants in improving plant growth and productivity, especially in challenging environments. These biostimulants enhance plant resilience, nutrient absorption and overall health, providing a sustainable solution to agricultural difficulties. They also have a sustainable appeal since they are organic, satisfying the desire of customers who are concerned about the advantages of eating healthier food.

Adapting cucurbits to diverse environments: Insights from GEI studies

B Madhumetha, H Usha Nandhini Devi, N Premalatha, A Sankari, P Geetha — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Recently, there has been increasing concern about crop failures and yield gaps attributed to climate change, as certain genotypes fail to achieve the desired yields or quality due to variations in external temperatures. To address this issue, breeders are working to develop climate-resilient varieties by incorporating relevant genes into cultivars or genotypes or by utilizing desirable source plants in the breeding process. Additionally, management practices are being implemented to mitigate environmental impacts. Multi-environmental trials (METs) are commonly employed by breeders to assess the adaptability of specific genotypes or cultivars across different locations and time periods. The data collected from these trials is then analyzed using stability statistical models designed for stability analysis, which allows for the evaluation of cultivar or genotype performance under varied environmental conditions. Over the past six decades, there has been a significant focus on modeling genotype-environment interactions (GEI), leading to the development of various mathematical methods and models to decipher GEI in METs, often referred to as "stability analyses." In the era of omics, phenomics techniques have emerged as valuable tools for screening morphological and physiological variations in genotypes resulting from environmental factors. This review emphasizes the importance of GEI in cucurbits, highlighting how environmental stress can alter physiological traits such as stomatal conductance, single leaf area, rooting depth, and membrane composition. Furthermore, it notes the accumulation of stress-related proteins under stress conditions, underscoring the significance of understanding GEI for effective crop management and breeding programs.

A comprehensive review on impact of climatic change on adaptability and mitigation in fruit crop

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Global warming and climate change are among the most pressing challenges confronting humanity in the 21st century. Climate change will result in rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns and an increased occurrence of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, cold spells, frost days, droughts and floods. The effects of climate change have recently become more evident, with rising temperatures, altered and irregular precipitation patterns and increased extreme weather events. These changes are directly impacting the maturity and development of fruit crops. Heat stress during flowering and fruit set can greatly reduce fruit production, while irregular rainfall may disrupt pollination and heighten the risk of pests and diseases. Furthermore, increased carbon dioxide levels can influence the quality characteristics of fruits. To maintain the ongoing production and sustainability of fruit crops, it is vital to enhance resilience. Focusing on developing new varieties that offer higher yield potential and resistance to various stresses, such as drought, flooding and salinity, is crucial for sustaining crop yields. Additionally, breeding programs should aim to enhance the germplasm of key tropical and subtropical fruit crops to improve heat stress tolerance. Recent advancements in genetic editing technologies present substantial opportunities for the agricultural sector, especially in enhancing fruit crop traits. These innovations can be precisely tailored to meet consumer preferences, which is crucial for driving commercial success. In this review, we strive to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of this important topic, along with recommendations for future research.

Chemical constituents and pharmacological potential of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Lamiaceae): A review

Soubhik Bhattacharyya , Kunal Datta, Priyabati Choudhury, Dhrubajyoti Sarkar — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Gmelina arborea Roxb. has been widely used in traditional medicine and is considered a vital component of Brihatpanchamoolya. It is also commonly used in modern medicine due to its rich content of phytochemicals. The primary consitutents include lignans, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and other bioactive compounds. Notably, the roots of Gmelina arborea contain glycosides, particulary flavone glycosides such as apigenin-7-rutinoside, luteolin-7-glucuronide, sitosterol, quercetin and apigenin. The leaves are rich in iridoid glycosides, flavonoids and sterols. The stem contains several lignans, including gmelanone, iso-arboreal, paulownin and gmelinol. Additionally, the flower contains verbascoside, a compound belonging to the class of iridoid glycosides. This species has diverse pharmaceutical applications, including anti-inflammatory properties. It also exhibits a wide range of beneficial effects, such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-tumour, cardioprotective, anticonvulsant and antihyperlipidemic activities. This study aims to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern research by examining the pharmacological and phytochemical properties of G. arborea. A comprehensive review was conducted using well-known academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. The findings were summarized and documented using bibliographic information, which may pay the way for future researcher in this area.

Health, food security and livelihood diversification in rural Odisha: A review

Dwity Sundar Rout, Atanu Deb, Preetha Bhadra, Avisweta Nandy — Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Shifting the livelihood is a genuine reason for maintaining family and grasping opportunity for the sake of development. In rural areas, the cause is intended for the ambition/hope of getting good remuneration which helps to revive the condition of health as well as diet. Due to the livelihood of rural people being mainly agriculture, the diversification of farmers from farming to other livelihoods warns us to be cautious and take necessary steps towards sustainability. This review study was meant to find out the reasons and challenges behind livelihood diversification and its impact on health and food security through a thorough observation of earlier research. After encountering the findings, the positive impacts of the OFFDI and Odisha Reform Programme are appreciated and those plans of work could be suggested to the developmental sectors whether there is a requirement for policy modification and close supervision of the administration of PDS. Nutritional status, health condition, as well as accessibility to medical facilities, are yet far behind the national average and seek more focus. Joint initiatives by the public and government, are suggested for fruitful inclusion of schemes along with health and food security. The goal of promoting climate-smart agriculture is to help primitive people become self-sufficient in terms of food security by producing food grains under difficult agroclimatic conditions at high altitudes. More no. of projects having development aspects can be proposed by NGOs which in turn will help in the reduction of diversification of livelihoods.

Review of assessing the impact of climate change on tank irrigation: vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Tank irrigation systems, crucial for global food security, face significant threats from climate change, including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased extreme weather events that impact water availability, compromising ecosystem conservation and agricultural productivity. This review article examines key strategies to enhance resilience in tank irrigation systems to address these challenges, ensuring sustainable development. In addition to bringing climate change impacts to urban communities, this survey raises one–of–a–kind difficulties, looking like mountains in which extreme slopes and precipitation designs intensify soil disintegration and make it difficult for water to be watered down. Strategies that work include using contour bunds, terracing, and checking dams to reduce runoff and retain more water. Vegetative barriers and afforestation improve slope stability, percolation pits and infiltration trenches increase groundwater recharge. By integrating these techniques, soil quality can be maintained and water availability can be resilient in urban and mountainous zones. Despite these strategies, challenges persist, including insufficient funding, limited institutional capacity, and inadequate climate information. Water quality becomes affected, and climate change becomes a big bane, like when the pH goes down due to acid rain in tank irrigation systems, which impacts soil health and crop productivity. These hazards are countered by lime treatment for acidity neutralization, buffer zone strategies facilitated with vegetative barriers to act as pollutants filters, and afforestation to reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions. Furthermore, developing climate-resilient infrastructure, encouraging water-saving technologies such as precision irrigation, and enhancing climate information services for farmers are also required to address knowledge gaps. Sustainable tank irrigation systems need stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers to collaborate to ensure food security and environmental resilience.

Sex evolution path involved in flowering plant family Cucurbitaceae: A review

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The predominant sexual system in the plant kingdom is hermaphroditism, where both female and male reproductive organs coexist within a single flower. The major parameters that influence the sexual systems are genetic variation, pollinator availability and type, mating system, ecological factors, geographical isolation, selective pressures, evolutionary history, polyploidy, hybridization and sexual conflict. These factors all play significant roles. Plants may evolve self-fertilization or outcrossing mechanisms based on their specific environmental conditions, reproductive strategies and evolutionary history. The interplay of these factors shapes the diverse range of sexual systems observed in plant species worldwide. The Cucurbitaceae family exhibits a highly specialized sex chromosome differentiation scheme with three major sexual patterns (monoecy, dioecy and hermaphroditism). In the present review, we focus on the evolution of gender in flowering plants of the Cucurbitaceae family, exploring the various paths and drivers involved in the evolution of dioecy. We also shed light on the sex chromosomes and phytohormones that contribute to gender diversification. Several molecular and genomic approaches have been recently applied to uncover the genetic basis of gender differentiation in different flowering plant species.

Thidiazuron as a defoliant to facilitate mechanical harvesting in cotton: A comprehensive review

Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Cotton is primarily cultivated for its commercial fiber, which plays a significant role in India’s agro-industrial sector. It is one of the primary raw materials for producing feed, oil, fiber, and biofuel. Currently, farmers in India widely employ machine harvesters to harvest cotton. However, excessive leaf vegetation poses challenges in boll picking, adversely affecting fiber quality and reducing mechanical harvesting efficiency. Various chemical defoliants are applied to remove leaves before harvesting to address this issue. These defoliants promote leaf shedding, minimize debris in the cotton, and enhance boll opening and picking efficiency. Thidiazuron is a potent hormonal defoliant used in cotton to induce defoliation by increasing ethylene production while inhibiting the synthesis and transport of auxins. Notably, it interferes with the crosstalk between the phytohormones, such as cytokinin and ethylene, which regulates cotton defoliation. The method and timing of defoliant application are crucial for improving cotton harvesting efficiency. This review aims to provide a clear understanding of thidiazuron’s application in synchronizing harvests, ultimately supporting the mechanization of cotton harvesting.

Trillium govanianum (Nagchattri): A promising rare and commercially important medicinal herb from higher altitudes of the Himalayas

R Gupta, N Sharma, H Sood — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds derived from naturally occurring sources have been the prime ingredients in modern health care as well as ancient medicine systems like Ayurveda, Yunani, and traditional folk medicines. A large number of plant species and their extracts are utilized to cure several human ailments. Trillium govanianum, belonging to the genus Trillium (family: Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae), is a traditional medicinal herb of the Himalayan region used to cure joint pains, wounds, boils, dysentery, inflammation, menstrual and sexual disorders. T. govanianum root extracts have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cancer-preventing, anti-fungal, and wound-healing activities. The main bioactive compounds present in this species are steroidal saponins. Indiscriminate and commercial harvesting in an unsustainable manner, along with various other biotic pressures, have created a synergistically severe menace toward the subsistence of T. govanianum in its natural habitat. Population assessment, conservative and in vitro proliferation methods pertaining to mass multiplication and advancement in ex–situ and in–situ environments are required for sustainable use of this species. In lieu of the significance of this herb, the present study aims at the exploration of phytochemical, ethnomedicinal, ecological, pharmacological, and conservational practices of T. govanianum for a better understanding of medicinal activities and sustainable use of this plant. This review summarised the potential resources of T. govaninanum in terms of biologically active compounds and their dependence on the local population. It focuses on the medicinal utility of T. govaninanum in different diseases and ailments.

Unveiling thermosensitive genetic male sterility in rice - molecular insights and approaches

B Bhavna, T Kalaimagal, S Manonmani, B Anita, N Sritharan, G S Kumar — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The application of male sterility has facilitated the commercialization of heterosis in rice, resulting in an enhanced yield and output of this staple food crop. The application of three-line hybrid rice technology is decreasing due to limited heterosis, lack of good combiner in cytoplasmic male sterile lines, poor reproducibility of hybrid seeds and limited commercial acceptance. Two-line heterosis breeding can overcome these issues. Two-line breeding allows for more diverse germplasm as parents, including any line as female and 97% of germplasm as male. Moreover, two-line breeding can lead to lower production costs. Systematic research can enable the widespread deployment of two-line hybrid rice technology. Identifying the novel genetic, molecular, and cellular factors and understanding the regulatory networks regulating male sterility in rice is vital for maximizing heterosis and ensuring global food security. In this review, we have briefly discussed the types of environment-sensitive genetic male sterility systems for two-line hybrid seed production. Furthermore, we have discussed the genetic, molecular and cellular basis for the thermosensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS) mechanism. We have provided insights on molecular and biotechnological interventions such as CRISPR and omics techniques in the TGMS system to address the existing concerns and to overcome the problems related to two-line rice breeding.

Exploring root system architecture and its importance in solanaceous vegetables: A review

K Indhumathi, M Sangeetha, K R Saravanan, M Deivamani, M A Vennila, K Sivakumar — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The root system architecture (RSA) in solanaceous vegetables has become an exciting area of research, uncovering complex networks essential for plant development, nutrient absorption, and resistance. This review delves into the comprehensive scope of research surrounding roots, shedding light on their dynamic nature and implications for agricultural practices. The Solanaceae family comprises of various vegetables, including tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, and eggplants, each with distinct root systems. Innovative methodologies have uncovered the complex and adaptive nature of these root systems. Roots of solanaceous vegetables have plasticity, reflecting their capacity to adjust to soil conditions, nutrient availability, and stressors. From the taproot structures in potatoes to the fibrous nature of tomato roots, this review synthesizes findings to elucidate the mechanisms behind root development and responses to environmental stimuli. Furthermore, the symbiotic associations between solanaceous crop roots and soil microorganisms have attracted significant interest. Understanding the intricate interactions between root exudates, microbial communities, and nutrient cycling opens avenues for sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the role of root architecture in fostering beneficial soil ecosystems. The implications of many research studies on RSA extend beyond academic interest and play a role in improving crop productivity. Understanding root system architecture enables breeders and agronomists to create cultivars with superior root characteristics, hence enhancing crop output, water-use efficiency, and resilience to abiotic challenges. Nonetheless, certain gaps persist, requiring additional investigation. A deeper investigation into the molecular mechanisms governing root development in solanaceous vegetables, particularly under changing climate scenarios is important for future research.

Nano-technology as an eco-friendly approach in agriculture

Barnali Roy, Amit Kumar Pal — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Global food security is now the most challenging issue due to the limited natural resources, low productivity of food crops in the agricultural sector, rapid climate changes and huge population growth. Researchers are trying to adopt newer innovations and technologies to increase the production of food crops to meet the demand. Nanotechnology is one of the most challenging technologies that could enhance the productivity of crops in sustainable agriculture, giving importance to nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-biosensors and nano-material-based remediation strategies. The physical and chemical processes to produce nanoparticles (NP) have a detrimental effect on the ecosystem. Thus, green synthesis of NPs using various microorganisms offers a more promising and sustainable alternative. Nanotechnology is very promising as it has many potential benefits like improvement of food quality, minimization of agricultural inputs and enrichment of plants by absorbing nutrients from the soil. Nanoparticles can be used as nanofertilizers, distinct agrochemical carriers and site-targeted or regulated nutrition delivery with improved crop protection. The potential of nanomaterials offers a new green revolution in sustainable agriculture.

Abiotic stress responses in pulses: Impact of drought and high temperature

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Pulses, a vital food crop in India, play a significant role in nutritional security and agriculture. Despite India's prominence in global pulse production, achieving self-sufficiency in pulse production is challenged by escalating drought and rising temperatures. This review examines the responses of pulse crops to drought and high temperatures, highlighting vulnerabilities that affect seed germination, growth, biomass and reproductive traits. Drought and heat stress adversely impact seed germination, vigor and biomass accumulation while altering root and shoot characteristics. Physiological responses, including changes in photosynthesis, nutrient absorption and oxidative damage are explored alongside the implications for root nodule development under water stress. Recent molecular studies identify specific genes and proteins linked to heat tolerance in various legumes, such as green gram, wild creole bean and chickpea. The roles of microRNAs and transcription factors in modulating heat stress responses are emphasized. Additionally, heat stress-induced differential gene expression in cowpea nodules and soybeans impacts flowering pathways and key regulatory genes. Understanding these complex interactions between environmental stressors and pulse crop physiology is crucial for developing resilient varieties and sustainable agricultural practices amid climate change-induced challenges. Future research should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of drought and heat tolerance, particularly stress-responsive genes, transcription factors and microRNAs. Advances in gene editing and genomics will aid in creating resilient pulse varieties, while comparative studies can refine breeding strategies to enhance drought and heat tolerance, ultimately supporting sustainable pulse production.

A systematic literature review of cloud kitchen

Harini P, A Rohini, S Selvanayaki, M Prahadeeswaran, R Pangayar Selvi, Shokila C — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The concept of cloud kitchens, or ghost kitchens, has emerged as a transformative trend in the food service industry, offering an economical and efficient model that eliminates the need for physical dining spaces and focuses solely on delivery and takeout. This approach provides several advantages, including reduced overhead costs, operational efficiency, scalability and expanded market reach through virtual platforms. However, market saturation, building brand visibility and maintaining food quality remain significant hurdles. Future trends may involve multi-brand operations within a single kitchen, advanced technology integration, eco-friendly practices and suburban and rural areas expansion. By addressing these challenges, ghost kitchens can capitalise on their innovative potential to reshape the food service landscape.

Viral diseases in Vigna species - Impacts, management opportunities and future perspectives: A review

Thu, 16 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Pulses are the second-largest class of food crops worldwide, with around 1.58 million hectares under cultivation. represent. They are also excellent sources of protein. The major cultivated Vigna species in India include Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper], Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], Moth bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal] and Adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi]. However, the yield of these crops is significantly reduced by viral diseases caused by a diverse range of viral strains. Notable viral diseases affecting Vigna species include yellow mosaic, cowpea severe mosaic, cowpea yellow mosaic, cowpea aphid-borne mosaic, cowpea golden yellow mosaic, bean common mosaic, leaf crinkle and leaf curl. The primary challenge in managing these viral diseases lies in effectively integrating the substantial knowledge accumulated, which is essential for developing genotypes with durable resistance to viral infections. Molecular markers and QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) mapping are valuable tools for identifying genomic regions associated with viral disease resistance, aiding future breeding programs. This abstract provides an overview of each Vigna species, the viral diseases affecting them, and recent advancements in developing resistant genotypes. It also highlights systematic screening efforts within Vigna germplasm to identify various sources of viral resistance in Vigna species.

Genomic insights into maize: Advanced techniques for analysing diversity and enhancing crop traits

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Maize is the third important staple food crop grown globally. The demand for maize production has increased significantly due to its multiple uses, including food, feed and various industrial applications. As a result, the area under maize cultivation is expanding, driven by its lucrative market price. Being a highly adaptive crop, the development of high-yielding hybrids better suited to climate change will help bridge the gap between demand and supply. Maize is an allogamous crop, exhibiting greater genetic diversity compared to autogamous crops. Therefore, intensified exploration of maize genetic diversity and effective utilization of germplasm will enhance the maize breeding programs. However, the domestication of maize has led to a decline in genetic diversity and the loss of valuable alleles. Human selection has significantly altered the morphology of maize from its wild ancestor. CIMMYT currently maintains around 28000 maize accessions, including landraces and wild relatives. Genetic diversity can be analysed using D2 statistics and clustering methods, employing morphological, molecular, quantitative and qualitative data. Careful consideration is needed when selecting appropriate methods and software for such analyses based on available data. In recent years, SSR markers and SNPs have gained popularity for diversity analysis. Studying genetic diversity in maize is crucial for identifying novel traits and the introgression of these traits into new hybrids using advanced technology requires further attention.

Impact of silicon fertilization on crop growth, productivity and nutrients enhancement in rice: A review

M S Joy, S Neetu, K Rakesh, C Lalrammawii, D Nihal, S Hritik, F Faraaz, M Swati — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Silicon (Si), constituting around 27.7 % of the Earth's crust by weight, is the second most abundant element after oxygen (47 %). While not considered essential, silicon is beneficial for crop growth, especially for Poaceae family crops. Intensive cultivation or continuous mono-cropping of cereals like rice depletes soil silicon levels, which may lead to decreased rice yields. Rice can absorb and accumulate silicon metabolically, a trait not common in many upland crops. Beyond boosting rice yields, silicon offers multiple benefits, such as enhancing nutrient availability (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn), reducing nutrient toxicity (Fe, Mn, P, Al) and mitigating biotic and abiotic stress in rice. Sufficient silicon also stabilizes rice plant culms, reducing lodging risks. Thus, silicon is crucial for plant growth and improving rice productivity at the agronomic level. This review focuses on the relationship between silicon and rice crops, their interactions with other elements and strategies for managing silicon in soils and plants to sustain rice productivity.

Bacterial community present in the earthworm’s gut and its role in soil biology and health

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Earthworms are known as ecological engineers due to their significant role in enhancing soil health and productivity. Various factors such as temperature, moisture, acidity, pH, sunlight and the availability of organic matter influence their presence in soil. Earthworms exhibit diverse feeding and burrowing behaviors, which lead to crucial ecological processes within terrestrial ecosystems. Their interactions with soil result in the colonization of their gut and surrounding soil by diverse bacterial communities, including key species such as Escherichia coli, Streptomyces, Bacillus and Pseudomonas. These bacteria aid in the digestion of organic and inorganic matter, thereby altering soil physio-chemical properties and enhancing nutrient mineralization, which promotes plant growth. Additionally, earthworms influence nutrient cycling by modifying microbial soil populations and the bacterial communities in their gut and adjacent soil contribute to phytoremediation. This review delves into the types of bacterial populations found in the earthworm’s gut and surrounding soil, elucidating their specific roles and contributions to the terrestrial ecosystem. By understanding these complex interactions, we can better appreciate the vital role earthworms and their associated bacterial communities play in soil biology. This knowledge is essential for developing sustainable agricultural practices and improving soil management strategies, ultimately contributing to healthier and more productive ecosystems.

Increasing the shelf life of tomato fruits using physical, chemical and genetic modification methods

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The tomato is one of the most consumed vegetables and is rich in numerous beneficial and nutritious compounds. As climacteric fruits, tomatoes undergo significant metabolic changes during their growth and ripening. During fruit ripening, irreversible changes occur in the color, taste and appearance of the fruit. Shortly after ripening, the fruit begins to lose its shape and structural integrity. Approximately 50% of ripe tomatoes do not reach consumers. The primary cause of this loss is excessive fruit softening, which compromises the integrity of tomatoes during harvesting and transportation, making them susceptible to fungal and bacterial infections. Generally, fruit softening results from increased enzymatic activity that breaks down the fruit cell wall. Currently, chemical, physical and biotechnological methods are employed to extend tomato shelf life. These methods help reduce or inhibit the enzymatic activity responsible for fruit softening. The review provides a concise overview of these preservation methods. We focus on enhancing fruit preservation through plant genome modifications using modern biotechnological techniques, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9. Additionally, we will briefly discuss the advantages and limitations of these genetic engineering approaches.

Unveiling key adaptation strategies: A systematic review of climate variability’s impact on agriculture

S Rithika, A Malaisamy, M Raswanthkrishna — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This review aims to comprehensively analyze the variability of climate in agriculture and the
adaptive behaviour of farmers in response to climate change, synthesizing existing knowledge and
examining measures for mitigate climate fluctuations. To achieve this, a systematic literature
review (SLR) was conducted using the Scopus database, covering the past eleven years. A total of
177 articles were identified through a methodological application of the Preferred Reporting Items
for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework. While these studies encompass a
broad geographical scope, the selection was deliberately constrained by a small sample size to
exclude regions lacking conflicting evidence, ensuring relevance and high-quality information, a
standard practice in systematic reviews within this field. This study hypothesizes that adaptive
strategies, such as climate-smart agriculture and early warning systems, significantly reduce
farmers’ vulnerability under climate change. Key findings indicates that practices like conservation
tillage, agroforestry, and other climate-resilient approaches enhances agricultural sustainability and
resilience. The results highlight the urgent need for further investigation and policy incentives to
encourage adaptive behaviour and provide food security in the presence of climatic variability.
Thus, the conclusion of these findings encourages the widespread uptake of climate-smart practices
coupled with early warning mechanisms to reduce climatic risks effectively.

Botanicals for managing insect pests in rice: An eco-friendly strategy for sustainable rice production

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Rice, a staple crop for over half the global population, faces severe yield losses due to insect pests, such as the rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and minor insect pests, which are significant threats to global food security. Traditional reliance on chemical pesticides for pest control has negatively impacted the environment, human health and non-target organisms. This has necessitated a shift toward sustainable pest management strategies that minimize chemical inputs. Botanicals, derived from plants as essential oils, extracts and secondary metabolites, have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative due to their biodegradability, targeted efficacy and reduced environmental footprint. These plant-based compounds act through various mechanisms, including antifeedant activity, growth inhibition, oviposition deterrence, ovicidal effects and toxicity, effectively disrupting pest lifecycles without harming non-target species. Studies underscore the potential of botanicals in suppressing pest populations and mitigating crop losses, making them vital components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. When incorporated into IPM programs alongside biological control agents, cultural practices and resistant rice varieties, botanicals enhance pest control efficacy while preserving ecosystem balance and promoting biodiversity. Their use aligns with sustainable agriculture principles, offering a viable path to reduce pesticide dependency and ensure long-term agricultural resilience. This review highlights the critical role of botanicals in IPM for rice cultivation, emphasizing their potential to mitigate pest impacts while supporting environmentally sustainable and economically viable food production systems.

Exploring the potential of synthetic seeds: Influence of explant, encapsulating agent and matrix, advantages and challenges

S Sahu, S P Monalisa, S Jigile, S Kar, S S Parida, S K Swain — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Synthetic seed can serve as a substitute for conventional seed where conventional seed production is not practical. This method gives a viable solution for propagating plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional means. Technologies based on synthetic seeds, encapsulating somatic embryos, shoot tissues, or axillary buds in a suitable matrix, demonstrate great influence over plant propagation by helping to accelerate germplasm exchange, increasing genetic preservation, and efficient genetic modification, thus providing the avenue for planting new seeds and accomplishing common goals. This review paper explores the importance of synthetic seeds, the impact of different explants, matrix composition, and encapsulating agents on the quality of synthetic seeds, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of synthetic seeds. Among the various explants used in synthetic seed production, somatic embryos promote genetic stability, shoot buds possess better viability, and axillary buds ensure genotype conservation. Alginate is the prevalent encapsulating agent due to its biocompatibility and cheapness. However, variable germination rates and microbial contamination remained a challenge and we must develop a protocol standardization too. Besides techniques like enhancing the germination rates, stabilizing genes, and having secondary metabolites in the process, the use of cryopreservation technologies and field performance evaluation is also crucially important in the process of creating synthetic seeds. This review discusses current trends in synthetic production research, emphasizing the need for new strategies to address poor germination rates and standardize explants used in synthetic seeds. It examines the factors affecting the production of synthetic seeds, factors affecting seed quality, and potential future developments.

Nutritional, medicinal and biological activities of Ferocactus species: Recent findings and research opportunities

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Ferocactus is a genus of the family Cactaceae found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the American continent, especially in Mexico. The species serve various purposes such as food, cosmetics, fodder and for relief from certain ailments. The fruits of Ferocactus species such as Ferocactus herrerae and Ferocactus glaucescens have valuable amounts of macronutrients, micronutrients and bioactive components which make them nutrient-dense. They are also a potential raw material for new product development in the food and cosmetic industries, industrial extraction and production of antimicrobials and antioxidants. However, many of the species are understudied, underproduced, underutilized or overexploited, resulting in a significant waste or risk of extinction due to overexploitation. Therefore, the objective of this review was to discuss and provide an in-depth and recent overview of the description, morphology, ethnobotanical uses, nutritional composition, bioactive composition and biological activities of different species of Ferocactus reported in the literature from different databases such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Scopus. Proper exploration and maximization of these species of cactus can provide huge economic, technological and nutritional benefits for all. Moreover, the challenges, possible solutions and future directions for maximum production and utilization of these species have also been discussed.

Integrated approach for managing groundnut stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

B Deepika, J Sheela, N Indra, R Kalaiyarasi, K N Navamaniraj — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), often referred to as the King of oil seeds, is a vital oil seed crop cultivated globally. However, its productivity is hampered by numerous abiotic and biotic stresses, with biotic stresses predominantly due to fungal and bacterial diseases. Among these, soil-borne fungal pathogens cause significant yield losses. Specifically, stem rot disease, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., poses a substantial threat, leading to yield losses of up to 80%. This pathogen forms sclerotia, a resilient resting structure that can survive in the soil for many years and germinate under favorable environmental conditions. The persistence of sclerotia and the pathogen's broad host range make managing this disease particularly challenging through a single method. Effective management of stem rot disease necessitates an integrated disease management (IDM) approach, which combines cultural, chemical, and biological strategies. Cultural practices such as crop rotation, deep ploughing, and moisture regulation help to reduce inoculum levels in the soil. Chemical control involves the use of fungicides to reduce the pathogen load in the soil and protect the plants during vulnerable growth stages. Biological control employs antagonistic microorganisms that can inhibit the growth and activity of S. rolfsii. By integrating these diverse strategies, it is possible to effectively manage stem rot disease in groundnut, thereby enhancing productivity and sustainability in groundnut cultivation.

Nanobiosensors for early detection of plant pathogens

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Plant pathogens are a major concern in production of crops as they lead to a great loss of food grains. Although several methods are available to manage the diseases and the chemical-based methods are frequently used, and sometimes indiscriminate use poses serious problems to the environment. It is, therefore, necessary to detect plant pathogens at an early stage in order to control epidemics. Plant pathogens can be detected using conventional methods such as culture-dependent, biochemical and molecular techniques; however, these methods need advanced technical skills and well-equipped laboratory facilities and are not suitable for in situ analysis. Several nanotechnology-based methods are available for plant pathogen detection. Among them, biosensing systems for early detection of the pathogen using nanobiosensor are gaining momentum in field of research on plant pathogen detection. Materials having size ranging from one and one hundred nanometers are known as nanoparticles. These materials have special qualities that can be used to improve agricultural practices. Nanobiosensors are novel integrated systems of biosensors that are made up of a bioreceptor, transducer and a detector on the nano scale size. These nano-inspired biosensors have played a major role in enhancing nature of life through different medical, environmental and quality-control applications globally. Numerous nanobiosensors have been developed, including those for detecting plant infections caused by fungi, viruses, and bacteria. This review will contribute to understanding the basics of biosensors and their accessible biosensor based detecting tools and techniques for plant pathogens.

Pre-breeding approaches towards vegetable improvement: A review

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The current genetic framework in agriculture poses risks as it undermines global food security. The shift from diverse landraces and local cultivars to genetically uniform modern varieties in traditional agroecosystems has increased the susceptibility of cultivars to pests and diseases. This poses a significant challenge to our valuable biodiversity. In response to changing environmental conditions, there is a need to discover novel genes and traits that enhance adaptability. To create high-yielding cultivars with broader genetic diversity, plant breeders must explore various germplasm sources. Gene banks play an important role in preserving beneficial genes and maintaining genetic variation. The urgent need to expand agricultural germplasm stocks and enhance crop management is beneficial for global food security. Plant genetic resources play a vital role in expanding germplasm stock and improving crop management systems. Pre-breeding delivers the unique advantage of incorporating desired genes from wild germplasm into cultivated varieties, minimizing linkage drag. It focuses on increasing genetic variability among germplasm so that it may be employed in normal genetic improvement programmes for cultivar development. Pre-breeding serves as a beneficial bridge between breeding efforts and genetic resources especially when non-adapted materials are involved. Despite limited utilization of plant genetic resources in crop development programs, pre-breeding can build new genomic technologies to enhance genetic diversity analysis and manipulation with an ultimate approach to create improved cultivars with desirable traits.

A review on way towards mechanized castor cultivation

R Gowsalya , S K Natarajan, T Ragavan, S R Venkatachalam, S Thambidurai — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non edible oil seed crop which is known for its oil content (48–60 percent) and it accounts for 0.15% of the global production of vegetable oil. In recent years, farmers have preferred castor cultivation due to its suitability for both rainfed and irrigated conditions. But the farmers face many challenges, which includes labour scarcity, pest incidence, high input and labour costs, inadequate market information, etc. Due to a significant labour shortage, the area under this crop is gradually decreasing. The high reliance on human labour which leads to the incompletion of various agronomic operations on time. In these circumstances, the cultivation of castor by adopting various mechanization techniques for critical operations such as field preparation, sowing, fertilizer application, weeding, irrigation, crop protection measures and harvesting will be the solution for getting higher productivity and profitability by spending minimum expenses. Adapting mechanization is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals by enhancing production through timely farm operations, minimizing losses and reducing operational costs through efficient management of expensive inputs.

Advancements and future prospects in micropropagation techniques for major palm species: Date palm, oil palm, arecanut, and coconut

P keerthana, R Renuka, B N Manikanda, V Rajasree, J Suresh, S Rajesh — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Palms are widely distributed across warm temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions, showcasing their ecological significance and adaptability to diverse environments. Classification schemes play a crucial role in organizing the vast diversity of palms and provide valuable insights into their evolutionary adaptations. These frameworks enhance our understanding of key species such as date palms, oil palms, and coconuts. Micropropagated palm seedlings are economically essential for global palm industries of food, biofuel, and cosmetics, because they ensure consistent growth, increased yield, and disease resistance. Clonal propagation of superior cultivars is made possible by this technique, maximizing land utilization and increasing yield per hectare. Micropropagated seedlings support large-scale commercial plantations and promote sustainable agriculture in response to the growing demand for palm-derived products worldwide. Furthermore, governments and research- driven initiatives are fostering the adoption of tissue culture methods to meet market needs. To facilitate large-scale propagation, micropropagation techniques have been developed for palms, such as date palms, oil palms, coconuts, and arecanuts. These techniques produce consistent, disease-free planting materials through tissue culture. However, despite their potential, tissue culture techniques face challenges, including low effectiveness, high rates of contamination, and scaling limitations, particularly due to the recalcitrant nature of palm tissues to in vitro conditions. Improvement in tissue culture methods can support sustainable agriculture, drive economic growth, and conserve biodiversity. By enhancing propagation techniques, tissue culture has the potential to address global issues such as environmental sustainability and food security. To fully realize the potential of palms and ensure their continued use in industry and agriculture, further research and development in palm micropropagation are essential.

A comprehensive review of farmers producer organizations in India: Historical evolution, current status and future policy challenges

A Yazhini, A Malaisamy, S P Rani, K Ramakrishnan, K Prabakaran, P Arunachalam — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Agriculture plays an important role in India but faces various challenges. A large number of farmers in India have small and marginal holdings of less than two hectares, which is linked to the increasing fragmentation of land. Many institutional policies aim to improve the farmer’s livelihoods to mitigate the disadvantages of land fragmentation. These measures include the formation of Primary Agricultural Cooperative Society (PACS), Self-Help Group (SHG), Joint Liability Group (JLG) and Common Interest Group (CIG). However, there are limitations to these initiatives, as they often provide considerably more managerial control and influence to local powerful individual. In response, Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) have emerged as pivotal entities aimed at integrating smallholders into mainstream markets. India has over 10,000 FPOs, benefiting 4 million farmers and increasing income by 20-25%. But 70% face sustainability challenges. Policy initiatives, such as NABARD’s Rs.6,865 crore schemes, an aim to address these issues. This paper considered the Scopus database using the Boolean keyword "Farmer" AND "Producer organization" and identified articles were shortlisted after screening using PRISMA framework. While previous studies have offered insights into various aspects of FPOs, there remains a significant lack of cohesive analysis integrating historical trends, current challenges and future policy directions. This study identifies key factors influencing FPO system, including governance mechanisms, market linkages and capacity-building initiatives. The review highlights current challenges and opportunities within the FPO system, suggesting policy recommendations for future development. The findings offer valuable insights into the transformative potential of FPOs and inform strategic policy recommendations to ensure their sustainability in India's agricultural sector.

GWAS of important crops of Amaranthaceae family with special reference to Chenopodium: A review

Y L Devi, B Thongam, R J Devi — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Wide association of genomes deals with identifying naturally occurring genetic variance with targeted traits or genes. Putative candidate genes had the capability for improvement in quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress by exploiting linkage disequilibrium. Plants of the Amaranthaceae family like Spinach, Amaranthus, Chenopodium, and Sugarbeet are packed with essential nutritional components and are resistant to several biotic and abiotic stress. Several candidate genes are identified for the improvement of floral development, early flowering, late flowering, bolting formation, and resistance to several biotic and abiotic stresses . Through GWAS study, the genetic basis of several complex trait phenotypes can be deciphered for important agricultural crop plants. Exploiting these plants through GWAS will allowed knowing the putative candidate genes present in them which could be identified and used for further improvement of the crops.

Pulse crops as effective living mulches: An eco-conscious weed management approach

D Rajakumar, KG Sabarinathan, M Gomathy, J Ejilane, K Ananthi, P Vasantharaj — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The evolution of weed management strategies from basic cultural techniques to novel, integrated approaches reflects technological advancements that promise further improvements in weed management strategies, fostering more efficient and eco-friendly farming practices. Using legume crops as living mulches for weed suppression has gained considerable attention in agricultural systems. This method involves strategically planting leguminous cover crops as intercrops to inhibit weed growth and improve soil health, potentially boosting crop yields through reduced weed pressure and enhanced nutrient availability. The successful implementation of living mulches requires careful selection of crop species, optimal planting density, and appropriate management practices. Choosing compatible legumes, optimizing planting geometry and employing suitable termination methods are essential for maximizing the weed-suppressing and soil-enhancing benefits of living mulches. The efficacy of intercropping systems in controlling weeds largely depends on intercrop components' growth rate and duration. Weed management strategies rely on understanding plant interactions, including the competitive ability of main crops at various growth stages to inhibit weed expansion. While intercropping shows promise for enhancing crop dominance over weeds, weed control efficiency varies among different intercrops due to factors affecting the intercrop-weed relationship. Smallholder farmers find this practice appealing for improving labour productivity and land use through intensification and resource utilization for maximum yield. Research on developing genotypes suitable for weed suppression and studies on combined herbicide applications and optimal dosage determination for effective control of mixed weed flora is necessary. The shift towards integrating pulse crops as a cornerstone in weed management strategies presents a promising avenue for research and application. The comparative analysis underscored in this review showcases the capacity of legumes to offer a viable alternative to synthetic herbicides and mechanical controls, paving the way for their increased adoption in diverse farming systems.

Nanomaterial based drought mitigation in crops is through antioxidant defense system

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Drought stress significantly impacts crop productivity by affecting the growth and development of plants. Studies have shown that drought stress induces oxidative damage, and the use of antioxidant molecules or nanoparticle (NPs) possessing antioxidant properties may decrease the negative effects of oxidative stress. So far, antioxidants like ascorbic acid, glutathione, proline, and glycine betaine have been studied in detail, but there is limited information available on the effect of NPs in decreasing drought induced oxidative damage. When plants are subjected to drought stress conditions, their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreases leading to an increase in ROS that can damage membranes, proteins, and lipids. Nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as tocopherols, ascorbate, glutathione, phenols, and carotenoids, along with enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidise, can strengthen the plant defense against ROS. Nanoparticles possessing antioxidant properties can mimic antioxidant enzymes, activate, and alter gene expression levels, leading to reduced ROS levels because of their increased surface area and presence of free electrons on their surface. This review discusses the effects of drought stress on crops, the synthesis, and unique properties of NPs, and the various traits improved by NPs possessing antioxidant properties to mitigate drought stress in plants.

Therapeutic potential of Artemisia annua and artemisinin in viral infections, cancer and global health advancements

Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Artemisinin, originally derived from Artemisia annua as an antimalarial agent, has demonstrated broad therapeutic potential in recent years. This review aims to synthesize current research on artemisinin’s efficacy beyond malaria, with a focus on its antiviral, anticancer and immunomodulatory applications. Methodologically, the review integrates findings from peer-reviewed studies, clinical trials and bioengineering innovations to offer a comprehensive perspective on artemisinin’s mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications and advancements in production. Key findings highlight artemisinin’s effectiveness in cancer and viral infections (including COVID-19), with recent bioengineering innovations enhancing its production through genetic modifications in A. annua, transgenic plants and yeast. These advancements improve accessibility and underscore the need for further clinical research to establish artemisinin’s role as a broad-spectrum therapeutic.

Eternal wellness: Anti-aging herbs of the Sikkim Himalayas

A Adhikari, A Neopaney, C N Bhutia, A Pradhan, S Bhutia — Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

This review paper delves into the anti-aging potential of herbs from the Sikkim Himalayas, highlighting their significance in promoting overall wellbeing. Through a comprehensive literature review and targeted searches, we identified and analyzed fifteen prominent anti-aging herbs, such as Rhodiola rosea, Curcuma longa, and Cordyceps sinensis. Given the projected growth of the global anti-aging market to US$71.6 billion in 2023, there is an increasing demand for natural, plant-based solutions. Our findings emphasize the practical applications of these herbs, discussing methods for integrating them into daily life and their potential health benefits. The review also notes that roots were the most commonly utilized plant part, followed by leaves. In terms of family distribution, the Zingiberaceae and Fabaceae families each accounted for 13% of the identified herbs. This study underscores the importance of further exploration into the medicinal and antiaging properties of Sikkim’s herbal flora, offering insights for future research and the development of natural health products aimed at fostering longevity and wellness.

A comprehensive review on brown spot disease of rice: etiology, epidemiology, management strategies and future directions

T P Bhutia, Y D Rao , P Kharel, P Rai, M Rana, S Srivastava — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second largest staple grain among cereal crops, feeding more than half of the worlds’ population. Many fungal diseases damage rice crops, leading to considerable yield loss. Bipolaris oryzae, the teleomorph Cochliobolus miyabeanus, is the cause of brown spots on rice, a global problem known to significantly reduce grain production up to 52 % quantitatively and qualitatively. Under conditions of direct seeding, drought and low input management, the brown spot disease is most significant. The disease is also historically important as it caused a disastrous outbreak in the Bengal Province that culminated in the Great Bengal Famine (1943), which left 2.1 to 3 million people starved to death. The brown spot remains terrible when considering the current scenario for rice deterioration. A broad host range, pathogenicity and molecular diversity characterize the pathogen. In this present article, we have emphasized the epidemiology, the prevention techniques that are currently in use and several quantitative and qualitative gaps regarding disease management that, if filled, would have a significant impact on crop disease control and the long-term sustainability of rice and are relevant to farmers' current circumstances.

Role of nano fertilizers on improving drought tolerance of maize

Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Maize is a versatile crop that is primarily used as human food and animal feed. It is also a fundamental raw material utilized in various industrial products owing to its nutritional value. One of the most harmful abiotic stresses in maize cultivation is drought. A water shortage caused by drought limits crop development and yield because there is less available moisture. Water shortage stress causes restricted stomatal opening, enhanced photorespiration and accelerated photoreduction of oxygen in the chloroplast. Eventually, this causes oxidative damage in maize owing to ROS accumulation. Plants respond to drought stress by producing the phytohormone abscisic acid, closing their stomata, changing gene expression and preserving their osmotic balance. Nano micro fertilizers are a phenomenal tool for drought tolerance when combined with deficit soil moisture in maize. When it is paired with deficit soil moisture, nano micro fertilizers are an incredible weapon for drought tolerance under changing climatic conditions. It aids in keeping maize's green characteristics. The greater advantages of using nano micro fertilizers in maize are retention of chlorophyll, regulation of stomatal openings, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the proliferation of roots and higher grain filling, which resulted in higher productivity. The development of stay-green character and drought resistance in maize is positively influenced by nano micro fertilizer with suitable form and dose. Under drought conditions, nanomicronutrients play a critical role in controlling physiological processes, reducing oxidative stress and preserving cellular homeostasis. Additionally, every micronutrient acts differently and produces a different physiological response related to drought tolerance.

Mechanisms of drought tolerance in Moringa: Strategies for mitigation and adaptation – Review

V Vijayaragavan, T Sumathi, P Irene vethamoni , V Ravichandran, M Raju — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Moringa oleifera, often called the "miracle tree," is renowned for its resilience to harsh environmental conditions, particularly drought. This review explores the mechanisms by which Moringa tolerates drought stress, making it a vital crop in arid and semi-arid regions. Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations attribute the tree's drought tolerance. Key mechanisms include an extensive root system that enhances water uptake, efficient water use through stomatal regulation, and the accumulation of Osmo protectants such as proline. Additionally, Moringa activates antioxidant enzymes that mitigate oxidative stress under drought conditions, safeguarding cellular integrity. Molecular responses play a significant role as well, with the upregulation of drought-responsive genes and stress-related proteins that enhance the tree’s ability to cope with water scarcity. These adaptive traits not only contribute to Moringa's survival but also improve its productivity under water-limited conditions. Beyond its environmental resilience, Moringa holds significant socioeconomic value. Its rich nutritional content, medicinal properties, and potential for income generation make it a critical crop for addressing food security and poverty, especially in developing regions. This review highlights the importance of promoting Moringa cultivation as a sustainable agricultural practice in drought-prone areas. In conclusion, understanding and leveraging Moringa's drought tolerance mechanisms can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Expanding its cultivation could lead to more resilient agricultural systems, providing both environmental and socioeconomic benefits. Continued research is essential to optimize its use and ensure its widespread adoption in vulnerable regions.

Exploring the hidden treasures of Coptis teeta Wall.: Ethnomedicinal claims, traditional wisdom and promising avenues for research

V Vaidehi, N Pankajkumar, K V Radhakrishnan, N Mukeshkumar — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Coptis teeta Wall., commonly known as Mishmi teeta, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family and is rich in various bioactive compounds. It is classified as endangered on the Red List and is endemic to the Eastern Himalayas in Northeast India, representing a valuable repository of traditional wisdom and ethno medicinal practices. This article compiles available data on C. teeta for the first time, drawing from classical Ayurveda texts, botanical floras and research databases. Since 3000 B.C., this "Goldthread" has been an integral part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as Rhizoma coptidis. Through an extensive literature search, including online published reviews, research articles, and ethnomedicinal survey reports, it has been found that various tribes in Arunachal Pradesh, India, have utilized its potent therapeutic benefits for centuries to treat ailments such as gastrointestinal disorders, malaria, diabetes, eye disorders, infectious diseases, and more. The vivid pharmacological activities of C. teeta are primarily attributed to its alkaloids and other non-alkaloidal components, although limited preclinical work has been reported to date. The roots and rhizomes of C. teeta are rich in alkaloids such as berberine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, epiberberine, coptisine and palmatine. These compounds play a significant therapeutic role in managing various ailments, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. They possess anti- inflammatory and analgesic properties, offer neuroprotective effects, aid in metabolic regulation and exhibit antimicrobial activity. Additionally, this review discusses the extensive trade benefits of C. teeta, the reasons for its threatened status, and various practical approaches for its conservation and cultivation. By bridging ethnomedicinal knowledge with scientific modernization through a multidisciplinary research approach, this review aims to unlock the hidden treasures of C. teeta and encourage further pharmacological research and standardization.

Silver nanoparticles: Toxicity and inhibitory effects against Aflatoxins

D G Ackova, K P Tatjana — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Among the numerous nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are the most employed. Significant focus has been given to their dual role due to their versatile properties. Beneficial, on the one side, as potent antimicrobial properties determine different applications in medicine, agriculture, and food safety, to potentially harmful on the other side. Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic strains of fungi, are highly toxic substances recognized for their influence on processes of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression and estrogenic properties in animals and humans, posing severe threats to health through contaminated food and feed. Thus, this paper explores the toxicity mechanisms of AgNPs and their inhibitory effects on aflatoxins, a class of mycotoxins produced mostly by Aspergillus species that pose significant health risks. The interaction between AgNPs and aflatoxins is examined, highlighting the potential of AgNPs in mitigating aflatoxin contamination. The article gives a summary of the synthesis, properties, and dual roles of AgNPs in the toxicity and inhibition of aflatoxins, concentrating on their possible uses and safety concerns at the end. It is found that elements affect AgNP’s toxicity, like particle solubility, surface area, surface charge, size, concentration, formulation, tendency to agglomerate, and exposure duration. Therefore, assessing the safe levels of AgNP exposure and developing guidelines for their use in different fields are crucial for minimizing the risks. It can be summarized that the biosynthesized AgNPs generated through green synthesis, owing to their biocompatibility and low toxicity, could be applied in harmless concentrations as strong antifungals and anti-mycotoxins. This can offer significant potential for enhancing food safety due to their strong antimicrobial properties, which can inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens and extend shelf life. However, the potential for nanoparticle migration into food must be considered, which raises critical concerns about human health, regulatory challenges, and environmental impact.

Weeds in agricultural and non-agricultural systems: Media influence, impacts and trends for a better systematic control against alternate and collateral hosts of crop pests

A A Kasonta, S S Thakur, Shaifali, B Shukuru — Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Weeds significantly impact agricultural productivity and environmental health by competing with crops for resources and acting as alternate hosts for pests. This study uniquely combines an ecological inventory with quantitative assessments to address weeds’ role in various ecosystems, including agricultural and non-agricultural areas such as roadsides and industrial sites. Methods included field surveys, species identification, and indices like informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV) to measure weed prevalence, competition and adaptability. Results highlight that species like Cyperus rotundus and Echinochloa spp. pose substantial threats, causing up to 70% yield loss in specific regions, particularly in tropical irrigated crops. Additionally, weeds cause water loss, soil depletion, and habitat disruption in non-agricultural zones. This study emphasizes the need for integrated control strategies, combining cultural, mechanical, and chemical approaches. Media influence is also discussed, stressing its role in public perception and policy development for sustainable weed management. This work provides novel insights for enhancing agricultural resilience and environmental sustainability through improved weed control.

Adaptive mechanism of submergence tolerance by Sub1 A

Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Among the various abiotic stresses affecting the growth, development, and yield of rice, submergence caused by continuous flooding without adequate drainage poses a significant threat. This stress is particularly detrimental in lowland areas with poor drainage, often near coastal regions, where excessive rainfall leads to prolonged waterlogging. Continuous waterlogging during germination severely impacts the germination of directly seeded rice crops, while seedling establishment suffers post-transplantation due to seedling decay and mortality. Submergence tolerance is an adaptive physiological and biochemical mechanism that has evolved in indica rice, enabling the plant to cope with the effects of anaerobic conditions caused by prolonged submergence. The putative progenitor Oryza rufipogon is well adapted to marshy environments. This study discusses the mechanisms of introgression of anaerobic germination and submergence tolerance from O. rufipogon through molecular analysis of genomic regions. It also explains the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that influence anaerobic germination and submergence tolerance. Lowland areas characterized by flooding due to excessive rainfall and inadequate drainage, particularly near coastal regions, require anaerobic germination and submergence tolerance for rice cultivation. Identifying new sources of submergence tolerance beyond the Sub1 gene, followed by genomic structural characterization for the development of pre-breeding genetic sources, is essential. Additionally, well-characterized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes that confer submergence tolerance need to be transferred precisely.

Traditional insights into ITK and its delineation for sustainable crop protection

A S Prinila, G Ravi, G Preetha, R Anandham, Manjunatha C — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The challenge of producing sufficient food to feed the growing population is aggravated by pests and diseases, with insect pests alone causing 15-20 percent losses in food production. Despite the availability of numerous synthetic and conventional pesticides, traditional practices, known as Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK), have been utilized by farmers for generations and have been adequate to date. These practices are deeply rooted in local culture and are environmentally safe. ITKs are a wealth of agricultural wisdom intertwined with religious and cultural beliefs that have significantly contributed to plant protection. It considers the interconnectedness of all living beings and the natural environment. In the context of the current scenario, it is essential to preserve and safeguard these traditional practices. Numerous government centres and policies are dedicated to this goal, recognizing the importance of documenting ITK for future use. Although ITKs were initially practiced without scientific validation, modern research has characterized and supported many of these methods. This review emphasizes the significance of Indigenous Technical Knowledge, the support systems in place and the necessity of detailed documentation and scientific characterization of ITK in use. By focusing on preserving and validating ITKs, we can reduce reliance on harmful chemical pesticides, promote sustainable agricultural practices and ensure food safety and security.

A novel stereoscopic mode of planting and breeding shed

Yanbin Hua, Pei Ying Ong, Chi Nhan Tran, Chew Tin Lee, Ken Nagasaka — Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A novel stereoscopic mode of planting and breeding shed has been designed. The shed body comprises of a steel frame structure inserted with four transverse beams along the length direction of the shed through the middle part of the shed body. The transverse beams are covered with a partition. The top of the shed body is covered with 300 and 80 solar panels, while the lower and upper sides are covered with the first and second transparent materials. The partition is provided with 200 and 40 breeding cages, where the 200 and 40 manure drains connected to the breeding cages (each manure drain connected to one breeding cage) are vertically arranged under the partition. The two manure collection pipes are connected to the manure drains at a slope of 60°. The transverse beams have 80 adjustable hammocks, which serve as space-saving hanging pots to grow plants. The lower side of the partition is provided with 80 spray heads through the pipes. The inner side of the shed body is provided with 20 heating devices. The novel planting and breeding shed can effectively utilize space, achieving the recycling of resources and waste, maximizing economic benefits and realizing the concept of low-carbon and green environmental protection.

A new species of Desertifilum (Desertifilales, Cyanobacteria) from a monument of Western Odisha, India

M Smruti, D K Sudipta, S Lakshmi — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0700

A new species of subaerophytic cyanobacteria under the genus Desertifilum is described from a stone pillar within a temple in western Odisha, India. The blackish crust known as biofilms was isolated from a sub-aerial habitat of Balangir district, western Odisha was characterised by light and electron microscopy. The new taxon was to be closest to Desertifilum tharense (Oscillatorials). The taxon, Desertifilum adhikarii is morphologically distinguished from so far documented species under the genus. The novelty of the species is also supported by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis and habitat.

Anatomical traits and volatile compounds of acetone extract from Kaempferia champasakensis

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Kaempferia L. is a genus belonging to Zingiberaceae family, with many species used in indigenous medicines in Asian countries. Kaempferia champasakensis Picheans. and Koonterm. are rare species found only in Laos and Vietnam. The aim of this study was to provide the micro-morphological traits and the volatile compounds of the acetone extract isolated from K. champasakensis for the first time. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) assay, twenty-three volatile components were identified in the studied extract, among which tyranton (22.41%), 9(E), 11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid (18.58%), palmitic acid (15.32%), phytol (9.95%), 3-hexen-2-one (6.91%), cis-vaccenic acid (6.04%) and beta-sitosterol (4.74%) were the major compounds. In addition, using the iodine green-carmine double staining method, the micro-morphological traits of the leaf, root tuber, root and rhizome of K. champasakensis were first demonstrated. These results provided the standardization and classification of K. champasakensis, which can be applied in the pharmaceutical field and other related areas.