Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Alcea kurdica flower, leaf and root aqueous and organic extracts

Dilbreen H. Abdulqader; Sami  R. AL-Zubaydi; Enas  Jawad Kadhim

doi:10.14719/pst.2507

Authors

Dilbreen H. Abdulqader College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2271-2079
Sami R. AL-Zubaydi College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9829-542X
Enas Jawad Kadhim College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Duhok, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0010-2512

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2507

Keywords:

Alcea kurdica, DPPH, Escherichia coli, resazurin, Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Global concerns are rising due to complications associated with the use of chemical agents and antibiotic resistance. Consequently, research focus has shifted towards the quest for effective agents of biological origin. The aim of the present study was to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of aqueous and organic extracts derived from various parts of Alcea kurdica. Different parts of A. kurdica were obtained and prepared into leaf, flower and root powders. The powders were extracted with aqueous and organic solvents. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was assessed against bacterial pathogens using the agar well-diffusion assay. Additionally, the antioxidant effects of the extracts were evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and resazurin dye scavenging assays. The results showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for both the organic and aqueous leaf and floral extracts. Furthermore, an antioxidant effect (>80%) was also observed for the organic and water extracts of the flowers, leaves and roots of the plant at the highest concentration (500 µg/ml), as compared to ascorbic acid, which served as the positive control using both the DPPH and resazurin methods. The findings of this study highlighted that A. kurdica can be considered a rich source of potential antioxidant and antibacterial agents, warranting future investigation to identify its active ingredients.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Razeghi Jadid R, Ardeshirzadeh M. Antibacterial effect survey of total extract and different fractions of aerial part of Teucrium orientale var. glabrescens on several pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology. 2020 Jun 1;10(1):1289-300.

Ahmed HM. Ethnopharmacobotanical study on the medicinal plants used by herbalists in Sulaymaniyah Province, Kurdistan, Iraq. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2016 Dec;12(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0081-3

Mati E, de Boer H. Contemporary knowledge of dye plant species and natural dye use in Kurdish Autonomous Region, Iraq. Economic Botany. 2010 Jun;64:137-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-010-9118-z

Kumar V, Kumar S, Kamboj N, Payum T, Kumar P, Kumari S. Biological diversity: Current status and conservation policies. Agro Environ Media, Publication Cell of AESA, Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy; 2021 Oct 25. https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2021-bdcp

http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000659220

Gormez G, Battal A, Turker M. The investigation of in vitro callus formation, regeneration and micropropagation of Devegulu hollyhock, a medicinal plant. Caucasian Journal of Science. 2019 Dec 7;6(2):111-23.

Mükemre M, Behçet L, Çak?lc?o?lu U. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015 May 26;166:361-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.040

Mombeini T, Pourbadie HG, Kamalinejad M, Mazloumi S, Dehpour AR. Anxiolytic-like and sedative effects of Alcea aucheri (Boiss.) Alef. flower extract in the laboratory rat. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. 2017;16(4):1495.

Esmaeelian B, Kamrani YY, Amoozegar MA, Rahmani S, Rahimi M, Amanlou M. Anti-cariogenic properties of malvidin-3, 5-diglucoside isolated from Alcea longipedicellata against oral bacteria. Int J Pharmacol. 2007;3:468-74. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2007.468.474

Bahjat HH, Ismail RA, Sulaiman GM, Jabir MS. Magnetic field-assisted laser ablation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in water for anti-bacterial applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 2021 Sep;31:3649-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-01973-8

Khashan KS, Abdulameer FA, Jabir MS, Hadi AA, Sulaiman GM. Anticancer activity and toxicity of carbon nanoparticles produced by pulsed laser ablation of graphite in water. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2020 Jul 13;11(3):035010. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aba1de.

Khashan KS, Badr BA, Sulaiman GM, Jabir MS, Hussain SA. Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanostructured materials synthesis by laser ablation method. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing. 2021 Mar 1;1795(1):012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1795/1/012040.

Jihad MA, Noori FT, Jabir MS, Albukhaty S, AlMalki FA, Alyamani AA. Polyethylene glycol functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles loaded with Nigella sativa extract: A smart antibacterial therapeutic drug delivery system. Molecules. 2021 May 21;26(11):3067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113067

Mohammed MK, Mohammad MR, Jabir MS, Ahmed DS. Functionalization, characterization and antibacterial activity of single wall and multi wall carbon nanotubes. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing. 2020 Mar 1;757(1):012028. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113067.

Jabir M, Sahib UI, Taqi Z, Taha A, Sulaiman G, Albukhaty S et al. Linalool-loaded glutathione-modified gold nanoparticles conjugated with CALNN peptide as apoptosis inducer and NF-?B translocation inhibitor in SKOV-3 cell line. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2020 Nov 17;9025-47. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S276714

Rashid TM, Nayef UM, Jabir MS, Mutlak FA. Study of optical and morphological properties for Au-ZnO nanocomposite prepared by laser ablation in liquid. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing. 2021 Mar 1;1795(1):012041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1795/1/012041.

Al-basheer AH, Al-wandawi SA. In vitro assessment of the antioxidant and antitumor potentials of biogenic silver nanoparticle. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2020 Jun 27;1253-64. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.6.2.

Ali IH, Jabir MS, Al-Shmgani HS, Sulaiman GM, Sadoon AH. Pathological and immunological study on infection with Escherichia coli in ale balb/c mice. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing. 2018 May 1;1003:012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1003/1/012009.

Younus A, Al-Ahmer S, Jabir M. Evaluation of some immunological markers in children with bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 2019;14:131-33.

Jabir MS, Rashid TM, Nayef UM, Albukhaty S, AlMalki FA, Albaqami J et al. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus ?-hemolysin production using nanocurcumin capped Au@ ZnO nanocomposite. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications. 2022 May 28;2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2663812.

Ghasemi M, Atakishiyeva Y. Investigation of the antibacterial effect of native Peganum harmala, Mentha pulegium and Alcea rosea hydro-alcoholic extracts on antibiotic resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from Baku, Azerbaijan. Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology. 2016 Apr 10;2(2):12-14. https://doi.org/10.18869/modares.iem.2.2.12

Nazir S, Ahmad MK, Ali F, Ganie SA. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial potential of Onosma hispidium and Alcea rosea. Biomedicine. 2022 Mar 5;42(1):47-52. https://doi.org/10.51248/.v42i1.766.

Abdulrahman ZF, Barzani KK, Rasheed AA. Plasmid profile, curing analysis and antibacterial activity of Alcea arebellensis plant against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science. 2018 Oct 8;21(6):32-39. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v21i6.1076

Zareii B, Seyfi T, Movahedi R, Cheraghi J, Ebrahimi S. Antibacterial effects of plant extracts of Alcea digitata L., Satureja bachtiarica L. and Ferulago angulata L. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2014 Jan 10;16(1):31-37.

Sevinc AO. Alcea Heldreichii. Investigation of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of extracts obtained from Malvaceae; 2014. http://acikerisim.akdeniz.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2196.

Benli M, Bingol U, Geven F, Guney K, Yigit N. An investigation on the antimicrobial activity of some endemic plant species from Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7(1). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2260.

Keser S, Keser F, Tekin S, Kaygili Ö, Turkoglu I, Demir E et al. In vitro antiradical, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities and phytochemical compositions of endemic Alcea calvertii (Boiss) Boiss. Flowers. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2020 Jan 1;8(1):693-701. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.595147.

Qader SW, Awad HM. Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity of Alcea kurdica Alef. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2014 Sep 1;7(3):205-09. https://doi.org/10.12816/0008240

Gorinstein S, Martin-Belloso O, Katrich E, Lojek A, Ciz M, Gligelmo-Miguel N et al. Comparison of the contents of the main biochemical compounds and the antioxidant activity of some Spanish olive oils as determined by four different radical scavenging tests. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003 Mar 1;14(3):154-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00278-4.

Qader SW, Abdulla MA, Chua LS, Najim N, Zain MM, Hamdan S. Antioxidant, total phenolic content and cytotoxicity evaluation of selected Malaysian plants. Molecules. 2011 Apr 21;16(4):3433-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16043433.

Scalzo J, Politi A, Pellegrini N, Mezzetti B, Battino M. Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fruit. Nutrition. 2005 Feb 1;21(2):207-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.03.025.

Giorgi M, Capocasa F, Scalzo J, Murri G, Battino ME, Mezzetti B. The rootstock effects on plant adaptability, production, fruit quality and nutrition in the peach (cv.‘Suncrest’). Scientia Horticulturae. 2005 Dec 1;107(1):36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.06.003.

Zakizadeh M, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA. In vitro antioxidant activity of flower, seed and leaves of Alcea hyrcana Grossh. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2011 Apr 1;15(4):406-12.

Bajes HR, Oran SA, Bustanji YK. Chemical composition and antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Alcea setosa A. Malvaceae. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021;14(12):6447-54. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.01115.

Nazir S, Ahmad MK, Zubair-Ul-Nazir FA, Ganie SA. Determination of in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of Alcea rosea. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 2021 Dec 24;25(7):1580-87. http://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/10574.

Abdel-Salam NA, Ghazy NM, Sallam SM, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, ElSohly MA et al. Flavonoids of Alcea rosea L. and their immune stimulant, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cell line. Natural Product Research. 2018 Mar 19;32(6):702-06. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1332602.

Taskin T, Kahvecioglu D, Turkoglu EA, Dogan A, Muslum KU. In vitro biological activities of different extracts from Alcea dissecta. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022;12(1):53-60. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.787845.

Ozturk RB, Zengin G, Sinan KI, Montesano D, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Gevrenova R et al. Which extraction solvents and methods are more effective in terms of chemical composition and biological activity of Alcea fasciculiflora from Turkey?. Molecules. 2022 Aug 6;27(15):5011. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155011.

Anlas C, Ustuner O, Alkan FU, Bakirel T, Aydogan MN, Erel SB. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of different extracts of Achillea nobilis subsp. sipylea and Alcea apterocarpa (Fenzl) Boiss, endemic plants in Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2017 Jan 1;26:1423-30.

Mohammed FS, Sevindik M, Uysal I, Sevindik E, Akgül H. A Natural material for suppressing the effects of oxidative stress: Biological activities of Alcea kurdica. Biology Bulletin. 2022 Dec;49(Suppl 2):59-66. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359022140102.

Görmez G, Battal A, Dalar A, Türker M. The investigation of the medicinal potential of Alcea kurdica alef. in nature and tissue culture. Farmacia. 2022 Nov 1;70(6). https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2022.6.23.

Abdulqader DH, AL-Zubaydi SR, Kadhim EJ. Characterization of constituent therapeutic components of Alcea kurdica flowers and leaves using HPLC technique. Iraqi Journal of Pharmacy. 2023 Jun 1;20(1):41-47. https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.139258.1031.

Abdulqader DH, AL-Zubaydi SR, Kadhim EJ. Isolation of beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol from Alcea kurdica roots petroleum extract using preparative HPLC. IJPPS. 2023;7(1):6-12.

K?rca A, Arslan E. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of selected plants from Turkey. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2008 Nov;43(11):2038-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01818.x.