Extract and fraction of cashew nut testa ameliorate the hyperglycemic mice induced by Streptozotocin and high-fat diet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2697Keywords:
cashew, nut, testa, streptozotocin, high-fat diet, hyperglycemic, miceAbstract
Drug strategy is a standard method for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), a non-communicable disease with increasing prevalence, which may cause side effects. Therefore, natural compounds with limited adverse effects have come back into vogue for treating T2D. This study aims to evaluate the effects on rehabilitating hyperglycemic mice of cashew nut testa (husk) extract and fraction known as potential bio-substances for improvement in T2D. First, the hyperglycemic mice were induced with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks and then were injected with streptozotocin (STZ, dozen for injection was 40 mg/kg/week) for 2 weeks. Next, the confirmed hyperglycemic mice were treated with pioglitazone (HG+PG group), total extract (HG+TE group), and saponin-rich fraction (HG+SRF group) for 3 weeks. Then, the evaluation was based on body mass; blood glucose (BG) level; BG tolerance, lipid profile, pancreatic histology and the expression IRS-1 in the pancreas. The results showed that body mass and BG level significantly increased in hyperglycemic mice. After substance treatment, there was no change in body mass in TE and SRF groups. However, BG level of HG+TE group mice significantly decreased compared to hyperglycemic mice and only BG tolerance of HG+SRF group was improved. Besides, HG+TE and HG+SRF groups modulated the triglyceride, HDL and LDL close to those expressed in normal mice. In addition, histological images of the pancreas revealed the restoration in both HG+TE and HG+SRF groups. Simultaneously, the IRS-1 expression in HG+TE group pancreas was restored to its expression in normal mice. These results demonstrate that the TE and SRF of cashew nut testa could ameliorate BG, lipid profile and pancreatic IRS-1 expression and restore the damaged pancreas and islets in hyperglycemic mice.
Downloads
References
American Diabetes A. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2009;32 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S62-S67. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S062
Rayburn WF. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus: Highlights from the American diabetes association. J Reprod Med. 1997;42(9):585-86.
Atkinson MA. The pathogenesis and natural history of type 1 diabetes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(11). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a007641
Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Med Sci. 2014;11(11):1185-200. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.10001
King AJ. The use of animal models in diabetes research. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;166(3):877-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01911.x
Al-Goblan AS, Al-Alfi MA, Khan MZ. Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014;7:587-91. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S67400
Mugharbel KM, Al-Mansouri MA. Prevalence of obesity among type 2 diabetic patients in Al-khobar primary health care centers. J Family Community Med. 2003;10(2):49-53. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.97856
Menting JG, Whittaker J, Margetts MB, Whittaker LJ, Kong GK, Smith BJ et al. How insulin engages its primary binding site on the insulin receptor. Nature. 2013;493(7431):241-45. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11781
Qi Q, Bray GA, Smith SR, Hu FB, Sacks FM, Qi L. Insulin receptor substrate 1 gene variation modifies insulin resistance response to weight-loss diets in a 2-year randomized trial: The Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial. Circulation. 2011;124(5):563-71. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.025767
Marushchak M, Krynytska I. Insulin receptor substrate 1 gene and glucose metabolism characteristics in type 2 diabetes mellitus with comorbidities. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2021;31(5):1001-10.
Yiannakouris N, Cooper JA, Shah S, Drenos F, Ireland HA, Stephens JW et al. IRS1 gene variants, dysglycaemic metabolic changes and type-2 diabetes risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(12):1024-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.009
Yousef AA, Behiry EG, Allah WMA, Hussien AM, Abdelmoneam AA, Imam MH et al. IRS-1 genetic polymorphism (r.2963G>A) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients associated with insulin resistance. Appl Clin Genet. 2018;11:99-106. https://doi.org/10.2147/TACG.S171096
Barry Hitchen KN, Victor A Gault, Julian C Leslie. Behavioural evaluation of mouse models of type 2 diabetes. Learning and Motivation. 2021;74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101730
Winzell MS, Ahren B. The high-fat diet-fed mouse: A model for studying mechanisms and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53 Suppl 3:S215-S19. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.53.suppl_3.S215
Skovso S. Modeling type 2 diabetes in rats using high fat diet and streptozotocin. J Diabetes Investig. 2014;5(4):349-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12235
Jaiswal YS, Tatke PA, Gabhe SY, Vaidya AB. Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Anacardium occidentale Linn. leaves on n-streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017;7(4):421-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.11.007
Sokeng SD, Lontsi D, Moundipa PF, Jatsa HB, Watcho P, Kamtchouing P. Hypoglycemic effect of Anacardium occidentale L. methanol extract.and fractions on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 2007;1(1):1-5.
Mohan V, Gayathri R, Jaacks LM, Lakshmipriya N, Anjana RM, Spiegelman D et al. Cashew nut consumption increases HDL cholesterol and reduces systolic blood pressure in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes: A 12-week randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2018;148(1):63-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxx001
Ojezele MO, Agunbiade S. Phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of different extracts of Anacardium occidentale and Psidium guajava. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;3(16):20-23.
Okonkwo TJ, Okorie O, Okonta JM, Okonkwo CJ. Sub-chronic hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) inner stem bark extract in rats. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72(3):353-57. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.70482
Barky AE, SAH, A-EA, yAHTM. Saponins and their potential role in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Management. 2017;7(1):148-58.
Kim JJ, Xiao H, Tan Y, Wang ZZ, Paul Seale J, Qu X. The effects and mechanism of saponins of Panax notoginseng on glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. Am J Chin Med. 2009;37(6):1179-89. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X09007582
Kwon DY, Kim YS, Ryu SY, Choi YH, Cha MR, Yang HJ et al. Platyconic acid, a saponin from Platycodi radix, improves glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51(5):529-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0236-x
Bhavsar SK, Foller M, Gu S, Vir S, Shah MB, Bhutani KK et al. Involvement of the PI3K/AKT pathway in the hypoglycemic effects of saponins from Helicteres isora. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(3):386-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.027
Abu F, Mat Taib CN, Mohd Moklas MA, Mohd Akhir S. Antioxidant properties of crude extract, partition extract and fermented medium of Dendrobium sabin flower. 2017;2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2907219
Odell GV, editor. Isolation and purification of the saponins of Glottidium vesicarium. In: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science; 1966.
Guideline P-BTJTH. OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. 2001;601:858.
Dang LT-T, Bui AN-T, Le-Thanh Nguyen C, Truong NC, Bui AT-V, Kim NP et al., editors. Intravenous infusion of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells to treat type 1 diabetic mellitus in mice: An evaluation of grafted cell doses. Stem Cells: Biology and Engineering; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2017_127
Nguyen V, Tran G, Le T, Phan UJJT. The effect of different free fatty acid fractions from hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil on changes of lipid profile and liver morphology induced by high fat diet: An in vivo study. 2022;84:145-52. https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.17653
Tran TPN, Nguyen T-T, Tran G-BJTLSR. Anti-arthritis effect of ethanol extract of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) leaves against complete freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis model in mice (early view); 2023.
Barnes AS. The epidemic of obesity and diabetes: Trends and treatments. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011;38(2):142-44.
Zhang M, Lv XY, Li J, Xu ZG, Chen L. The characterization of high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Exp Diabetes Res. 2008;2008:704045. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/704045
Glastras SJ, Chen H, Teh R, McGrath RT, Chen J, Pollock CA et al. Mouse models of diabetes, obesity and related kidney disease. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0162131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162131
Furman BL. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats. Curr Protoc. 2021;1(4):e78. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.78
Stott NL, Marino JS. High fat rodent models of type 2 diabetes: From rodent to human. Nutrients. 2020;12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123650
Kleinert M, Clemmensen C, Hofmann SM, Moore MC, Renner S, Woods SC et al. Animal models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(3):140-62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.161
Sone H, Kagawa Y. Pancreatic beta cell senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice. Diabetologia. 2005;48(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-004-1605-2
Schnedl WJ, Ferber S, Johnson JH, Newgard CB. STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells. Diabetes. 1994;43(11):1326-33. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.43.11.1326
Cardinal JW, Margison GP, Mynett KJ, Yates AP, Cameron DP, Elder RH. Increased susceptibility to streptozotocin-induced beta-cell apoptosis and delayed autoimmune diabetes in alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol. 2001;21(16):5605-13. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.21.16.5605-5613.2001
Srinivasan K, Viswanad B, Asrat L, Kaul CL, Ramarao P. Combination of high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: A model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening. Pharmacol Res. 2005;52(4):313-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2005.05.004
Barry Hitchen KN, Victor A. Gault, Julian C Leslie. Behavioural evaluation of mouse models of type 2 diabetes. Learning and Motivation. 2021;74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101730
Hauner H. The mode of action of thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18 Suppl 2:S10-S15. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.249
Lehmann JM, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Wilkison WO, Willson TM, Kliewer SA. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). J Biol Chem. 1995;270(22):12953-56. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.22.12953
Souza SC, Yamamoto MT, Franciosa MD, Lien P, Greenberg AS. BRL 49653 blocks the lipolytic actions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: A potential new insulin-sensitizing mechanism for thiazolidinediones. Diabetes. 1998;47(4):691-95. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.47.4.691
Karunakaran U, Elumalai S, Moon JS, Won KC. Pioglitazone-induced AMPK-glutaminase-1 prevents high glucose-induced pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction by glutathione antioxidant system. Redox Biol. 2021;45:102029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.102029
Wu Z, Xie Y, Morrison RF, Bucher NL, Farmer SR. PPARgamma induces the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT4 in the absence of C/EBPalpha during the conversion of 3T3 fibroblasts into adipocytes. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(1):22-32. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI1244
Nyirenda J, Zombe K, Kalaba G, Siabbamba C, Mukela I. Exhaustive valorization of cashew nut shell waste as a potential bioresource material. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11986. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91571-y
Lu JM, Wang YF, Yan HL, Lin P, Gu W, Yu J. Antidiabetic effect of total saponins from Polygonatum kingianum in streptozotocin-induced daibetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;179:291-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.057
Liu Y, Mu S, Chen W, Liu S, Cong Y, Liu J et al. Saponins of Momordica charantia increase insulin secretion in INS-1 pancreatic beta-cells via the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed). 2021;68(5):329-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endien.2021.08.004
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 02-01-2024 (2)
- 24-10-2023 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Huy Duc Van, Ly Thi Thao Nguyen, Nhan Lu Chinh Phan, Thuy Thi Thanh Dao, Long Thanh Le, Nhu Thi Ngoc Nguyen, Huynh Ton Ngoc Nguyen, Loan Thi Tung Dang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
