Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Simarouba glauca leaf extract

Aljawobaei Waleed; Thippeswamy N B; Ali Saif S M; Achur Rajeshwara

doi:10.14719/pst.3447

Authors

Aljawobaei Waleed Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Karnataka, Shimoga 577 451 India https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2312-9149
Thippeswamy N B Department of Microbiology, Kuvempu University, Karnataka, Shimoga 577 451, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4736-3429
Ali Saif S M Department of Biochemistry, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat 390002 India; Department of Chemistry, University of Aden, Aden City 9667 Yemen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0425-7706
Achur Rajeshwara Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Karnataka, Shimoga 577 451 India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-8917

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3447

Keywords:

anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, phytochemical, Simarouba glauca

Abstract

Simarouba glauca is a medicinal plant native to India and other tropical regions of South and Central America. Although this plant is widely used to cure many diseases, a systematic study is lacking to understand its medicinal value. Thus, we focused on analysing the phytochemical composition of S. glauca leaf extracts and evaluating in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities using standard bioassays. The anti-inflammatory activity was conducted using protein denaturation assay, heat-induced hemolysis and lipoxygenase inhibitory assays, which revealed IC₅₀values of 328 µg/mL, 342.6 µg/mL and 432.1 µg/mL, for the aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. For antioxidant activity, the aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with IC₅₀ values of 180.7 ?g/mL, 209.7 ?g/mL and 678.2 ?g/mL for DPPH and 75.3 µg/mL, 83.9 µg/mL and 225.8 ?g/mL for ABTS, respectively. Further, the FRAP assay showed scavenging activity of 72.28±0.76 ?g/28 mL, 72.5±0.75?g/mL and 16.8±0.58 µg/mL and the phosphomolybdate method exhibited significant antioxidant activity of 80.0 ± 0.87 µg/mL, 81.39 ± 0.69 µg/mL and 47.17 ± 0.58 µg/mL, respectively. All these results indicate that aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. glauca leaf display potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and thus could further be explored for its utility as a therapeutic agent.

Downloads

References

Frazzei G, van Vollenhoven RF, de Jong BA, Siegelaar SE, van Schaardenburg D. Preclinical autoimmune disease: a comparison of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol. 2022;13:899372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.899372

Zhang J, Duan D, Song Z, Liu T, Hou Y, Fang J. Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev. 2021;41(1):342-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21734

Rahal A, Kumar A, Singh V, Yadav B, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, et al. Oxidative stress, prooxidants and antioxidants: The interplay. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/761264 PMID: 24587990

Hamamah S, Lobiuc A, Covasa M. Antioxidant role of probiotics in inflammation-induced colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(16):9026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169026

Neganova M, Liu J, Aleksandrova Y, Klochkov S, Fan R. Therapeutic influence on important targets associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in cancer treatment. Cancers. 2021;13(23):6062. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13236062

Dehelean CA, Marcovici I, Soica C, Mioc M, Coricovac D, Iurciuc S, et al. Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. Molecules. 2021;26(4):1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041109

Twaij BM, Hasan MN. Bioactive secondary metabolites from plant sources: types, synthesis and their therapeutic uses. Int J Plant Biol. 2022;13(1):4-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb13010003

Jose A, Kannan E, Kumar PRAV, Madhunapantula SV. Therapeutic potential of phytochemicals isolated from Simarouba glauca for inhibiting cancers: A review. Syst Rev Pharm. 2019;10(1):73-80. https:// doi.org/ 10.5530/srp.2019.1.12

Manasi PS, Gaikwad DK. A critical review on medicinally important oil yielding plant laxmitaru (Simarouba glauca DC.). J pharm Sci Res. 2011;3(4):1195.

Pirani JR, Majure LC, Devecchi MF. An updated account of Simaroubaceae with emphasis on American taxa. Braz J Bot. 2022;45(1):201-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00731-x

Shettar PS, Hiremath MB. GC-MS analysis and anti-oxidant activity of bioactive compounds of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts. Natural Product Research. 2024;1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2024.2344737

Ocampo R, Mora G. Ethnomedicine of Quassia and related plants in Tropical America. Ethnomedicinal Plants: Revitalizing of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs CRC Press/Science Publishers, Enfield. 2011;504.

Nagaraj N, Hegde V, Gowda SK, Achur RN, Thippeswamy NB. Phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca DC and its antibacterial activity against MDR Salmonella Typhi. J Pharm Sci Res. 2021;13(6):351-56.

Antony J, Thomas A, Gnanasekaran D. Review study on pharmacological importance of Simarouba glauca. Int J New Technol Res. 2016;2(10):263412.

Osungunna MO. Screening of medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity: Pharmacognosy and microbiological perspectives. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci. 2021;2021:727-35. https://doi.org/ 10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.4.727-735

Sakat S, Tupe P, Hule A, Juvekar A. Anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoid fraction of Tamarindus indica Linn (seeds). Planta Medica. 2010;76(12):SL_20. https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0030-1264258

Manukumar HMG, Umesha S. Assessment of membrane stabilizing activity from honey. An in-vitro approach. ACTA Scientiarum Polonorum: Technologia Alimentaria. 2015;14(1):85-90. https://doi.org/ 10.17306/J.AFS.2015.1.10

Okoli CO, Akah PA. Mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of Culcasia scandens P. Beauv (Araceae). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004;79(3):473-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2004.08.012

Hu C, Ma S. Recent development of lipoxygenase inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents. Medchemcomm. 2018;9(2):212-25. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/c7md00390k

Aksoy L, Kolay E, A??lönü Y, Aslan Z, Karg?o?lu M. Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total antioxidant status and total oxidant status of endemic Thermopsis turcica. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2013;20(3):235-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.02.003

Jan S, Khan MR, Rashid U, Bokhari J. Assessment of antioxidant potential, total phenolics and flavonoids of different solvent fractions of Monotheca buxifolia fruit. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(5):246-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.09.003

Asna AN, Noriham A. Antioxidant activity and bioactive components of oxalidaceae fruit extracts. Malays J Anal Sci. 2014;18(1):116-26.

Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem. 1999;269(2):337-41. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019

Bhavi SM, Padti AC, Thokchom B, Singh SR, Bhat SS, Bajire SK, et al. Biogenic silver nanoparticles from Simarouba glauca DC leaf extract: Synthesis, characterization and anticancer efficacy in lung cancer cells with protective effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nano TransMed. 2024;100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntm.2024.100052

Wang S, Gan Z, Wang B, Zhang N, Li K, Yao T. Effect of brewing conditions on polyphenols in the dark tea (Camellia sinensis L.) infusions: content, composition and antioxidant activities. Food Sci Technol. 2022;42:e36322. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.36322

Jolly A, Hour Y, Lee Y-C. An outlook on the versatility of plant saponins: a review. Fitoterapia. 2024;105858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105858

Oyedepo TA, Palai S. Herbal remedies, toxicity and regulations. In: Preparation of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Disorders. Elsevier; 2021. p. 89-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820284-5.00014-9

Aleesha R, Mishra B. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity of Simarouba glauca bark extract: An in vitro study. Evaluation. 2020;13(8). http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i8.37916

Dar KB, Khan IS, Amin S, Ganie AH, Bhat AH, Dar SA, et al. Active Cousinia thomsonii extracts modulate expression of crucial proinflammatory mediators/cytokines and NF?B cascade in lipopolysaccharide-induced albino Wistar rat model. J Inflamm Res. 2020;829-45. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S272539

Al-lehebe NI, Hameed HN, Al-sadoon MB. Evaluation of the effect of Castanea sativa extracts on lipoxygenase activity. Plant Sci Today. 2022;9(4):963-69. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1853

Hussain HA, Men S, Hussain S, Zhang Q, Ashraf U, Anjum SA, et al. Maize tolerance against drought and chilling stresses varied with root morphology and antioxidative defense system. Plants. 2020;9(6):720. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060720

Sharma DS, Sriram N. Anti-ulcer activity of Simarouba glauca against ethanol and indomethacin induced ulcer in rats. Int J of Res in pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 2014;3(2):85-89.

Mohammed HA, Al-Omar MS, Khan RA, Mohammed SAA, Qureshi KA, Abbas MM, et al. Chemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of the water-ethanol extract of Pulicaria undulata growing in the oasis of central Saudi Arabian desert. Plants. 2021;10(9):1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091811

Hafeez M, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Munir M, Khan MK. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of Abelmoschus esculentus. Chem Biomol Eng. 2020;5(4):69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20200504.11

Esmaeelian M, Jahani M, Feizy J, Einafshar S. Effects of ultrasound-assisted and direct solvent extraction methods on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corm extract. Food Anal Methods. 2021;14(1):74-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01855-8