Quantitative estimation and phytochemical profiling of different extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel waste by GC-MS technique
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3667Keywords:
aqueous extract, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (jackfruit) , dimethyl phthalate, ethanol extract, GC-MS, phytochemicalsAbstract
The plant species Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., commonly called Jackfruit, belongs to the Moraceae family. It is typically abundant in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Extensive research has revealed the presence of numerous beneficial compounds within jackfruit, which have demonstrated its potential in the treatment of various diseases. One environmental issue associated with the disposal of unused components of fruits, such as peels, perianths, rinds and outer cores, is the increasing accumulation of bio-waste. Using bioactive constituents found in fruit peels, typically regarded as waste material, offers numerous advantages for human consumption and exhibits potential as effective antimicrobial agents in agriculture. The present study is an attempt to gain complete knowledge of the phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, polyphenolics, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars and antioxidants found in the peels of jackfruit.
Downloads
References
Zhang L, Tu ZC, Xie X, Wang H, Wang H, Wang ZX, et al. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel: A better source of antioxidants and a-glucosidase inhibitors than pulp, flake and seed and phytochemical profile by HPLC-QTOFMS/MS. Food Chem. 2017;234:303-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.003
Fathin AN, Astuti D, Winarni WW, Ratnaningrum YWN. Flowering and fruiting phenology of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) from Sumatra landraces in ex-situ conservation area in Karangmojo. Yogyakarta, IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci; 2021.1-13. https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012052
Cruz-Casillas FC, García-Cayuela T, Rodriguez-Martinez V. Application of conventional and non-conventional extraction methods to obtain functional ingredients from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) tissues and by-products. Appl Sci. 2021;11(16):7303. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/app11167303
Abuajah CI, Ogbonna AC, Osuji CM. Functional components and medicinal properties of food: A review. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52:2522-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1396-5
Feumba DR, Ashwini RP, Ragu SM. Chemical composition of some selected fruit peels. Eur J Food Sci Technol. 2016;4(4):12-21.
Hoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P, Kennedy C. Environment: Waste production must peak this century. Nature. 2013;502:615-17. https://doi.org/10.1038/502615a
Asquieri ER, Rabelo AMS, Silva AGM. Fermented jackfruit: study on its physicochemical and sensorial characteristics. Food Sci Technol. 2008;28:881-87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612008000400018
Geraci A, Di Stefano V, Di Martino E, Schillaci D, Schicchi R. Essential oil components of orange peels and antimicrobial activity. Nat Prod Res. 2016;31(6):653-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1219860
Ma X, Li H, Dong J, Qian W. Determination of hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of phenolic acids by employing gold nanoshells precursor composites as nanoprobes. Food Chem. 2011;126:698-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.028
Jadhav H, Mankar SD, Bhosale MS. A review on jackfruit: It is profitable to human beings. Res J Pharmacol Phytochem. 2021;13(1):51-54. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-4385.2021.00009.1
Chaurasia S, Pandey A. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Genus Artocarpus: A review on current status of knowledge. Russ J Bioorg Chem. 2023;49:481-514. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162023030081
Prakash O, Kumar R, Mishra A, Gupta R. Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit): an overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2009;3(6):353-58.
Adan AA, Ojwang RA, Muge EK, Mwanza BK, Nyaboga EN. Phytochemical composition and essential mineral profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of unutilized parts of jackfruit. Food Res. 2020;4(4):1125-34. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).326
Bhalla R, Narasimhan K, Swarup S. Metabolomics and its role in understanding cellular responses in plants. Plant Cell Rep. 2005;24:562-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0054-9.
Khakimov B, Bak SR, Engelsen SRB. High?throughput cereal metabolomics: Current analytical technologies, challenges and perspectives. J Cereal Sci. 2014;59:393-418. 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.10.002
Rajpal V. Standardization of botanicals. Eastern Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2002;247p.
El Far MM, Taie HA. Antioxidant activities, total anthocyanins, phenolics and flavonoids contents of some sweet potato genotypes under stress of different concentrations of sucrose and sorbitol. Aust J of Basic Appl Sci. 2009;3(4):3609-16.
Bhagwat GB, Kadam SS, Hivarale M. The accelerated stability study of constalax churna- an ayurvedic formulation. Int J Ayur Pharma Research. 2017;5(7): 85-90.
Sreevidya N, Mehrotra S. Spectrophotometric method for estimation of alkaloids precipitable with Dragendorff's reagent in plant materials. J AOAC Int. 2003;86(6):1124-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.6.1124
Hedge JE, Hofreiter BT. Determination of reducing sugars, methods in carbohydrate chemistry. M L Academic Press, New York. 1962;3888-89.
Marques TA, Rampazo EM, Zilliani RR, Marques PAA, Sa FB. Automated sugar analysis. Food Sci Technol. 2016;36(1):70-75. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.0012
Bag GC, Devi PG. Assessment of total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of methanolic rhizome extract of three Hedychium species of Manipur valley. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2015;30:154-59.
Anaya-Esparza LM, González-Aguilar GA, Domínguez-Ávila JA, Olmos-Cornejo JE, Pérez-Larios A, Montalvo-González E. Effects of minimal processing technologies on jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) quality parameters. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2018;11:1761-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-018-2136-z
Meera M, Ruckmani A, Saravanan R, Prabhu RL. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of spine, skin and rind of Jack fruit peel - A comparative study. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32:2740-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1378200
EPA, 2016. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/dimethyl-phthalate.pdf.
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 8554, Dimethyl Phthalate. [cited 2023] Retrieved on August 1, 2023. from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/compound/Dimethyl-Phthalate
Kalpana D, Shanmugasundaram R, Mohan V. GC–MS analysis of ethanol extract of Entada pursaetha DC seed. Biosci Disc. 2012;3:30-33.
Lalthanpuii PB, Lalchhandama K. Chemical profiling, antibacterial and antiparasitic studies of Imperata cylindrica. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2019;9:117-21. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2019.91216
Mahrous H, El?Far A, Sadek K, Abdel?Latif M. Effects of different levels of clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) dietary supplementation on immunity, antioxidant status and performance in broiler chickens. Alex J Vet Sci. 2017;54:29-39. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.272231
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6781, Diethyl Phthalate. [cited 2023] Retrieved on August 2, 2023 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Diethyl-Phthalate.
Bhornsmithikun V, Chetpattananondh P, Yamsaengsung R, Prasertsit K. Continuous extraction of prebiotics from jackfruit seeds. J Sci Technol. 2010;32:635-42.
Xu SY, Liu JP, Huang X, Du LP, Shi FL, Dong R, et al. Ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction, characterization and biological activity of pectin from jackfruit peel. LWT. 2018;90:577-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.007
Jiang Z, Shi R, Chen H, Wang Y. Ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction coupled with macroporous resin chromatography for the purification of antioxidant phenolics from waste jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peels. J Food Sci Technol. 2019;56(8):3877-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03858-8
Okwu DE, Okwu ME. Chemical composition of Spondias mombin Linn plant parts. J Sustain Agric Environ. 2006;6:140-47.
Supradip S, Suresh W, Jitendra K, Swaran D, Balraj SP. Screening for feeding deterrent and insect growth regulatory activity of triterpenic saponins from Diploknema butyracea. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:434-40. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/jf902439m
Sharma A, Gupta P, Verma AK. Preliminary nutritional and biological potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus L. shell powder. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52:1339-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1130-8
Mohamad SFS, Said FM, Munaim MSA, Mohamad S, Sulaiman WMAW. Response surface optimization of the forward extraction of jacalin from jackfruit seeds using AOT/isooctane reverse micellar system. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;716:012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/716/1/012019
Islam MR, Haque AR, Kabir MR, Hasan MM, Khushe KJ, Hasan SMK. Fruit by-products: The potential natural sources of antioxidants and-glucosidase inhibitors. J Food Sci Technol. 2020;58:1715-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04681-2
Sundarraj AA, Thottiam Vasudevan R, Sriramulu G. Optimized extraction and characterization of pectin from jackfruit (Artocarpus integer) wastes using response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;106:698-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.065
Kurian S, Joseph L, Josekumar VS. Phytochemical evaluation, GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of the leaves petiole of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Asian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018;4(3):280-87. https://doi.org/10.31024/ajpp.2018.4.3.7
Saxena K, Irchhaiya R, Chagti KK. Antihepatotoxic effect of Artocarpus heterophyllus Leaves against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Int J Pharm Life Sci. 2016;7(2):4895-99.
Kumoro AC, Alhanif M, Wardhani DH. A Critical review on tropical fruits seeds as prospective sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds for functional foods development: A case of Indonesian exotic fruits. Int J Food Sci. 2020;4051475. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4051475
Roy S, Lingampeta P. Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low-cost broad spectrum natural antimicrobial compounds- furanone, furfural and benezenetriol. Int J Res Eng Technol. 2014;03:273-79. https://doi.org/10.15623/IJRET.2014.0307046
Chrips NR, Balasingh RGS, Kingston C. Nutrient constituents of neglected varieties of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. from Kanyakumari district, South India. J Basic Appl Biol. 2008;2(1):36-47.
Cheok CY, Adzahan MN, Rahman RA, Abedin NHZ, Hussain N, Sulaiman R, Chong GH. Current trends of tropical fruit waste utilization. Crit Rev Food Sci Nut. 2018;58(3):335-61. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10408398.2016.1176009
Vijayaraghavan K, Ahmad D, Ibrahim MKB. Biohydrogen generation from jackfruit peel using anaerobic contact filter. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2006;31:569-79. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.06.006.
Kalse SB, Swami SB. Recent application of jackfruit waste in food and material engineering: A review. Food Biosci. 2022;101740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101740
Swami SB, Thakor NJ, Haldankar PM, Kalse SB. Jackfruit and its many functional components as related to human health: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2012;11:565-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00210.x
Brahma R, Ray S. In-depth analysis on potential applications of jackfruit peel waste: A systematic approach. Food Chem Adv. 2022;1:100-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2022.100119
Adebayo AH, Ojo OS, Adetutu A. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and other tropical fruit peels. J Med Plants Res. 2021;15(2):15-22.
Kumar V, Singh R, Kumar S. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) peel extracts. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2019;11(5):2306-11.
Mujahid A, Aslam MN, Shah Z. Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of banana (Musa acuminata) peel: A review. J Food Sci Technol. 2022;59(2):929-39.
Patel RA, Desai DB, Ghosh R. Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of jackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus) pulp and peel. Food Sci Nutri. 2020;8(6):3093-3101.
Rahman A, Rahman MA, Akter N. Phytochemical constituents of Artocarpus champeden peel and their potential health benefits. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2021;14(1):45-51.
Ranjith K, Sundaram S. Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of citrus fruit peels: A review. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res. 2021;9(6):758-74.
Singh P, Ghosh D, Sahu M. Antioxidant potential of mango (Mangifera indica) peel and its nutritional profile. J Food Sci Technol. 2023;60(4):2345-53.
Tiwari A, Raghav PKA. Characterization of phytochemicals in the peels of Artocarpus nobilis and their biological activities. J Ethnopharmaco. 2022;284:114750.
Zaman W, Almas B, Latif M. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) peel extracts. J Agri Food Chem. 2023;71(2):456-65.
Gupta A, Kumar P, Sharma A. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extracts: A review. J Food Sci Technol. 2020;57(12): 4796-807.
Uma G, Balasubramaniam V. GC-MS analysis of Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Mabberly leaves. J Chem Pharm. 2012;4(9):4417-19.
Chiu HH, Kuo CH. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies for fatty acid analysis in biological samples. J Food Drug Anal. 2020;28:60-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2019.10.003
Bezerra KS, Nelson R. Characterization and quantification by gas chromatography of free steroids in unsaponifiable matter of vegetable oils. J Braz Chem Soc. 2014;25:238-45. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20130288
Subburamu K, Singaravelu M, Nazar A, Irulappan I. A study on the utilization of jack fruit waste. BioresourceTechnol. 1992;40(1):85-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(92)90125-H
Aggarwal A, Agrawal M, Kumar K, Prakash SD. Studies on extraction of flavonoids from leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Int J Adv Res Innov Ideas Educ. 2023;9(2):2022-26.

Downloads
Published
Versions
- 28-01-2025 (2)
- 17-01-2025 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Arti Khati, Rajesh Yadav

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).