Leaf blight disease: A serious threat to large cardamom cultivation in sub-Himalayan region of North-Eastern India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.4618Keywords:
Colletotrichum, disease cycle, large cardamom, North-East India, plant diseaseAbstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a highly destructive fungal pathogen that causes significant yield losses in large cardamoms (Amomum subulatum Roxb.). The sexual, or teleomorphic, stage of the fungus is known as Glomerella cingulata. Symptoms of the disease include water-soaked lesions and necrotic spots that gradually expand and cause the affected tissue to become blighted. Infected old tillers are the main reason for the spread of the disease, serving as an inoculum for upcoming seasons. Despite the development of various biological, cultural, chemical, and host resistance strategies to mitigate yield losses and limit pathogen growth, field data indicate that the disease continues to result in substantial yield reductions, emphasizing the need for further research. Therefore, the aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review of leaf blight disease in large cardamom and the pathogen responsible for the infection.
Downloads
References
Manju MJ, Mushrif SK, Shankarappa TH, Hegde LN, Gowda A, Lokesh MS, et al. Evaluation of new fungicides against the leaf blight disease of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum Maton] in arecanut based intercropping system. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;3:283–85.
Singh KA, Rai RN, Patiram, Bhutia DT. Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation — An age-old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas. Agroforest Syst. 1989;9:241–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00141087
Kamalaveni S. A study on cardamom production and exports: Queen of spices. Int J Appl Res. 2019;5(10):225–28.
Khatiwada A, Subedi A, Dango R. A review on status of production of large cardamom in Nepal and its marketing in national and global scenario. Malays J Halal Res. 2019;2(1):16–21. https://doi.org/10.2478/mjhr-2019-0004
Sharma E, Sharma R, Singh KK, Sharma G. A boon for mountain populations. Mt Res Dev. 2000;20(2):108–11. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0108:abfmp]2.0.co;2
Chhetri P, Bhattarai NK, Gudade BA, Gupta U. Indigenous knowledge on Large Cardamom. Life Sci Leafl. 2013;7:67–71.
Sharma S, Katoch V. Status and prospects of large cardamom cultivation in India. Int J Econ Plants. 2019;6:093–96. https://doi.org/10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.2.0295
Belbase S, Paudel J, Bhusal R, Sarkar G, Aryal A, Kumar S. Fungal diseases of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) and its integrated management. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2018;7(3):3316–21. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.382
Partap U, Sharma G, Gurung M, Chettri N, Sharma E. Large cardamom farming in changing climatic and socioeconomic conditions in the Sikkim Himalayas. Kathmandu (Nepal): International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development; 2014. https://doi.org/10.53055/ICIMOD.592
Subha JR. Agriculture in the Hills of Sikkim. Sikkim Science Society, Gangtok. 1984;198–207.
Jena SK, Sodyongkri. Supply chain and value analysis of large cardamom in Arunachal Pradesh- An analysis. Int J Env Ecol Family Urban Stud. 2018;8(6):19–26. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijeefusdec20183
Chaudhary R, Vista SP, editors. Stakeholders Consultation Workshop on Large Cardamom Development in Nepal: Proceedings of Stakeholders Consultation Workshop on Large Cardamom Development in Nepal; 2015 April 20; Khumaltar, Nepal; 2015
Gurung K, Dasila K, Pandey A, Bag N. Curvularia eragrostidis, a new threat to large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) causing leaf blight in Sikkim. J Biosci. 2020;45:113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-020-00086-7
Saju KA, Deka TN, Gupta U, Biswas AK, Sudharshan MR, Vijayan AK, Thomas J. Identity of Colletotrichum infections in large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.). J. of Spices and Aromatic Crops. 2013;22(1):101–03.
Gopi R, Kalita H, Avasthe K, Yadav A, Singh M, Thapa D. Does Pestalotiopsis royenae cause leaf streak of large cardamom? Curr Sci. 2018;114(10):2155–60. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i10/2155-2160
Praveena R, Biju CN, Senthilkumar R, Darshana CN, Jashmi KC. Preliminary evaluation of cardamom accessions against leaf blight/ Chenthal disease. Indian Phytopath. 2013;66(1):112–13. https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IPPJ/article/view/28129
Liu F, Wang M, Damm U, Crous PW, Cai L. Species boundaries in plant pathogenic fungi: a Colletotrichum case study. BMC Evol Biol. 2016;16:81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0649-5
Nelson SC. Mango anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Plant Dis. 2008;48:1–9.
Kimaru KS, Muchemi KP, Mwangi JW. Effects of anthracnose disease on avocado production in Kenya. Cogent Food Agric. 2020;6:1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1799531
Trujillo EE, Obrero FP. Anthracnose of papaya leaves caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Plant Dis Rep. 1969;53:323–25.
Wastie RL. Secondary leaf fall of Hevea brasiliensis: factors affecting the production, germination, and viability of spores of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Ann Appl Biol. 1972;72(3):273–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1972.tb01294.x
Fu B, Yang M, Li GY, Wu JR, Zhang JZ, Han C. First report of leaf spot disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on chinese bean tree in China. Plant Dis. 2012;97(1):138–38. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0261-pdn
Gautam AK. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: Biology, pathogenecity and management in India. J Plant Physiol Pathol. 2014;2(2): https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-955X.1000125
Gurung K. Morphological and molecular identification of major fungal disease of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) in Sikkim and its management using botanicals. Ph.D [Disssertation]. Sikkim: Sikkim University, Sikkim; 2020
Srivastava LS. Anthracnose of large cardamom - a new disease. Plant Dis Res. 1989;4(2):161–62.
Saju KA, Deka TN, Gupta U, Biswas AK, Vijayan AK, Thomas J, Sudharshan MR. An epiphytotic of Colletotrichum blight affecting large cardamom in Sikkim and Darjeeling. J Hill Res. 2010;23:14–21.
Dhanapal K, Remashree AB, Gudade BA, Gautam A, Bora SS. Diseases and pests of large cardamom and their management. Spice India. 2018;31(6):18–24.
Saju KA, Mech S, Deka TN, Gupta U, Biswas AK, Sudharshan MR. Yield loss of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) due to Colletotrichum blight in Sikkim. J Spices and Aromatic Crops. 2013;22(2):215–18.
Sharma G, Pratap U, Dahal D M, Sharma DP, Sharma E. Declining large-cardamom production systems in the Sikkim Himalayas: Climate change impacts, agroeconomic potential and revival strategies. Mt Res Dev. 2016;36(3):286–98. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-14-00122.1
Corda ACI. Die Pilze Deutschlands. In: Sturm J, editor. Deutschlands flora in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Nürnberg; 1831. p. 33–64
Rhaiem A, Taylor PWJ. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides associated with anthracnose symptoms on citrus, a new report for Tunisia. Eur J Plant Pathol. 2016;146:219–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0907-9
Xu M, He R, Peng Y, Zeng C, Liu Y, Tang G, Tang H. Isolation and molecular identification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing brown spot disease of Camellia oleifera in Hainan of China. J Phytopathol. 2017;165(6):380–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12571
Vieira WADS, Bezerra PA, Silva ACD, Veloso JS, Câmara MPS, Doyle VP. Optimal markers for the identification of Colletotrichum species. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2020;143:106694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106694
Prasad SS, Sinha AK, Ambhasta KK, Verma PCS. Leaf blight of large cardamom caused by Colletotrichum sp. Sci Cult. 1984;50331–32.
Vijayan AK, Saju KA, Dhanapal K, Eswaran VM, Vallath A, Pandithurai G, et al. Pests and diseases of large cardamom in India and their management practices under organic cultivation. Int J Agric Sci. 2019;11(15):8876–80.
Nair KP. Cardamom pathology. In: Nair KP, editor. The geography of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum M.), The "Queen" of spices. Springer, Cham; 2020. 2:p. 125–63 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54474-4_6
Basneta B, Yadava PK, Devkotab AR. Insect pests infestation, diseases and management practice of large cardamom in Nepal: A review. I Tech Mag. 2021;3:33–42. http://doi.org/10.26480/itechmag.03.2021.09.18
Srivastava LS. Prevalence of fungal diseases of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) in Sikkim, India. J Spices Aromat Crops. 1995;4(1):64–66.
Yadav PK, Chaudhary R, Shrestha S, Shrestha KP. Farmers’ perception on disease and insect incidences in large cardamom: A case study of Mechi zone, Nepal. In: Bhandari D, Piya S, editors. Proceeding of the 11th National Outreach Research Workshop; 2014 June 9–10; Nepal. Lumle, Kaski; 2009. p. 225–30.
Tangjang A, Sharma A. Problem faced by the large cardamom growers during production and marketing: A case tudy of Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2018;7(5):2561–73. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.295
Gurung N, Chamling N, Sarkar S, Barman D, Tamang D. Large cardamom: Its constraints and strategies for better production in Sikkim and hilly districts of West Bengal: A review. Int J Chem Stud. 2020;8(4):478–80. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4h.10277
Praveena R, Biju CN. Leaf blight of cardamom. Technical Bulletin, IISR, Cardamom Research Centre. 2012;1–7.
Dowling M, Peres N, Villani S, Schanabel G. Managing Colletotrichum on fruit crops: A "complex" challenge. Plant Dis. 2020;104:2301–16. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2378-FE
Sutton TB. Epidemiology of the perfect stage of Glomerella cingulata on apples. Phytopathol. 1983;73:1179–83. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-73-1179
Smith BJ. Epidemiology and pathology of strawberry anthracnose: a North American perspective. Hort Sci. 2008;43(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.69
Chala A, Getahun M, Alemayehu S, Tadesse M. Survey of mango anthracnose in southern Ethiopia and in-vitro screening of some essential oils against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Int J Fruit Sci. 2014;14(2):157–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2013.817899
Uddin MN, Shefat SHT, Afroz M, Moon NJ. Management of anthracnose disease of mango caused by Colletotricum gloeosporioides: A review. Acta Sci Agric. 2018;2(10):169–77.
Peres NA, Timmer LW, Adaskaveg JE, Correll JC. Lifestyles of Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant Dis. 2005;89:784–96. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0784
Girish K. Antimicrobial activities of Lantana camara Linn. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(3):57–67. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16378
Bashir S, Jabeen K, Iqbal S, Javed S, Naeem A. Lantana camara: Phytochemical analysis and antifungal prospective. Planta Daninha. 2019;37:e019193526. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582019370100137
Cartwright D, Langcake P, Pryce RJ, Leworthy DP, Ride JP. Chemical activation of host defence mechanisms as a basis for crop protection. Nature. 1977;267:511–13. https://doi.org/10. 1038/267511a0
Srinivasan V, Dinesh R, Prasath D, Parthasarathy VA. Indian Institute of Spices Research, Research Highlights 2010–11. India: Calicut. Indian Institute of Spice Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research; 2011.p.1–6
Shree RAB, Vijayan AK, Dhanapal K. Plant protection code for large cardamom - policy on usage of plant protection formulations in large cardamom plantations in India. India: Kochi, Kerala; 2020. Spices Board India, Ministry of commerce and industry, Government of India. Plant Protection Code. Version No.1.0.
Das S, Lyla PS, Khan SA. Marine microbial diversity and ecology importance and future perspectives. Curr Sci. 2006;90(10):1325–35.
Kumar A, Bhat AI, Dinesh R, Sheeja TE, Parthasarathy U. Indian Institute of Spices Research, Research Highlights 2006-07. India: Calicut. Indian Institute of Spice Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research; 2007.p.1–16
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 16-04-2025 (2)
- 10-04-2025 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Trisha Bagchi, Niranjan Roy, Arun Kumar Dutta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
