Evaluation of the effects of L-Theanine on neurobehavior in an adult male Sprague-Dawley Rat Model of PTSD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.3.564Keywords:
PTSD, Neurobehavior, L-Theanine, Green Tea, RatAbstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continues to be one of the most common mental health disorders in the United States and may occur in response to traumatic experiences. Currently, there are no interventions that prevent the development of PTSD. L-Theanine (L-Th), a major compound in green tea has been found to decrease anxiety and prevent memory impairment and may have potential effects in the prevention of PTSD. Sixty rats were divided into six experimental groups: control vehicle, control L-Th, control naïve, PTSD vehicle, PTSD Pre-L-Th (prophylactic), PTSD Post-L-Th (non-prophylactic). PTSD was induced by a 3-day restraint/tail shock stress model. The effects of L-Th on neurobehavior were evaluated by Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM), Morris Water Maze (MWM), and Forced Swim Test (FST). Our study found that the total food intake weight of PTSD Pre-L-Th (prophylactic) rats were significantly increased compared to that of PTSD vehicle rats (p = .04). Administration of L-Th 24 hours before the initial PTSD event or for 10 days following the last PTSD stress event did not statistically improve mean open arm exploration on the EPM, spatial memory, and learning in the MWM or behavioral despair measured by the FST (p > 0.05). Although the 3-day restraint/tail shock stress model caused stress in the rodents, it did not produce reported PTSD-like anxiety and depression or spatial memory loss. The effect of Pre-L-Th or Post-L-Th treatment, on the neurobehavioral functions could not be effectively evaluated. However, this study provides a foundation for future studies to try different rodent PTSD models to induce PTSD-like neurobehavioral impairments to explore dosage, frequency, as well as the duration of L-Th administration before and/or after the post-traumatic event. The 3-day restraint/tail shock stress model caused stress in the rodents, Pre-L-Theanine treatment preconditioned the PTSD rats to endure stress.
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References
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15. Morey RA, Gold AL, LaBar KS, Beall SK, Brown VM, Haswell CC, et al. Amygdala volume changes in posttraumatic stress disorder in a large case-controlled veterans group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012; 69(11):1169-78. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.50
16. Etkin A, Wager TD. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007; 164(10):1476-88. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504
17. Hedges DW, Woon FL. Premorbid brain volume estimates and reduced total brain volume in adults exposed to trauma with or without posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2010; 23(2):124-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181e1cbe1
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20. Kuhn S, Gallinat J. Gray matter correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2013; 73(1):70-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.029
21. Scott JC, Harb G, Brownlow JA, Greene J, Gur RC, Ross RJ. Verbal memory functioning moderates psychotherapy treatment response for PTSD-Related nightmares. Behav Res Ther. 2017; 91:24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.004
22. Solomon Z, Shklar R, Mikulincer M. Frontline treatment of combat stress reaction: a 20-year longitudinal evaluation study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(12):2309-14. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2309
23. Rudy JW, Huff NC, Matus-Amat P. Understanding contextual fear conditioning: insights from a two-process model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004; 28(7):675-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.004
24. Dielenberg RA, McGregor IS. Defensive behavior in rats towards predatory odors: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001; 25(7-8):597-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00044-6
25. Manion ST, Gamble EH, Li H. Prazosin administered prior to inescapable stressor blocks subsequent exaggeration of acoustic startle response in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007; 86(3):559-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.01.019
26. Takahashi T, Morinobu S, Iwamoto Y, Yamawaki S. Effect of paroxetine on enhanced contextual fear induced by single prolonged stress in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 189(2):165-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0545-6
27. Goswami S, Samuel S, Sierra OR, Cascardi M, Pare D. A rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder reproduces the hippocampal deficits seen in the human syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci. 2012; 6:26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00026
28. Woodson JC, Macintosh D, Fleshner M, Diamond DM. Emotion-induced amnesia in rats: working memory-specific impairment, corticosterone-memory correlation, and fear versus arousal effects on memory. Learn Mem. 2003; 10(5):326-36. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.62903
29. Sakato Y. The chemical constituents of tea: III. A new amide theanine. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi. 1949; 23:262-7.
30. Gomez-Ramirez M, Higgins BA, Rycroft JA, Owen GN, Mahoney J, Shpaner M, et al. The deployment of intersensory selective attention: a high-density electrical mapping study of the effects of theanine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2007; 30(1):25-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.WNF.0000240940.13876.17
31. Nathan PJ, Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C. The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent. J Herb Pharmacother. 2006; 6(2):21-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/J157v06n02_02
32. Ceremuga TE, Martinson S, Washington J, Revels R, Wojcicki J, Crawford D, et al. Effects of L-theanine on posttraumatic stress disorder induced changes in rat brain gene expression. Scientific World Journal 2014; 2014:419032. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/419032
33. Egashira N, Ishigami N, Pu F, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Orito K, et al. Theanine prevents memory impairment induced by repeated cerebral ischemia in rats. Phytother Res. 2008; 22(1):65-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2261
34. Cho HS, Kim S, Lee SY, Park JA, Kim SJ, Chun HS. Protective effect of the green tea component, L-theanine on environmental toxins-induced neuronal cell death. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29(4):656-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2008.03.004
35. Tian X, Sun L, Gou L, Ling X, Feng Y, Wang L, et al. Protective effect of l-theanine on chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Brain Res. 2013; 1503:24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.048
36. Valdivieso DA, Baughan TG, 2nd, Canavati UM, Rey AM, Trotter CL, Burrell DR, et al. Effects of pregabalin on neurobehavior in an adult male rat model of PTSD. PLoS One. 2018; 13(12):e0209494. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209494
37. Servatius RJ, Ottenweller JE, Natelson BH. Delayed startle sensitization distinguishes rats exposed to one or three stress sessions: further evidence toward an animal model of PTSD. Biol Psychiatry. 1995; 38(8):539-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00369-E
38. Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M. Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods. 1985; 14(3):149-67.
39. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods. 1984; 11(1):47-60.
40. Jeong DU, Lee J, Chang WS, Chang JW. Identifying the appropriate time for deep brain stimulation to achieve spatial memory improvement on the Morris water maze. BMC Neurosci. 2017; 18(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(85)90031-7
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16-07-2019
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Buonora JE, Krum PM, Ceremuga TE. Evaluation of the effects of L-Theanine on neurobehavior in an adult male Sprague-Dawley Rat Model of PTSD. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2019 Jul. 16 [cited 2024 May 3];6(3):299-308. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/564
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