Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 12 No. sp3 (2025): Advances in Plant Health Improvement for Sustainable Agriculture

Unveiling the benefits of traditional rice varieties: An in-depth review in relevance to nutritional and health security of India

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.8546
Submitted
27 March 2025
Published
08-09-2025

Abstract

India's rich heritage of traditional rice varieties holds immense potential for enhancing nutritional and health security while ensuring sustainable rice productivity amid changing climatic conditions. These indigenous cultivars are naturally rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive compounds that contribute to disease prevention and overall well-being. Known for their remarkable adaptability, traditional rice varieties thrive in diverse climates, soil types and growth periods, demonstrating exceptional resilience to extreme weather conditions, pests and various environmental stresses. Additionally, these rice cultivars play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and supporting sustainable farming practices. This review highlights the immense significance of folk rice cultivars of India in ensuring long-term nutritional security, improving public health and augmenting the income of rice farmers by offering high-value produce. By integrating these traditional varieties into modern agricultural systems, their unique advantages can be harnessed to address food security concerns while promoting ecological balance and economic sustainability for farming communities across India.

References

  1. 1. Deb D. Folk rice varieties, traditional knowledge and nutritional security in South Asia. In: Poyyamoli G, editor. Agroecology, Ecosystems and Sustainability in the Tropics. India: Studera Press; 2017. p. 118–26.
  2. 2. Bhat FM, Sommano SR, Riar CS, Seesuriyachan P, Chaiyaso T, Prom-U-thai C. Status of bioactive compounds from bran of pigmented traditional rice varieties and their scope in production of medicinal food with nutraceutical importance. Agronomy. 2020;10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111817
  3. 3. Burlando B, Cornara L. Therapeutic properties of rice constituents and derivatives (Oryza sativa L.): A review update. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2014;40(1):82–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2014.08.002
  4. 4. Nithila S, Amutha R. Traditional rice based farming systems for climate resilience and sustainability. In: Proceedings of 1st Hybrid Mode International Conference On Decarbonizing Agriculture; TMPAI International Convention Centre, Mangalore: Krishitantra for KLONEC automation private limited; 2023.
  5. 5. Deb D, Sengupta S, Pradeep T. A profile of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) landraces. Current Science. 2015;109(3):407–9.
  6. 6. Chaudhari PR, Tamrakar N, Singh L, Tandon A, Sharma D. Rice nutritional and medicinal properties: A review article. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(2):150–6.
  7. 7. Singh R, Singh GS. Traditional agriculture: a climate-smart approach for sustainable food production. Energy, Ecology and Environment. 2017;2(5):296–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-017-0074-7
  8. 8. Binod Adhikari DG, Parbati Pandey, Harry Fischer. Learning from adversity: Small-scale commercial farming in Nepal amidst COVID-19 pandemic. New Angle: Nepal Journal of Social Science and Public Policy. 2023;8(1):90–110. https://doi.org/10.53037/9k8k4854
  9. 9. Jarvis D, Hodgkin T, Sthapit BR, Fadda C, Lopez-Noriega I. A heuristic framework for identifying multiple ways of supporting the conservation and use of traditional crop varieties within the agricultural production system. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2011;30(1–2):125–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2011.554358
  10. 10. Balasubramanian AV, Vijayalakshmi K, Sridhar S, Subramanian K, Parimala K, Manikandan R. Traditional rice varieties of Tamil Nadu – a source book. Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems. 2019.
  11. 11. Mehta PS, Ojha SN, Negi KS, Verma SK, Rayal A, Tyagi RK. On-farm status of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genetic resources in Garhwal Himalaya of Uttarakhand, India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2014;61(7):1279–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-014-0110-9
  12. 12. Sahrawat KL. The role of tolerant genotypes and plant nutrients in reducing acid-soil infertility in upland rice ecosystem: An appraisal. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2009;55(6):597–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340902887824
  13. 13. Bhambure AB, Kerkar S. Traditionally cultivated rice varieties in coastal saline soils of India. Journal of Arts, Sciences and Humanities. 2016;2(1):65–75.
  14. 14. Bhonsle SJ, Krishnan S. Traditionally cultivated salt tolerant rice varieties grown in khazan lands of Goa, India and their grain quality characteristics. Journal of Phytology. 2011;3(2):11–7.https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v2n3p99
  15. 15. Shylaraj KS, Nadh SG, Chandran SK. Comparative analysis of grain quality and nutraceutical properties of selected rice varieties from Kerala. Current Science. 2018;114(5):1088–94. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i05/1088-1094
  16. 16. Geetha S. Assessment of sodicity tolerance in landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 2012;72(3):364–6.
  17. 17. Ahuja U, Ahuja S, Thakrar R, Singh R. Rice–a nutraceutical. Asian Agri-History. 2008;12(2):93–108.
  18. 18. Sarwar N, Ali H, Ahmad A, Ullah E, Ahmad S, Mubeen K, et al. Water wise rice cultivation on calcareous soil with the addition of essential micronutrients. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2013;23(1):244–50.
  19. 19. Sen S, Chakraborty R, Kalita P. Rice - not just a staple food: A comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2020;97:265–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.022
  20. 20. Rambukwella R, Priyankara EA. Production and Marketing Of Traditional Rice Varieties in Selected Districts in Sri Lanka: Present Status and Future Prospects. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute; 2016.
  21. 21. Amudha K, Sakthivel N, Mohamed YM. Rice—a novel food with medicinal value. Agricultural Reviews. 2011;32:222–7.
  22. 22. Neog P, Sarma PK, Ravindra Chary G, Dutta S, Rajbongshi R, Sarmah K, et al. Building climate resilient agriculture through traditional floating rice in flash flood affected areas of the north bank plains zone of Assam. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2016;15(4):632–8.
  23. 23. Oladosu Y, Rafii MY, Arolu F, Chukwu SC, Muhammad I, Kareem I, et al. Submergence tolerance in rice: review of mechanism, breeding and, future prospects. Sustainability. 2020;12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041632
  24. 24. Sun G, Sun M, Du L, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Zhang G, et al. Ecological rice-cropping systems mitigate global warming – a meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147900
  25. 25. Awad-Allah MM, Shafie WW, Alsubeie MS, Alatawi A, Safhi FA, Alshamrani SM, et al. Utilization of genetic resources, genetic diversity and genetic variability for selecting new restorer lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Genes. 2022;13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13122227
  26. 26. Gopi G, Manjula M. Speciality rice biodiversity of Kerala: need for incentivising conservation in the era of changing climate. Current Science. 2018;114(5):997–1006. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i05/997-1006
  27. 27. Richharia R, Govindaswami S. Rices of India. Maharashtra: Academy of Development Science; 1990.
  28. 28. Touthang L, Kalita H, Makdoh B, Angami T, Singh R. Agro-morphological characterization, genetic variation and heritability analysis of rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) of Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 2021;34(2):185–95. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2021.00017.6
  29. 29. Hore DK. Rice diversity collection, conservation and management in Northeastern India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2005;52(8):1129–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-004-6084-2
  30. 30. Vallikappen T. The making and unmaking of Kuttanad: development and transformations below sea level. PhD [Dissertation]. University of Bergen; 2020.
  31. 31. Sivakamipriya J, Suresh S, Manikandan K, Ramesh PT. Effect of water soluble fertilizer, micronutrients, humic acid and seaweed extract on growth and yield of rice. Biological Forum. 2022;14(2a):493–8.
  32. 32. Muralikrishnan L, Padaria RN, Dass A, Choudhary AK, Kakade B, Shokralla S, et al. Elucidating traditional rice varieties for consilient biotic and abiotic stress management under changing climate with landscape‐level rice biodiversity. Land. 2021;10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101058
  33. 33. Sangeetha VJ, Dutta S, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C. Zinc nutrition and human health: overview and implications. eFood. 2022;3(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/efd2.17
  34. 34. Singh SP, Mehta SK, Singh YT. New insight into the pigmented rice of Northeast India revealed high antioxidant and mineral compositions for better human health. Heliyon. 2022;8(8):e10464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10464
  35. 35. Kowsalya P, Sharanyakanth PS, Mahendran R. Traditional rice varieties: a comprehensive review on its nutritional, medicinal, therapeutic and health benefit potential. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2022;114:104742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104742
  36. 36. Noreen N, Shah H, Anjum F, Masood T, Faisal S. Variation in mineral composition and phytic acid content in different rice varieties during home traditional cooking processes. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences. 2009;7(1):11–5.
  37. 37. SubbuThavamurugan, Dhivyadharchini M, Suresh P, Manikandan T, Vasuki A, Nandhagopalan V, et al. Investigation on nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant abilities of various traditional rice varieties. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2023;195(4):2719–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04264-1
  38. 38. Yusuf K, Saha S, Umar S. Health benefits of dietary fiber for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Biomedicines. 2022;10(6):1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061242
  39. 39. Gill SK, Rossi M, Bajka B, Whelan K. Dietary fibre in gastrointestinal health and disease. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;18(2):101–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-00375-4
  40. 40. Rathna Priya TS, Eliazer Nelson AR, Ravichandran K, Antony U. Nutritional and functional properties of coloured rice varieties of South India: a review. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2019;6(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0017-3
  41. 41. Rebeira SP, Prasantha BD, Jayatilake DV, Dunuwila GR, Piyasiri CH, Herath HM. A comparative study of dietary fiber content, in vitro starch digestibility and cooking quality characteristics of pigmented and non-pigmented traditional and improved rice (Oryza sativa L.). Food Research International. 2022;157:111389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111389
  42. 42. Verma DK, Srivastav PP. Proximate composition, mineral content and fatty acids analyses of aromatic and non-aromatic Indian rice. Rice Science. 2017;24(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2016.05.005
  43. 43. Saikia S, Dutta H, Saikia D, Mahanta CL. Quality characterisation and estimation of phytochemicals content and antioxidant capacity of aromatic pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties. Food Research International. 2012;46(1):334–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.021
  44. 44. Rajendran V, Sivakumar HP, Marichamy I, Sundararajan S, Ramalingam S. Phytonutrients analysis in ten popular traditional Indian rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2018;12(4):2598–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9877-2
  45. 45. Ghosh P, Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A. Dissecting the biochemical and molecular-genetic regulation of diverse metabolic pathways governing aroma formation in indigenous aromatic indica rice varieties. Molecular Biology Reports. 2023;50(3):2479–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-08227-x
  46. 46. Ashokkumar K, Govindaraj M, Vellaikumar S, Shobhana VG, Karthikeyan A, Akilan M, et al. Comparative profiling of volatile compounds in popular South Indian traditional and modern rice varieties by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2020;7:599119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.599119
  47. 47. Rajagopalan VR, Manickam S, Muthurajan R. A comparative metabolomic analysis reveals the nutritional and therapeutic potential of grains of the traditional rice variety Mappillai Samba. Plants. 2022;11(4):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040543
  48. 48. Verma DK, Srivastav PP. Bioactive compounds of rice (Oryza sativa L.): review on paradigm and its potential benefit in human health. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2020;97:355–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.007
  49. 49. Longvah T, Mangthya K, Subhash K, Sen S, Rathi S. Comprehensive nutritional evaluation of popular rice varieties of Assam, Northeast India. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2021;101:103952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103952
  50. 50. Goufo P, Trindade H. Rice antioxidants: phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol and phytic acid. Food Science and Nutrition. 2014;2(2):75–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.86
  51. 51. Ghasemzadeh A, Karbalaii MT, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A. Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity and antiproliferative properties of black, red and brown rice bran. Chemistry Central Journal. 2018;12(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0382-9
  52. 52. Yamuangmorn S, Prom-U-thai C. The potential of high-anthocyanin purple rice as a functional ingredient in human health. Antioxidants. 2021;10(6):833. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060833
  53. 53. Stintzing FC, Carle R. Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food and in human nutrition. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2004;15(1):19–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.004
  54. 54. Gong ES, Luo SJ, Li T, Liu CM, Zhang GW, Chen J, et al. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of brown rice varieties. Food Chemistry. 2017;227:432–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.093
  55. 55. Kaur R, Mishra V, Gupta S, Sharma S, Vaishnav A, Singh SV. Industrial and environmental applications of plant-derived saponins: an overview and future prospective. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2024;43(9):3012–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11201-x
  56. 56. Fatchiyah F, Sari DR, Safitri A, Cairns JR. Phytochemical compound and nutritional value in black rice from Java Island, Indonesia. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(7):414–21. https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.7.61
  57. 57. Devraj L, Panoth A, Kashampur K, Kumar A, Natarajan V. Study on physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of selected traditional and white rice varieties. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2020;43(3):e13330. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13330
  58. 58. Roy P, Deb D, Suganya A, Roy B, Pradeep T, Saha T. Endangered indigenous rice varieties as a source of B vitamins for the undernourished population. Cereal Chemistry. 2023;100(4):887–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10668
  59. 59. Sundaram RM, Sanjeeva Rao D, Sanghamitra P, Gandhadmath Spoorti S, Veerendra J, Siromani N, et al. Redesigning rice as a promising nutraceutical functional food. In: Kole C, editor. Compendium of Crop Genome Designing for Nutraceuticals. Singapore: Springer; 2023. p. 3–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4169-6_1
  60. 60. Das KR, Medhabati K, Nongalleima K, Sunitibala DH. The potential of dark purple scented rice – from staple food to nutraceutical. Current World Environment. 2014;9(3):867–76. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.3.38
  61. 61. Rao AS, Reddy SG, Babu PP, Reddy AR. The antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of methanolic extracts from Njavara rice bran. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2010;10(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-4
  62. 62. Valarmathi R, Raveendran M, Robin S, Senthil N. Unraveling the nutritional and therapeutic properties of ‘Kavuni’ a traditional rice variety of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2015;24(3):305–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-014-0274-6
  63. 63. Nahar S, Vemireddy LR, Sahoo L, Tanti B. Antioxidant protection mechanisms reveal significant response in drought-induced oxidative stress in some traditional rice of Assam, India. Rice Science. 2018;25(4):185–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2018.06.002
  64. 64. Kothapalli L, Kale S, Dharade M, Thomas A, Godse A. Nutritional and medicinal value of red rice. Current Traditional Medicine. 2023;9(6):64–73. https://doi.org/10.2174/2215083809666221223161045
  65. 65. Pal S, Bagchi TB, Dhali K, Kar A, Sanghamitra P, Sarkar S, et al. Evaluation of sensory, physicochemical properties and consumer preference of black rice and their products. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2019;56(3):1484–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03634-8
  66. 66. Sekar GC, Bhagavathy S. Comparative hypoglycaemic index of South Indian pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research. 2023;5(6):1–17. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.8964
  67. 67. Mohan V, Spiegelman D, Sudha V, Gayathri R, Hong B, Praseena K, et al. Effect of brown rice, white rice and brown rice with legumes on blood glucose and insulin responses in overweight Asian Indians: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics. 2014;16(5):317–25. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2013.0259
  68. 68. Mohanlal S, Parvathy R, Shalini V, Mohanan R, Helen A, Jayalekshmy A. Chemical indices, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of the medicinal rice Njavara and staple varieties: a comparative study. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2013;37(3):369–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00646.x
  69. 69. Rahman S, Sharma MP, Suman S. Nutritional and medicinal value of some indigenous rice varieties. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2006;5(4):454–8.
  70. 70. Kumar NA, Lopus M, Telapurath R. Making rice-farming system more climate resilient and nutrition sensitive: heritage of Kurichiya tribe community of Western Ghats. In: Innovation in Small-Farm Agriculture: Improving Livelihoods and Sustainability. CRC Press; 2022. p. 287–98. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003164968-29
  71. 71. Sivakumar P, Chitra M, Gatta VV, Harshavardini K, Avelayutham KV. Exploration of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces: scope for the future sustainable food production. Pharma Innovation. 2021;10(10):1039–43. https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i10p.8270
  72. 72. Babu PD, Bhakyaraj R, Vidhyalakshmi R. A low-cost nutritious food 'Tempeh' – a review. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences. 2009;4(1):22–7.
  73. 73. Deb D. Rice cultures of Bengal. Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 2021;21(3):91–101. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2021.21.3.91
  74. 74. Arumugasamy S, Jayashankar N, Subramanian K, Sridhar S, Vijayalakshmi K. Indigenous rice varieties. Chennai: Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems (CIKS); 2001.
  75. 75. Pojer E, Mattivi F, Johnson D, Stockley CS. The case for anthocyanin consumption to promote human health: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2013;12(5):483–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12024
  76. 76. Chen MH, McClung AM, Bergman CJ. Concentrations of oligomers and polymers of proanthocyanidins in red and purple rice bran and their relationships to total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and whole grain colour. Food Chemistry. 2016;208:279–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.004
  77. 77. Toshio K, Masaharu K, Takahisa M. Antioxidant activity of anthocyanin extract from purple black rice. Plant Environment Engineering. 2005;17:84–7. https://doi.org/10.2525/shita.17.84
  78. 78. Yean JN, Seok HN, Mi YK. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of unrefined bran oil from the pigmented black rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Suwon 415) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food Science and Biotechnology. 2008;17(3):457–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-997-0037-9
  79. 79. Komal C, Bhushan C. Rice bran oil: its therapeutic potential. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research. 2015;5(4):205–21.
  80. 80. Bui TN, Le TH, Nguyen DH, Tran QB, Nguyen TL, Le DT, et al. Pre-germinated brown rice reduced both blood glucose concentration and body weight in Vietnamese women with impaired glucose tolerance. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2014;60(3):183–7. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.60.183
  81. 81. Watanabe S, Hirakawa A, Nishijima C, Ohtsubo K, Nakamura K, Beppu S, et al. Food as medicine: the new concept of “medical rice”. Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences. 2016;2(2):38–50. https://doi.org/10.17140/AFTNSOJ-2-129
  82. 82. Ito S. Marketing of value-added rice products in Japan: germinated brown rice and rice bread. In: Proceedings of FAO Rice Conference; 2004.
  83. 83. Hou F, Zhang R, Zhang M, Su D, Wei Z, Deng Y, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in black rice bran on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Journal of Functional Foods. 2013;5(4):1705–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.015
  84. 84. Enser ME, Rossel JB, Pritchard JL. Analysis of oilseeds, fats and fatty foods. In: Rossell JB, Pritchard JL, editors. New York: Elsevier Applied Science; 1991. p. 329.
  85. 85. Sen Gupta S, Baksi A, Roy P, Deb D, Pradeep T. Unusual accumulation of silver in the aleurone layer of an Indian rice (Oryza sativa) landrace and sustainable extraction of the metal. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 2017;5(9):8310–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02058
  86. 86. Deb D. Restoring rice biodiversity. Scientific American. 2019;321(4):54–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1019-54
  87. 87. Suttiarporn P, Chumpolsri W, Mahatheeranont S, Luangkamin S, Teepsawang S, Leardkamolkarn V. Structures of phytosterols and triterpenoids with potential anti-cancer activity in bran of black non-glutinous rice. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):1672–87. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031672
  88. 88. Watanabe S, Hirakawa A, Nishijima C, Ohtsubo K, Nakamura K. Food as medicine: The new concept of “medical rice”. Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences. 2016;2(2):38–50. https://doi.org/10.17140/AFTNSOJ-2-129
  89. 89. Feng Z, Dong L, Zhang R, Chi J, Liu L, Zhang M, et al. Structural elucidation, distribution and antioxidant activity of bound phenolics from whole grain brown rice. Food Chemistry. 2021;358:129872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129872
  90. 90. Yao L, Mo Y, Chen D, Feng T, Song S, Wang H, et al. Characterization of key aroma compounds in Xinjiang dried figs (Ficus carica L.) by GC–MS, GC–olfactometry, odor activity values and sensory analyses. LWT – Food Science and Technology. 2021;150:111982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111982
  91. 91. Sulochana S, Meyyappan RM, Singaravadivel K. Mass spectrometry analysis of Indian traditional variety “Red Kavuni” in comparison with high yielding popular variety of Tamil Nadu ADT 43 under raw and hydrothermally processed condition. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;6(5):5358–63.
  92. 92. Udhaya Nandhini D, Venkatesan S, Senthilraja K, Janaki P, Prabha B, Sangamithra S, et al. Metabolomic analysis for disclosing nutritional and therapeutic prospective of traditional rice cultivars of Cauvery deltaic region, India. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023;10:1254624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1254624
  93. 93. Deepa G, Singh V, Naidu KA. Nutrient composition and physicochemical properties of Indian medicinal rice–Njavara. Food Chemistry. 2008;106(1):165–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.062
  94. 94. Bordoloi D, Sarma D, Sarma Barua N, Das R, Das BK. Morpho-molecular and nutritional profiling for yield improvement and value addition of indigenous aromatic Joha rice of Assam. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):3509. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42874-9
  95. 95. Rehman M, Kundu B, Regon P, Tanti B. Biochemical and molecular properties of Boro rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars under abiotic stresses. 3 Biotech. 2023;13(12):422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03840-4
  96. 96. Kambale R, Raveendran M, Ramalingam J. Untargeted metabolite profiling of specialty rice grains using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2022;2022(1):2558072. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2558072
  97. 97. Avinash G, Sharma N, Prasad KR, Kaur R, Singh G, Pagidipala N, et al. Unveiling the distribution of free and bound phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in pigmented and non-pigmented rice genotypes. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2024;15:1324825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1324825
  98. 98. Krishnanunni K, Senthilvel P, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Study of chemical composition and volatile compounds along with in vitro assay of antioxidant activity of two medicinal rice varieties: Karungkuravai and Mappilai Samba. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;52(5):2572–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1292-z
  99. 99. Velprabakaran S, Rajeswari S, Jeyaprakash P, Raveendran M. Genetic exploration on crude protein estimation in traditional rice landraces of southern India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9:1072–8.
  100. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.127

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.