Ophiorrhiza mungos var. angustifolia – Estimation of camptothecin and pharmacological screening
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2018.5.3.395Keywords:
PhytochemistryAbstract
Ophiorrhiza mungose var. angustifolia (Thwaites) Hook. f (Family- Rubiaceae) is a recently identified plant from Ophiorrhiza species in Western Ghats of Kerala. The plant is a promising candidate for the production of camptothecin (CPT) - a high value anticancer compound. Preliminary screening of hexane and methanol extract revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, caumarins, steroids, terpeanoids, saponins, carbohydrates and alkaloids. Camptothecin was estimated from methanol extract using high performance liquid chromatography and the level of CPT was 297.94 ± 2.27 µg/g dry weight. The in vitro antioxidant assay revealed both extract showed moderate level of total phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric chloride reducing power assay, phospho-molybdate assay of total anti-oxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging activity assay. Antimicrobial study reveals that only hexane extract inhibits pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Overall these findings will lead to isolation of active compounds other than camptothecin, elucidate them against wider range of bioactivity studies to find new therapeutic principles.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Mabberly DJ, Mabberley's Plant- book A portable dictionary of plants, their classifications and uses, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press: New York; 2008. P. 603.
2. Sibi CV, Dintu KP, Renjith R, Krishnaraj MV, Roja G, Satheeshkumar K. A new record of Ophiorrhiza trichocarpon Blume (Rubiaceae: Ophiorrhizeae) from Western Ghats, India: Another source plant of camptothecin, J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2012; 4: 529-532. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.9378
3. Hareesh VS, Sreekumar VB, Prabhukumar KM, Sabu M, Sreejith KA, Lectotypification of Ophiorrhiza heterostylaDunn and the new record of Ophiorrhiza rugos Wall. var. angustifolia (Thwaites) Ridsale (Rubiaceae) for India. J. Webbia. 2014; 70: 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2015.1015249
4. Hareesh VS, Sreekumar VB, Kumar KMP, Nirmesh TK, Sreejith KA. Ophiorrhiza sahyadriensis (Rubiaceae), a new species from southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India, 2015; 202: 2014–2016.
5. Sibi CV, Renjith R, Dintu KP, Ravichandran P, Satheeshkumar K. A new record of Ophiorrhiza wattii (rubiaceae?: ophiorrhizeae) for Western Ghats, India – a source of an anticancer drug. J. Sci. Res. 2015; 246: 2006–2009.
6. Kitajima M, Fujii N, Yoshino F, Sudo H, Saito K, Aimi N, Takayama H. Camptothecins and two new monoterpene glucosides from Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005; 53: 1355-1358. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.1355
7. Cunningham D, Pyrhonen S, James RD, Punt CJ, Hickish TF, Heikkila R, Johannesen TB, Starkhammar H, Topham CA, Awad L, Jacques C, Herait P. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1413-1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02309-5
8. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Rothm AD, Navarro M, James RD, Karasek P, Jandik P, Iveson T, Carmichael J, Alakl M, Gruia G, Awad L, Rougier P. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1041-1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02034-1
9. Wall ME, Wani MC. History and future prospects of camptothecin and taxol. In The Alkaloids, Chem. and Biol. 1998; 50: 509-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1099-4831(08)60051-6
10. Govindachari TR, Viswanathan N. Alkaloids of Mappia foetida. Phytochem. 1972. 11: 3529-3531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89852-0
11. Gunasekera SP, Badawi MM, Cordell GA, Farnsworth NR, Chitnis M. Plant anticancer agents X. Isolation of camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin from Ervatamia heyneana, J. Nat. Prod. 1979; 42: 475–477. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50005a006
12. Renjith R, Sibi CV, Rajani K, Roja G, Ramaswamy V, Krishnan S, Sabulal B. Search for Camptothecin yielding Ophiorriza species from southern Western Ghats in India: A HPTLC- densitometry study. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2013; 43:472-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.054
13. Sasidharan N. Biodiversity documentation for Kerala. 6th part. Flowering Plants. KFRA: Thrissur; 2004.
14. Jeeja JK, Gangaprasad A, Satheeshkumar K. In vitro mass multiplication and estimation of camptothecin (CPT) in Ophiorrhiza mungos L. var. angustifolia (Thw.) Hook. f. Industrial Crops & Products. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2018; 119: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.061
15. Krishnakumar G, Rameshkumar KB, Priya S, Satheeshkumar K and Krishnan PN. Estimation of camptothecin and pharmacological evaluation of Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don and Ophiorrhiza mungos L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; S727-S731. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60304-9
16. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. An Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London Ltd. 1973.
17. Roja G, Heble MR. The quinoline alkaloids, camptothecin and 9-methoxy camptothecin from tissue cultures and mature trees of Nothapodytes foetida. Phytochem. 1994; 36: 65–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97013-4
18. Fulzele DP, Satdive RK, Pol B. Growth and production of camptothecin by cell suspension cultures of Nothapodytes foetida. Planta Med., 2001; 67: 150–152. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-11519
19. Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Ravento’s, R.M., Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol. 1999; 299: 152–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
20. Villano D, Fernandez-Pachon MS, Moya ML, Troncoso AM, Garc?a-Parrilla MC. Radical scavenging ability of polyphenolic compounds towards DPPH free radical, Talanta. 2007; 71: 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.03.050
21. Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: antioxidant activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. J. Nutrit. 1986; 44: 307–315. https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
22. Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999; 269: 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
23. Marcocci I, Marguire JJ, Droy-lefaiz MT, Packer L. The nitric oxide scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994; 201: 748–755. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.1764
24. Shoib AB, Shahid AM. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. Journal of Taibah University for Science. 2015; 9: 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.001
25. Chatha SAS, Anwar F, Mazoor M. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of rice bran extracts using different antioxidant assays. Grasas Y Aceites. 2006; 57:328-335.
26. Sultana B, Anwar F, Ashraf M. Effect of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants extracts. Molecules 2009; 14: 2167-2180. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14062167
27. Tanaka K, Satokata I, Ogita Z, Uchida T, Okada Y. Molecular cloning of a mouse DNA repair gene that complements the defect of group-A xeroderma pigmentosum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 5512-5516. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.14.5512
28. Rajani M, Ravishankar MN, Shrivastava N, Padh H. HPTLC-aided phytochemical fingerprinting analysis as a tool for evaluation of herbal drugs. A case study of Ushaq (Ammoniacum gum). J. Planar Chromatogr. 2001; 14: 34-41
29. Tafur S, Nelson JD, De Long DC Voboda GH. Antiviral components of Ophiorrhiza mungos isolation of camptothecin and 10-methoxy-camptothecin. Lloydia 1976; 39: 261-262.
30. Van-Hegel AJ, Buitelaar RM, Wichers HBJ. Camptotheca acuminate Decne: in-vitro culture and the production of camptothecin. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York; 1994: p. 98-112.
31. Sakato K, Misawa M. Effects of chemical and physical condition of growth of Camptotheca acuminata cell culture. Agric. Biol. Chem.1974; 38: 491- 497. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1974.10861199
32. Yamazaki Y, Urano A, Sudo H, Kitajima M, Takayama H, Yamazaki M, Aimi N, Saito K. Metabolite profiling of alkaloids and strictosidine synthase activity in camptothecin producing plants. Phytochem. 2003; 62:461-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00543-5
33. Koleva TA, Van Beek JPH, Linssen AD, Evstatieva LN. Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochem. Anal. 2002; 13:8-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.611
34. Gulcin M, Elmastas HY. Aboul-Enein determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Oscimum basilicum L. family - Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies. Phyto. Res. 2007; 21: 354-361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2069
35. Duenas M, Hernandez T, Estrella I. Assessment of in vitro an tioxidant capacity of the seed coat and the cotyledon of legumes in relation to their phenolic contents. Food. Chem. 2006; 98: 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.052
36. Kilani S, Sghaier MB, Limem I, Bouhlel I, Boubaker J, Bhi W, Skandrani I, Neffatti A, Ammarb RB, Dijoux FMG, Ghedira K and Chekir GL. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus. Bioresour. Technol. 2008; 99: 9004–9008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.066
37. Rees DD, Palmer RM, Moncada S. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86: 3375-3378. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.9.3375
38. Malheiro R, Sa O, Pereira E, Aguiar C, Baptista P, Pereira JA. Arbutus unedo L. leaves as source of phytochemicals with bioactive properties. Ind. Crops Prod. 2012; 37: 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.023
39. Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999; 269: 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
40. Abel C, Busia K. An explanatory ethnobotanical study of the practice of herbal medicine by the Akan peoples of Ghana”. Altern. Med. Rev. 2005; 10: 112-122.
41. Roosita K, Kusharto CM, Sekiyama M, Fachrurozi Y, Ohtsuka R. Medicinal plants used by the villagers of a Sundanese community in West Java, Indonesia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 115: 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.010
2. Sibi CV, Dintu KP, Renjith R, Krishnaraj MV, Roja G, Satheeshkumar K. A new record of Ophiorrhiza trichocarpon Blume (Rubiaceae: Ophiorrhizeae) from Western Ghats, India: Another source plant of camptothecin, J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2012; 4: 529-532. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.9378
3. Hareesh VS, Sreekumar VB, Prabhukumar KM, Sabu M, Sreejith KA, Lectotypification of Ophiorrhiza heterostylaDunn and the new record of Ophiorrhiza rugos Wall. var. angustifolia (Thwaites) Ridsale (Rubiaceae) for India. J. Webbia. 2014; 70: 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2015.1015249
4. Hareesh VS, Sreekumar VB, Kumar KMP, Nirmesh TK, Sreejith KA. Ophiorrhiza sahyadriensis (Rubiaceae), a new species from southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India, 2015; 202: 2014–2016.
5. Sibi CV, Renjith R, Dintu KP, Ravichandran P, Satheeshkumar K. A new record of Ophiorrhiza wattii (rubiaceae?: ophiorrhizeae) for Western Ghats, India – a source of an anticancer drug. J. Sci. Res. 2015; 246: 2006–2009.
6. Kitajima M, Fujii N, Yoshino F, Sudo H, Saito K, Aimi N, Takayama H. Camptothecins and two new monoterpene glucosides from Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005; 53: 1355-1358. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.1355
7. Cunningham D, Pyrhonen S, James RD, Punt CJ, Hickish TF, Heikkila R, Johannesen TB, Starkhammar H, Topham CA, Awad L, Jacques C, Herait P. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1413-1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02309-5
8. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Rothm AD, Navarro M, James RD, Karasek P, Jandik P, Iveson T, Carmichael J, Alakl M, Gruia G, Awad L, Rougier P. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1041-1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02034-1
9. Wall ME, Wani MC. History and future prospects of camptothecin and taxol. In The Alkaloids, Chem. and Biol. 1998; 50: 509-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1099-4831(08)60051-6
10. Govindachari TR, Viswanathan N. Alkaloids of Mappia foetida. Phytochem. 1972. 11: 3529-3531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89852-0
11. Gunasekera SP, Badawi MM, Cordell GA, Farnsworth NR, Chitnis M. Plant anticancer agents X. Isolation of camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin from Ervatamia heyneana, J. Nat. Prod. 1979; 42: 475–477. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50005a006
12. Renjith R, Sibi CV, Rajani K, Roja G, Ramaswamy V, Krishnan S, Sabulal B. Search for Camptothecin yielding Ophiorriza species from southern Western Ghats in India: A HPTLC- densitometry study. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2013; 43:472-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.054
13. Sasidharan N. Biodiversity documentation for Kerala. 6th part. Flowering Plants. KFRA: Thrissur; 2004.
14. Jeeja JK, Gangaprasad A, Satheeshkumar K. In vitro mass multiplication and estimation of camptothecin (CPT) in Ophiorrhiza mungos L. var. angustifolia (Thw.) Hook. f. Industrial Crops & Products. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2018; 119: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.061
15. Krishnakumar G, Rameshkumar KB, Priya S, Satheeshkumar K and Krishnan PN. Estimation of camptothecin and pharmacological evaluation of Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don and Ophiorrhiza mungos L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; S727-S731. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60304-9
16. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. An Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London Ltd. 1973.
17. Roja G, Heble MR. The quinoline alkaloids, camptothecin and 9-methoxy camptothecin from tissue cultures and mature trees of Nothapodytes foetida. Phytochem. 1994; 36: 65–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97013-4
18. Fulzele DP, Satdive RK, Pol B. Growth and production of camptothecin by cell suspension cultures of Nothapodytes foetida. Planta Med., 2001; 67: 150–152. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-11519
19. Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Ravento’s, R.M., Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol. 1999; 299: 152–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
20. Villano D, Fernandez-Pachon MS, Moya ML, Troncoso AM, Garc?a-Parrilla MC. Radical scavenging ability of polyphenolic compounds towards DPPH free radical, Talanta. 2007; 71: 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.03.050
21. Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: antioxidant activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. J. Nutrit. 1986; 44: 307–315. https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
22. Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999; 269: 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
23. Marcocci I, Marguire JJ, Droy-lefaiz MT, Packer L. The nitric oxide scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994; 201: 748–755. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.1764
24. Shoib AB, Shahid AM. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. Journal of Taibah University for Science. 2015; 9: 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.001
25. Chatha SAS, Anwar F, Mazoor M. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of rice bran extracts using different antioxidant assays. Grasas Y Aceites. 2006; 57:328-335.
26. Sultana B, Anwar F, Ashraf M. Effect of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants extracts. Molecules 2009; 14: 2167-2180. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14062167
27. Tanaka K, Satokata I, Ogita Z, Uchida T, Okada Y. Molecular cloning of a mouse DNA repair gene that complements the defect of group-A xeroderma pigmentosum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 5512-5516. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.14.5512
28. Rajani M, Ravishankar MN, Shrivastava N, Padh H. HPTLC-aided phytochemical fingerprinting analysis as a tool for evaluation of herbal drugs. A case study of Ushaq (Ammoniacum gum). J. Planar Chromatogr. 2001; 14: 34-41
29. Tafur S, Nelson JD, De Long DC Voboda GH. Antiviral components of Ophiorrhiza mungos isolation of camptothecin and 10-methoxy-camptothecin. Lloydia 1976; 39: 261-262.
30. Van-Hegel AJ, Buitelaar RM, Wichers HBJ. Camptotheca acuminate Decne: in-vitro culture and the production of camptothecin. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York; 1994: p. 98-112.
31. Sakato K, Misawa M. Effects of chemical and physical condition of growth of Camptotheca acuminata cell culture. Agric. Biol. Chem.1974; 38: 491- 497. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1974.10861199
32. Yamazaki Y, Urano A, Sudo H, Kitajima M, Takayama H, Yamazaki M, Aimi N, Saito K. Metabolite profiling of alkaloids and strictosidine synthase activity in camptothecin producing plants. Phytochem. 2003; 62:461-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00543-5
33. Koleva TA, Van Beek JPH, Linssen AD, Evstatieva LN. Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochem. Anal. 2002; 13:8-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.611
34. Gulcin M, Elmastas HY. Aboul-Enein determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Oscimum basilicum L. family - Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies. Phyto. Res. 2007; 21: 354-361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2069
35. Duenas M, Hernandez T, Estrella I. Assessment of in vitro an tioxidant capacity of the seed coat and the cotyledon of legumes in relation to their phenolic contents. Food. Chem. 2006; 98: 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.052
36. Kilani S, Sghaier MB, Limem I, Bouhlel I, Boubaker J, Bhi W, Skandrani I, Neffatti A, Ammarb RB, Dijoux FMG, Ghedira K and Chekir GL. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus. Bioresour. Technol. 2008; 99: 9004–9008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.066
37. Rees DD, Palmer RM, Moncada S. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86: 3375-3378. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.9.3375
38. Malheiro R, Sa O, Pereira E, Aguiar C, Baptista P, Pereira JA. Arbutus unedo L. leaves as source of phytochemicals with bioactive properties. Ind. Crops Prod. 2012; 37: 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.023
39. Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999; 269: 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
40. Abel C, Busia K. An explanatory ethnobotanical study of the practice of herbal medicine by the Akan peoples of Ghana”. Altern. Med. Rev. 2005; 10: 112-122.
41. Roosita K, Kusharto CM, Sekiyama M, Fachrurozi Y, Ohtsuka R. Medicinal plants used by the villagers of a Sundanese community in West Java, Indonesia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 115: 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.010
Downloads
Published
17-07-2018
How to Cite
1.
Kumar GK, Fayad AM, Nair AJ. Ophiorrhiza mungos var. angustifolia – Estimation of camptothecin and pharmacological screening. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2018 Jul. 17 [cited 2024 Dec. 24];5(3):113-20. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/395
Issue
Section
Research Articles
License
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
