Functional properties of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench): traditional claims and scientific evidences

Authors

  • Anupam Roy Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
  • Shanker Lal Shrivastava Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
  • Santi M. Mandal Vidyasagar University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2014.1.3.63

Keywords:

okra, traditional use, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, dysentery, diarrhoea

Abstract

Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench) is an important vegetable crop cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world. Besides the nutritional benefit, the different parts of the plant are used extensively in traditional medicine (antidiabetic, antipyretic, diuretic, antispasmodic, etc) around the world. This review critically assesses the nutritional values, phytochemistry, preclinical pharmacological properties and the possible future application of the okra. Effort is made to correlate the traditional claims in the context of experimental evidences.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Anupam Roy, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Working as Senior Research Fellow at Agricultural & Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Shanker Lal Shrivastava, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Working as Assistant Professor at Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Santi M. Mandal, Vidyasagar University

Working as Assistant Professor at Vidyasagar University (on Lien from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur)

References

Adelakun, O. E., Ade-Omowaye, B. I. O., Adeyemi, I. A., & Van De Venter, M. (2010). Functional properties and mineral contents of a Nigerian okra seed (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) fl our as influenced by pretreatment. Journal of Food Technology, 8(2), 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jftech.2010.39.45

Adelakun, O. E., Oyelade, O. J., Ade-Omowaye, B. I., Adeyemi, I. A., Van de Venter, M., & Koekemoer, T. C. (2009). Influence of pre-treatment on yield chemical and antioxidant properties of a Nigerian okra seed (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) fl our. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47 (3), 657–661. PMid:19146911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.023

Alamri, M. S., Mohamed, A., Hussain, S., & Xu, J. (2012). Effect of Okra extract on properties of wheat, corn and rice starches, Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, vol. 10(1), 217–222.

Alba, K., Ritzoulis, C., Georgiadis, N., & Kontogiorgos, V. (2013). Okra extracts as emulsifiers for acidic emulsions. Food Research International, 54(2), 1730–1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.09.051

Alia, S. S., Kasojua, N., Luthraa, A., Singha, A., Sharanabasavaa, H., Sahua, A., & Bora, U. (2008). Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. Food Research International, 41, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2007.10.001

Ansari, N. M., Houlihan, L., Hussain, B., & Pieroni, A. (2005). Antioxidant activity of five vegetables traditionally consumed by south-Asian migrants in Bradford, Yorkshire, UK. Phytotherapy Research, 19(10), 907–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1756 PMid:16261524

Atawodi, S. E., Atawodi, J. C., Idakwo, G. A., Pfundstein, B., Haubner, R., Wurtele, G., Spiegelhalder, ... Owen, R. W. (2009). Polyphenol composition and antioxidant potential of Hibiscus esculentus L. fruit cultivated in Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Food, 12(6), 1316–1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0211 PMid:20041787

Babu, P. S., & Srinivasan, K. (1995). Influence of dietary curcumin and cholesterol on the progression of experimentally induced diabetes in albino rat. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 152, 13– 21. PMid:8609907

Bakre, L. G., & Jaiyeoba, K. T. (2009). Effects of drying methods on the physicochemical and compressional characteristics of Okra powder and the release properties of its metronidazole tablet formulation. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 32 (2), 259-67.

Bandyukova V. A., & Ligai, L. V. (1987). A chemical investigation of the fruit of Abelmoschus esculentus., Chemistry of natural compounds, 23, 376-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.100/BF00600851

Barrett, B. (1994). Medicinal plants of Nicoragua's Atlantic Coast. Economic Botany, 481, 8-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02901375

Benchasri, S. (2012). Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) as a Valuable Vegetable of the World Ratar. Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, 49, 105-112.

Calisir, S., Ozcan, M., Haciseferogullari, H., & Yildiz, M. U. (2005). A study on some physico-chemical properties of Turkey okra (Hibiscus esculenta) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 68, 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.023

Camciuc, M., Deplagne, M., Vilarem, G., & Gaset, A. (1998). Okra - Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench.) a crop with economic potential for set aside acreage in France. Industrial Crops and Products, 7, 257-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690 (97)00056-3

Chandra, J., Samali, A., & Orrenius, S. (2000). Triggering and modulation of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 29, 323–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849 (00)00302-6

Chauhan, D. V. S. (1972). Vegetable Production in India, 3rd ed., Agra, India: Ram Prasad and Sons.

Chisholm, M. J. & Hopkins, C. Y. (1957). An oxygenated fatty acid from the seeds of Hibiscus esculentus. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 35, 358–364.

Crossley, A., & Hilditch, T. P. (1951). The fatty acids and glycerides of okra seed oil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2, 251–255.

Dahiya, A.K., & Vasudevan, P. (1987). Farm biomass utilization alternatives. Biological Wastes, 21, 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483 (87)90132-7

Dimopoulou, M., & Ritzoulis, M. (2014). Composite materials based on okra hydrocolloids and hydroxyapatite. Food Hydrocolloids. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.04.015

Fan, S., Zhang, Y., Sun, Q., Yu, L., Li, M., ... Huang, C. (2014). Extract of okra lowers blood glucose and serum lipids in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.010

Fong, Y., Toh, J., Rajen, M., & Rao, A. N. (2011). Recent researches on okra: Abelmochus esculentus. Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, 12(1), 95-98.

Georgiadisa, N., Ritzoulisa, C., Siouraa, G., Kornezoua, P., Vasiliadoub, C., & Tsioptsiasa, C. (2011). Contribution of okra extracts to the stability and rheology of oil-in-water emulsions. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(5), 991–999.

Hedin, P. A., Lamar, P. L., Thompson, A. C., & Minyard, J. P (1968). Isolation and structural determination of 13 flavonoid glycosides in Hibiscus esculentus (okra). American Journal of Botany, 55 (4), 431–437 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2440572 PMid:5641298

Idris, S., Yisa, J., & Itodo, A. (2009) Proximate and mineral composition of the leaves of Abelmoschus esculentus. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Systems, 3(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijotafs.v3i2.50037

Indah Mohd, I. (2011). Amin Nutritional Properties of Abelmoschus Esculentus as Remedy to Manage Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, 11. Singapore: IACSIT Press.

Jain, N., Jain, R., Jain, V., & Jain, S. (2012). A review on: Abelmoschus esculentus. Pharmacia, 1 (3), 84-89.

Jarret, R. L, Wang, M. L, & Levy, I. J. (2011). Seed oil and fatty acid content in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and related species. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 59(8), 4019-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf104590u

Kahlon, T. S., Chapman, M. H., & Smith, G. E. (2007). In vitro binding of bile acids by okra, beets, asparagus, eggplant, turnips, green beans, carrot and cauliflower. Food Chemistry. 103, 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.056

Khatun, H., Rahman, A., Biswas, M., & Islam, A. U. (2011). Water-soluble Fraction of Abelmoschus esculentus L Interacts with Glucose and Metformin Hydrochloride and Alters Their Absorption Kinetics after Coadministration in Rats. ISRN Pharmaceutical, 260537. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/260537

Khomsug, P., Thongjaroenbuangam, W., Pakdeenarong, N., Suttajit, M., & Chantiratikul P. (2010). Antioxidative Activities and Phenolic Content of Extracts from Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(4), 310-313 http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjbsci.2010.310.313

Kontogiorgosa, V., Margeloua, I., Georgiadisb, N., & Ritzoulisb, C. (2012). Rheological characterization of okra pectins. Food Hydrocolloids, 29(2), 356–362

Krishnaiah, D., Sarbatly., R, & Nithyanandam, R. (2011). A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 89(3), 217–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2010.04.008

Kumar, S., Dagnoko, S., Haougui, A., Ratnadass, A., Pasternak, D., & Kouame, C. (2010). Okra (Abelmoschuss pp. ) in West and Central Africa: potential and progress on its improvement. African Journall of Agricultural Research, 5, 3590-3598.

Lamont, W. (1999). Okra a versatile vegetable crop. Horteculture Technology 9, 179-184.

Laporte, M., Della, Valle, D., Loisel, C., Marze, S., Riaublanc, A., & Montillet, A. (2014). Rheological Properties of Food Foams Produced by SMX Static Mixers. Food Hydrocolloids. Article In Press, Accepted Manuscript.

Lengsfeld, C., Titgemeyer, F., Faller, G., & Hensel, A. (2004). Glycosylated compounds from okra inhibit adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucosa. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 52(6), 1495-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf030666n PMid:15030201

Liao, H, Liu, H., Yuan, K. (2012). A new flavonol glycoside from the Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. Pharmagnosy Magazine, 8, 12-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.93303 PMid:22438657 PMCid:PMC3307196

Liao, H., Dong, W., Shi, X., Liu, H., & Yuan, K. (2012). Analysis and comparison of the active components and antioxidant activities of extracts from Abelmoschus esculentus L. Pharmagnosy Magazine, 8(30), 156–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.96570

Lim T. K. (2012). Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Vol 3, Fruits, pp. 160. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8_21

Limon-Pacheco, J., & Gonsebatt, M. E. (2009). The role of antioxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective responses to environmentally induced oxidative stress. Mutation Research, 6(74), 137–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.015

Lu, J., Huanfen, L., & Linlin, J. (2011). Chemical constituents in n-butanol extract of Abelmoschus esculentus. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 41, 1771-3.

Madison, D. (2008). Renewing America's Food Traditions. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 167.

Mandal, S. M., Roy, A., Mahata, D., Migliolo, L., Nolasco, D. O., & Franco, O. L. (2014). Functional and structural insights on self-assembled nanofiber-based novel antibacterial ointment from antimicrobial peptides, bacitracin and gramicidin S. The Journal of Antibiotics, 4 June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ja.2014.70

Maramag, R. P. (2013). Diuretic potential of Capsicum frutescens L., Corchorus oliturius L., and Abelmoschus esculentus L. Asian journal of natural and applied science, 2 (1). 60-69.

Martin, F. (1982). Okra, Potential Multiple-Purpose Crop for the Temperate Zones and Tropics. Economic Botany, 36(3), 340–345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02858558

Marwat, S. K., Rehman, F. R., Khan, M. A., Ahmed, A., Zafar, M., & Gulam, S. (2011). Medicinal folk recipes used as traditional used as traditional phytotherapies in district Dera, Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. Journal of Botany, 43(3), 1453-1462.

Messing, J., Thöle, C., Niehues, M., Shevtsova, A., Glocker, E., ... Hensel, A. (2014). Antiadhesive properties of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) immature fruit extract against Helicobacter pylori adhesion. PLoS One, 9(1), e84836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084836

National Research Council (2006). "Okra,. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10333-6. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

Ndunguru, J., & Rajabu, A. C. (2004). Effect of okra mosaic virus disease on the above-ground morphological yield components of okra in Tanzania. Scientia Horticulturae, 99, 225-235 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238 (03)00108-0

Newsholme, P., Homem D., Bittencourt, P. I., Hagan, C. O., De V, Murphy, C. & Krause, M. S. (2009). Exercise and possible molecular mechanisms of protection from vascular disease and diabetes: the central role of ROS and nitric oxide. Clinical Science, 118, 341–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20090433

Newsholme, P., Keane, D., Welters, H. J., & Morgan, N .G. (2007). Life and death decisions of the pancreatic beta-cell: the role of fatty acids. Clinical Science, 112, 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20060115

Newsholme, P., Rebelato, E, Abdulkader, F., Krause, M., Carpinelli, A., & Curi, R. (2012) .Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation, antioxidant defenses, and ß-cell function: a critical role for amino acids. Journal of Endocrinology. 214 (1), 11-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0072

Ngoc, T. H., Ngo, Q. N., Van, A. T., & Phung, N. V. (2008). Hypolipidemic effect of extracts from Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Malvaceae) on Tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Warasan Phesatchasat, 35, 42–46.

Nwachukwu, E. C, Nulit, R., & Rusea, Go. (2014). Nutritional and biochemical properties of Malaysian okra variety. Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research, 2(1), 16-19.

Odedra, & Nathabhai, K. (2009). Ethnobotany of Maher Tribe In Porbandar District, Gujarat, India. Thesis PhD, Saurashtra University.

Ofoefule, S. I, & Chukwu, A. (2001). Application of Abelmoschus esculentus gum as a mini-matrix for furosemide and diclofenac sodium tablets. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 63 (6), 532–535.

Oyelade, O. J., Ade-Omowaye, B. I. O., & Adeomi, V. F. (2003). Influence of variety on protein, fat contents and some physical charasteristics of okra seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 57, 111–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774 (02)00279-0

Oyenuga, V. A. (1969). Nigeria’s foods and foodstuffs: Their chemistry and nutritive values (3rd ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan University Press.

Rajkumari, A., Sarma, K. A., Ilango K. B., Devi, S. D., & Rajak, P. (2012). Studies on the development of colon specific drug delivery system of ibuprofen using polysaccharide extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench.) Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 67-74.

Ramachandran, S., Sandeep, V. S, Srinivas, N. K., & Dhanaraju, M. D. (2010). Anti-diabetic activity of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Research & Reviews in BioSciences, 4.

Rao, P. U. (1985) Chemical composition and biological evaluation of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seeds and their kernels. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 35, 389–396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091784

Roy, A, Franco, O. L., & Mandal, S. M. (2013b). Biomedical exploitation of self assembled peptide based nanostructures. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 4(7), 580-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203711209070687

Roy, A., Khanra, N., Mishra, A., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2012b). General analysis and Antioxidant study of Traditional fermented drink Handia, its concentrate and volatiles. Advances in Life Science and its Applications. 2012, 1, 54-57.

Roy, A., Khanra, N., Mishra, A., Bhattacharya, C., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2012c). Bakhar-Handia Fermentation: General Analysis and a Correlation between Traditional Claims and Scientific Evidences Advances in Bioresearch, 3(3), 28.

Roy, A., Khanra, N., Saha. S., Bhattacharya, C., Mishra, A., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2012a). An antioxidant-rich fermented substrate produced by a newly isolated bacterium showing antimicrobial property against human pathogen, may be a potent nutraceutical in the near future. Advances in Life Science and its Applications, l, 36-44.

Roy, A., Mahata, D., Paul, D., Korpole, S., Franco, O. L., Mandal, S. M. (2013a) Purification, biochemical characterization and self-assembled structure of a fengycin-like antifungal peptide from Bacillus thuringiensis strain SM1. Frontiers in Microbiology 21(4), 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00332

Sabitha, V., Ramachandran, S., Naveen, K. R, & Panneerselvam, K. (2012). Investigation of in vivo antioxidant property of Abelmoschus esculentus (L) moench. fruit seed and peel powdersin streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 3(4), 188-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.104432

Sabitha, V., Ramachandran, S., Naveen, K. R., & Panneerselvam, K. (2013). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. in streptozotocin-induceddiabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 3(3), 397-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.84447

Saha, D., Jain, B, & Jain, V. K. (2011). Phytochemical evaluation and characterization of hypoglycemic activity of various extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. fruit. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 183–5.

Sánchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J. A., & Saura-Calixto, F. (1999). Free radical scavenging capacity and inhibition of lipid oxidation of wines, grape juices and related polyphenolic constituents. Food Research International, 32, 407-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969 (99)00097-6

Sayana, S. B., Khanwelkar, C. K., Nimmagadda, V. R, Dasi, J. M. B., Chavan, V. R., Kutani, A., & Kotagiri, K. (2014). Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Alcoholic Extract of Roots of Cissampelos Pareira in Albino Rats. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 8 (5), HC01-HC04.

Sharma, N., Kulkarni, G. T. & Sharma, A. (2013). Development of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra)-Based Mucoadhesive Gel for Nasal Delivery of Rizatriptan Benzoate. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(2), 149-153.

Sharma, N., Kulkarni, G. T., Sharma, A., Bhatnagar, A., & Kumar, N. (2013). Natural mucoadhesive microspheres of Abelmoschus esculentus polysaccharide as a new carrier for nasal drug delivery. Journal of Microencapsulation, 30(6), 589-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652048.2013.764941

Shui, G., & Peng L. L. (2004). An improved method for the analysis of major antioxidants of Hibiscus esculentus Linn. Journal of Chromatography A, 1048, pp. 17–24.

Siemonsma, J. S. & Kouame, C. (2000). Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Smit, R., Neeraj, K., & Preeti, K. (2013). Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Diabetes, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 3(3), 171-175.

Steyn, N. P., McHiza, Z., Hill, J., Davids, Y. D., Venter, I., Hinrichsen, E., Opperman, M., Rumbelow, J., & Jacobs, P. (2014). Nutritional contribution of street foods to the diet of people in developing countries: a systematic review. Public Health Nutrition, 17(6), 1363-1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001158 PMid:23680029

Subrahmanyam, G. V, Sushma, M., Alekya. A., Neeraja, C. H, Harsha, H. S, & Ravindra, J. (2011). Antidiabetic activity of Abelmoschus esculentus fruit extract. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 1, 17–20.

Sunilson, J. A. J., Jayaraj, P., Mohan M. S., Kumari, A. A. G., Varatharajan, R. (2008). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of the roots of Hibiscus esculentus Linn. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2(4), 200–203.

Thanakosai, W., & Phuwapraisirisan, P. (2013). First identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds. Natural Product Communications. 8 (8), 1085-8.

Tindall, H. D. (1986). Vegetables in the Tropics A textbook.. H. D. Tindall (Ed), pp: 328.

Tomoda, M., Shimizu, N., & Gonda, R. (1985). Isolation and characterisation of a mucilage 'Okra Mucilage R' from the roots of Abelmoschus esculentus. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33(8), 3330–3335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.33.3330

Tomoda, M., Shimizu, N., Oshima, Y., Takahashi, M., Murakami, M., & Hikino, H. (1987). Hypoglycaemic activity of twenty plant mucilages and three modified products-1. Planta Medica, 531, 8-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962605 PMid:3575513

Tomoda, M., Shimizu. N., Gonda, R., Kanari, M., Yamada, H., & Hikino, H. (1989). Anticomplementary and hypoglycemic activity of okra and hibiscus mucilages. Carbohydrate Research. 190(2), 323-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215 (89)84136-9

Trinh, H. N., Nguyen, N. Q., Tran, T. V. A., & Nguyen V. P. (2008) Hypolipidemic effect of extracts from Abelmoschus esculentus L. – Malvaceae on tyloxapol- induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 35(1–4), 42–46.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. (2010). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 23. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl

Uraku, A. J., Ajah, P. M., Okak, A. N., Ibiam, U. A., & Onu, P. N, (2010). Effects of crude extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus on albumin and total bilirubin of diabetic albino rats. International Journal of Science and Nature. 1, 38–41.

Uraku, A. J., Onuoha, S. C., Offor, C. E., Ogbanshi, M. E, & Ndidi, U. S. (2011). The effects of Abelmoschus esculentus fruits on ALP, AST and ALT of diabetic albino rats. International Journal of Science and Nature. 2, 582–6.

Vaidya, M. V., & Nanoti, M. V. (1989). Bhindi seed powder as coagulant in removal of turbidity from water. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 31(1), 43–48.

Watt, G, Sir. (1908). The Commercial Products of India, p. 381.

Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Fusita, T. ... Takenda, Y. (1995). Traditional Medicine in Turkey, Folk medicine in the inner Taurus mountain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 463, 133-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741 (95)01241-5

Zaharuddin, N. D., Noordin, M. I, & Kadivar, Ali. (2014). The Use of Hibiscus esculentus (Okra) Gum in Sustaining the Release of Propranolol Hydrochloride in a Solid Oral Dosage Form. BioMed Research International, Article ID 735891, 8 pages, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/735891

Zhou, Y., Zhang, A., Sun, H., Yan, G., & Wang, X. (2014). Plant-derived natural products as leads to antitumor drugs. Plant Science Today, 1(2), 46-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2014.1.2.17.

Downloads

Published

16-07-2014

How to Cite

1.
Roy A, Shrivastava SL, Mandal SM. Functional properties of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench): traditional claims and scientific evidences. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2014 Jul. 16 [cited 2024 Apr. 24];1(3):121-30. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/63

Issue

Section

Mini Reviews