Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Research Articles

Vol. 13 No. sp9 (2026): Recent Advances in Agriculture

Impact of weather parameters on the progression of bakanae disease (Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the north-western region of Haryana, India

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.15562
Submitted
14 May 2026
Published
13-10-2026

Abstract

Various biotic constraints affect the cultivation of aromatic rice in India, especially in the North-West Plain Zone and bakanae disease is responsible for high economic losses ranging from 3.0–95.4 %. It occurs in Haryana and the adjoining states, particularly in early-transplanted rice crops. Weather influences all stages of the host and pathogen life cycle, as well as disease progression. To manage and forecast bakanae disease, it is important to understand the interaction between the host, pathogen and environment. Therefore, the present study was undertaken at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Rice Research Station, Kaul, Kaithal, during kharif 2021 and 2022 to study the effect of weather parameters viz., maximum and minimum temperatures (°C; Tmax and Tmin), relative humidity in the morning and evening (%; RHM and RHE), rainfall (mm), wind velocity (km/hr) and bright sunshine (hr) on bakanae disease progression in basmati rice varieties PB 1121 and CSR 30. Accordingly, bakanae disease incidence across both seasons and pooled data progressively increased from the 28th to the 39th standard meteorological week (SMW), with PB 1121 showing higher susceptibility [19.1–34.6 % disease incidence (DI)] than CSR 30 (15.0–28.8 % DI). Peak disease incidence was observed under Tmax of around 33.6–37.7 °C, RHM of 94.9–97.6 % and low wind velocity of 2.0–2.5 km hr-1. The RHM showed a significant positive correlation with disease incidence (r = 0.754–0.851), whereas minimum temperature (r = −0.722 to −0.857) and wind velocity (r = −0.659 to −0.789) exhibited significant negative correlations. Multiple regression analysis revealed high coefficients of determination (R² = 0.85–0.99), indicating a strong influence of weather parameters on bakanae disease progression. Ultimately, these results establish predictable weather thresholds that enable early warning systems to protect susceptible basmati rice varieties from economic losses.

References

  1. 1. Mahajan G, Kumar V, Chauhan BS. Rice production worldwide. In: Chauhan BS, Jabran K, Mahajan G, editors. Rice production worldwide. Cham: Springer Nature; 2017. p. 53–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47516-5_3
  2. 2. Anonymous. The final estimates of production of major crops for the year 2024–25. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; 2025.
  3. 3. Singh R, Sunder S, Dodan DS. Status of rice diseases in Haryana. Pl Dis Res. 2013;28:181–5.
  4. 4. Dodan DS, Singh R, Sunder S. Pattern of rice diseases in Haryana. Pl Dis Res. 1997;12:188–91.
  5. 5. Asmaul H, Asaduzzaman MM, Nor NMIM. Rice bakanae disease: an emerging threat to rice production in Bangladesh. Asian J Med Biol Res. 2020;6:608–10. https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i4.51224
  6. 6. Thomas KM. A new paddy disease in Madras. Madras Agril J. 1931;19:34–6.
  7. 7. Hori S. Researches on bakanae disease of the rice plant. Nojishikenjyo Senseki. 1898;12:110–9.
  8. 8. Ito S, Kimura J. Studies on the bakanae disease of the rice plant. Rep Hokkaido Agric Exp Stn. 1931;27:1–95.
  9. 9. Wollenweber HW, Reinking OA. Die Fusarien: Ihre Beschreibung, Schadwirkung und Bekämpfung. Berlin: Paul Parey; 1935. p. 355.
  10. 10. Watanabe T, Umehara Y. The perfect state of the causal fungus of bakanae disease of rice plants recollected at Toyama. T Mycol Soc Jpn. 1977;18:136–42.
  11. 11. Sawada K. Beitrage uber Formosas-Pilze No. 14. Transac Nat Hist Soc Formosa. 1917;3:31–133.
  12. 12. Kurosawa E. Experimental studies on the nature of the substance secreted by the bakanae fungus. Nat Hist Soc Formosa. 1926;16:213–27.
  13. 13. Seto F. Studies on the bakanae disease of the rice plant: a consideration of the occurrence of the bakanae disease and the bakanae phenomenon. Ann Phytopathol Soc Japan. 1928;2:118–39. https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.2.118
  14. 14. Singh V, Kumar A, Kapoor P, Bochalya MS. Identification of Fusarium species associated with bakanae disease of basmati rice by using molecular marker. Biol Forum. 2022;14(4):193–7.
  15. 15. Fiyaz RA, Krishnan SG, Rajashekara H, Yadav AK, Bashyal BM, Bhowmick PK. Development of high-throughput screening protocol and identification of novel sources of resistance against bakanae disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Indian J Genet Plant Breed. 2014;74:414–22. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2014.00864.5
  16. 16. Jain SK, Khilari K, Dongre M, Pal S. Occurrence of bakanae disease of rice in Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2019;8:207–12. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.025
  17. 17. Gupta AK, Singh Y, Jain AK, Singh D. Prevalence and incidence of bakanae disease of rice in Northern India. J AgriSearch. 2014;1:233–7.
  18. 18. Singh R, Sunder S. Foot rot and bakanae of rice: an overview. Rev Plant Pathol. 2012;5:566–604.
  19. 19. Singh V, Kumar A, Kapoor P, Bochalya MS. Comparative assessment of different isolates of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon causing bakanae disease of aromatic rice using beta-tubulin gene by PCR analysis. Environ Ecol. 2023;41(1B):513–8.
  20. 20. Singh V, Kumar A, Kapoor P, Bochalya MS, Kumar R. Cultural, morphological and molecular variability in Fusarium moniliforme isolates causing bakanae disease of aromatic rice in Haryana, India. Indian J Agric Sci. 2025;95(5):497–502. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v95i6.137127
  21. 21. Singh V, Kumar A, Kapoor P, Bochalya MS. Detection of fumonisin among different strains of Fusarium spp. associated with bakanae disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Environ Conserv J. 2023;24(4):9–15. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.15822520
  22. 22. Matić S, Gullino ML, Spadaro D. The puzzle of bakanae disease through interactions between Fusarium fujikuroi and rice. Front Biosci. 2017;9:333–44. https://doi.org/10.2741/e806
  23. 23. Luo Y, Teng PS, Fabellar NG, Beest DOT. Risk analysis of yield losses caused by rice leaf blast associated with temperature above and below for five Asian countries. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 1998;68:197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00083-2
  24. 24. Chan Z, Ding K, Tan G, Zhu S, Chen Q, Su X, et al. Epidemic regularity of rice bakanae disease. J Anhui Agric Sci. 2004;32(3):139–42.
  25. 25. Burgess LW, Backhouse D, Swan LJ, Esdaile RJ. Control of Fusarium crown rot of wheat by late stubble burning and rotation with sorghum. Australas Plant Pathol. 1996;25:229–33. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP96042
  26. 26. Saremi H, Farrokhi F. Study on bakanae disease of rice and evaluation of cultivars in Gilan and Zanjan provinces, Iran. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Iran and Russia Conference; 2004. p. 358–65.
  27. 27. Singh R, Kumar P, Laha GS. Present status of bakanae of rice caused by Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg. Indian Phytopathol. 2019;72:587–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-019-00125-w
  28. 28. Sheoran OP. Statistical package for agricultural research workers. Hisar: CCS Haryana Agricultural University; 2004.
  29. 29. Vander Plank JE. Plant diseases: epidemics and control. New York: Academic Press; 1963. p. 349.
  30. 30. Bal RS, Biswas B. Epidemiology and management of foot rot in basmati rice. J Krishi Vigyan. 2018;6:87–94. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00067.3
  31. 31. Bashyal BM. Etiology of an emerging disease: bakanae of rice. Indian Phytopathol. 2018;71:485–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-018-0091-2
  32. 32. Nyvall RF. Field crop diseases. 3rd ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 1999. p. 1021.
  33. 33. Raghu S, Guru PP, Baite MS, Yadav MK, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Keerthana U, et al. Estimation of yield loss and relationship of weather parameters on incidence of bakanae disease in rice varieties under shallow lowland ecologies of Eastern India. J Environ Biol. 2021;42:995–1001. https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/4/MRN-1588
  34. 34. Biswas B, Dhaliwal LK, Chahal SK, Pannu PPS. Effect of meteorological factors on rice sheath blight and exploratory development of a predictive model. Indian J Agric Sci. 2011;81(3):256.
  35. 35. Kaur A, Dhaliwal LK, Pannu PPS. Role of meteorological parameters on sheath blight of rice under different planting methods. Int J Bio-resour Stress Manag. 2015;6(2). https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4038.2015.00039.1
  36. 36. Sun SK. The disease cycle of rice bakanae disease in Taiwan. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub Chin. 1975;8:245–56.
  37. 37. Shin S, Ryu H, Jung J, Yoon Y, Kwon G, Lee N, et al. Past and future epidemiological perspectives and integrated management of rice bakanae in Korea. Plant Pathol J. 2023;39(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.RW.08.2022.0123
  38. 38. Watanabe Y. The possibility of soil transmission in bakanae disease and the contamination of seed with the causal fungus during disease development in nurseries by irradiating rice seeds with atmospheric plasma. Plant Pathol. 1974;66(1):67–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12555
  39. 39. Anderson L, Webster R. A comparison of assays for Gibberella fujikuroi and their ability to predict resulting bakanae from rice seed sources in California. Phytopathology. 2005;95(S4):6.
  40. 40. Puyam A, Pannu PPS, Kaur J, Sethi S. Investigations on survival and host range of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. causing foot rot disease of rice. Environ Ecol. 2017;35(3B):2071–5.
  41. 41. Karov IK, Mitrev K, Sasa Emilija DK. Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenweber: the new parasitic fungus on rice in the Republic of Macedonia. Proc Nat Sci Matica Srpska Novi Sad. 2009;116:175–82. https://doi.org/10.2298/ZMSPN0916175K
  42. 42. Kazempour MN, Elahinia SA. Biological control of Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of bakanae disease, by rice-associated antagonistic bacteria. Bulg J Agric Sci. 2007;13:393–408.
  43. 43. Prashantha ST, Yadav GK, Gopala Krishnan S, Bashyal BM. Identification of resistant sources against bakanae disease in short-grained aromatic rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J Agric Sci. 2024;94(1):44–9. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v94i1.141812

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.