Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Research Articles

Early Access

Effects of salicylic acid on growth, photosynthesis pigment, proline and endogenous hormones content of black rice grown under salt stress

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3548
Submitted
3 April 2024
Published
10-04-2025
Versions

Abstract

Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that inhibits plant growth and development. One of the mechanisms by which plants tolerance to salinity is through synthesizing salicylic acid (SA). This research was aimed to evaluate the impact of SA on growth, photosynthesis pigments, proline accumulation and endogenous hormone levels of black rice ‘Sembada Hitam' subjected to saline conditions. Black rice seeds were germinated in a plastic tray containing growth media and seedlings of 3 weeks old were transplanted into a plastic chamber with similar growth media. Sodium chloride of 0 mM (control), 50 mM, 100 mM or 150 mM were applied 1 month after planting, whereas plants were sprayed with different concentration of SA, namely 0 mM (control), 0.5 mM, 1 mM or 2 mM at 25, 50, 75 and 90 days after planting. Five replicates were prepared for each treatment combination. Several growth parameters such as plant height, root length, number of tillers and flag leaf area and physiological parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline and endogenous hormones content were determined. The results indicated that salinity inhibited the growth parameters of 'Sembada Hitam' rice. Elevated sodium chloride levels resulted in reductions in plant height, root length, number of tillers and flag leaf area. Application of SA mitigated the adverse effects of salinity by enhancing plant height, root length, number of tillers and flag leaf area. The presence of SA also led to increase levels of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellins (GA3), Cytokinins (CKs), Jasmonic Acid (JA) and endogenous Salicylic Acid (SA), while reducing Abscisic Acid (ABA) levels in black rice under saline conditions.

References

  1. Kumar S, Nand V, Narjary B, Kamra SK, Harode PK, Islam A, et al. Evaluating the impact of projected CO2, temperature and rainfall change on groundwater resources in a rice–wheat dominated cropping region of northwestern India. J Water and Climate Change. 2023;14(7):2323–41. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2023.062
  2. Stavi I, Thevs N, Priori S. Soil salinity and sodicity in drylands: A review of causes, effects, monitoring and restoration measures. Front Environ Sci. 2021;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712831
  3. Hayat K, Bundschuh J, Jan F, Menhas S, Hayat S, Haq F et al. Combating soil salinity with combining saline agriculture and phytomanagement with salt-accumulating plants. Critical Rev in Environ Sci and Technol. 2020;50(11):1085–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1646087
  4. Ryu H, Cho YG. Plant hormones in salt stress tolerance. J Plant Biol. 2015;58(3):147–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-015-0103-z
  5. Khare T, Kumar V, Kishor PBK. Na+ and Cl- ions show additive effects under NaCl stress on induction of oxidative stress and the responsive antioxidative defense in rice. Protoplasma. 2015;252(4):1149–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-014-0749-2
  6. Akyol TY, Yilmaz O, Uzilday B, Uzilday OR, Türkan ?. Plant response to salinity: An analysis of ROS formation, signaling and antioxidant defense. Turkish J Bot. 2020;44(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1911-15
  7. Liu C, Mao B, Yuan D, Chu C, Duan M. Salt tolerance in rice: Physiological responses and molecular mechanisms. The Crop J. 2022;10(1):13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2021.02.010
  8. Singh A, Sengar RS. Salinity stress in rice: An overview. Agri and Food Sci, Biol, Environ Sci. 2014;14(2):643–48.
  9. Chutipaijit S, Cha-um S, Sompornpailin K. High contents of proline and anthocyanin increase protective response to salinity in Oryza sativa L. spp. indica. Australian J Crop Sci. 2011;5(10):1191–98.
  10. Hariadi YC, Nurhayati AY, Soeparjono S, Arif I. Screening six varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) for salinity tolerance. Procedia Environ Sci. 2015;28:78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.012
  11. Nisa RI, Wulandari RA, Kurniasih B. Effect of salinity during seedling stage on the growth and yield of black rice (Oryza sativa L. ’Jeliteng’). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ Sci.2022;985(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/985/1/012011
  12. Chunthaburee S, Sakuanrungsirikul S, Wongwarat T, Sanitchon J, Pattanagul W, Theerakulpisut P. Changes in anthocyanin content and expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes in seedlings of black glutinous rice in response to salt stress. Asian J Plant Sci. 2016;15(3–4):56–65. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2016.56.65
  13. Kim Y, Mun BG, Khan AL, Waqas M, Kim HH, Shahzad R, et al. Regulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by salicylic acid in rice plants under salinity stress conditions. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192650
  14. Dempsey DA, Vlot AC, Wildermuth MC, Klessig DF. Salicylic acid biosynthesis and metabolism. The Arabidopsis Book. 2011;0156. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0156
  15. Mir AR, Somasundaram R. Salicylic acid and salt stress tolerance in plants: A review. J Stress Physiol and Biochem. 2021;17(3).
  16. Hu Y, Zhi L, Li P, Hancock JT, Hu X. The role of salicylic acid signal in plant growth, development and abiotic stress. Phyton-Intern J Experim Bot. 2022;91(12):2591–605. https://doi.org/10.32604/PHYTON.2022.023733
  17. Sharma M, Gupta SK, Majumder B, Maurya VK, Deeba F, Alam A, et al. Salicylic acid mediated growth, physiological and proteomic responses in two wheat varieties under drought stress. J Proteomics. 2017;163:28–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.011
  18. EL Sabagh A, Islam MS, Hossain A, Iqbal MA, Mubeen M, Waleed M et al. Phytohormones as growth regulators during abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Front in Agron. 2022;4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.765068
  19. Torun H, Novák O, Mikulík J, Strnad M, Ayaz FA. The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on endogenous phytohormone status in Hordeum vulgare L. under salt stress. Plants. 2022;11(5):618 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050618
  20. Lichtenthaler HK. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. methods in enzymology. Methods Enzymol. 1987;148(C):350–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1
  21. Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 1973;39(1):205–07. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF0001806
  22. Montgomery EG. Correlation studies in corn, Annual Report No.24. Nebraska360 Agri Experim Station: Lincoln, NB, USA; 1911. 108–59
  23. Gomez KA, Gomez AA. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons; 1984. 201
  24. Jini D, Joseph B. Physiological mechanism of salicylic acid for alleviation of salt stress in rice. Rice Sci. 2017;24(2):97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2016.07.007
  25. Mahdavian K. Efect of diferent concentrations of salicylic acid on salt tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J Crop Physiol. 2017;36:121–36. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308956922_Salicylic_Acid_Induced_Salinity_Tolerance_Through_Manipulation_of_Ion_Distribution_Rather_than_Ion_Accumulation/figures?lo=1&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=organic
  26. Ren M, Li Y, Zhu J, Zhao K, Wu Z, Mao C. Phenotypes and molecular mechanisms underlying the root response to phosphate deprivation in plants. Intern J Molecular Sci. 2023;24(6): https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065107
  27. Maryum Z, Luqman T, Nadeem S, Khan SMUD, Wang B, Ditta A, et al. An overview of salinity stress, mechanism of salinity tolerance and strategies for its management in cotton. Front in Plant Sci. 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.907937
  28. Haque MA, Rafii MY, Yusoff MM, Ali NS, Yusuff O, Datta DR et al. Advanced breeding strategies and future perspectives of salinity tolerance in rice. Agron. 2021;11(8): https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081631
  29. Devireddy AR, Zandalinas SI, Fichman Y, Mittler R. Integration of reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling during abiotic stress. Plant J. 2021;105(2):459–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15010
  30. Jayakannan M, Bose J, Babourina O, Rengel Z, Shabala S. Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and tolerance. Plant Growth Regulation. 2015;76(1):25–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0028-z
  31. Mahdavian K. Application of salicylic acid on chlorophyll, carotenoids and proline in radish under salinity stress. Proceedings of the National Acad of Sci India Section B - Biol Sci. 2023;93(4):809–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-023-01484-1
  32. Simkin AJ. Carotenoids and apocarotenoids in planta: Their role in plant development, contribution to the flavour and aroma of fruits and flowers and their nutraceutical benefits. Plants. 2021;10(11):2321. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112321
  33. Nguyen HTT, Bhowmik SD, Long H, Cheng Y, Mundree S, Hoang LTM. Rapid accumulation of proline enhances salinity tolerance in Australian wild rice Oryza australiensis Domin. Plants. 2021;10(10): https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102044
  34. Park J, Kim YS, Kim SG, Jung JH, Woo JC, Park CM. Integration of auxin and salt signals by the NAC transcription factor NTM2 during seed germination in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2011;156(2):537–49. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.177071
  35. Saini S, Kaur N, Marothia D, Singh B, Singh V, Gantet P, Pati PK. Morphological analysis, protein profiling and expression analysis of auxin homeostasis genes of roots of two contrasting cultivars of rice provide inputs on mechanisms involved in rice adaptation towards salinity stress. Plants. 2021;10(8):1544. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081544
  36. Tsegay BA, Andargie M. Seed priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) alleviates salinity induced inhibition of germination and seedling growth of Zea mays L., Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A. Braun and Lathyrus sativus L. J Crop Sci and Biotechnol. 2018;21(3):261–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-018-0043-0
  37. Mathpal B, Srivastava PC, Pachauri SP, Shukla AK, Shankhdhar SC. Role of gibberellic acid and cytokinin in improving grain Zn accumulation and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Soil Sci and Plant Nutri. 2023;23(4):6006–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01459-1
  38. Sharipova G, Ivanov R, Veselov D, Akhiyarova G, Seldimirova O, Galin I, et al. Effect of salinity on stomatal conductance, leaf hydraulic conductance, HvPIP2 Aquaporin and abscisic acid abundance in barley leaf cells. Intern J Molecular Sci. 2022;23(22):14282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214282
  39. Wani AB, Chadar H, Wani AH, Singh S, Upadhyay N. Salicylic acid to decrease plant stress. Environ Chem Lett. 2017;15(1):101–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0584-0
  40. Sousa PDJ, Silva MT, Costa CJMA, Dos SNGA, De Araújo BAE, Souza CL et al. Effect of salicylic acid on cowpea seedlings under saline stress. Plant Science Today. 2023;11(1):288-95. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2237
  41. Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Siddiqui MN, Sohag AAM, Sakil MA, Rahman MM, Polash MAS et al. Salicylic acid-mediated enhancement of photosynthesis attributes and antioxidant capacity contributes to yield improvement of maize plants under salt stress. J Plant Growth Regulation. 2018;37(4):1318–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-018-9867-y
  42. Chen YE, Cui JM, Li GX, Yuan M, Zhang ZW, Yuan S, et al. Effect of salicylic acid on the antioxidant system and photosystem II in wheat seedlings. Biologia Plantarum. 2016;60(1):139–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-015-0564-4
  43. Chen T, Shabala S, Niu Y, Chen ZH, Shabala L, Meinke H et al. Molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice. Crop J. Institute of Crop Sci. 2021;9(3):pp.506–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2021.03.005
  44. Yuvaraj M, Bose SCK, Elavarasi P, Tawfik E. Soil salinity and its management. In: Soil Moisture Importance. Intech Open; 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93329
  45. Ramamoorthy P, Karthikeyan M, Nirubana V. Management of saline and sodic soils. Intern J Agri Sci and Technol. 2021;1(1):24-2. https://doi.org/10.51483/IJAGST.1.1.2021.24-27
  46. Batarseh M. Sustainable management of calcareous saline sodic soil in arid environment: the leaching process in the Jordan Valley. J Appl and Environ Soil Sci. 2017;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1092838
  47. Susanti NL, Dewi K. The effect of rice husk biochar on the growth and phytohormone profile of Chinese cabbage under drought conditions. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agri Machinery. 2023;54(7):15-29.
  48. Al-Shammari WB, Altamimi HR, Abdelaal K. Improvement in physiobiochemical and yield characteristics of pea plants with nano silica and melatonin under salinity stress conditions. Horticulturae. 2023;9:711. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060711
  49. Al-Shammari WB, Alshammery K, Lofti S, Altamimi H, Alshammari A, Al-Harbi NA et al. Improvement of morphophysiological and anatomical attributes of plants under abiotic stress conditions using plant growth-promoting bacteria and safety treatments. Peer J. 2024; 12:e17286. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17286
  50. Ambavaram MMR, Basu S, Krishnan A, Ramegowda V, Batlang U, Rahman L et al. Coordinated regulation of photosynthesis in rice increases yield and tolerance to environmental stress. Nat Commun. 2014;5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6302
  51. Kristamtini K, Taryono T, Basunanda P, Murti RH. Keragaman genetik kultivar padi beras hitam lokal berdasarkan penanda mikrosatelit. J AgroBiogen. 2016;10(2):69–76. https://doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v10n2.2014.p69-76
  52. Zou Y, Zhang Y, Testerink C. Root dynamic strategies in response to salinity. Plant Cell Environ. 2022;45:695-704. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.14205
  53. Sathasivam R, Radhakrishnan R, Kim JK, Park SU. An update on biosynthesis and regulation of carotenoids in plants. South African J Bot. 2021;140:290-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.05.015

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.