Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025)

A comprehensive review on multiple utilities of moringa: A divine tree

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.5869
Submitted
16 October 2024
Published
17-05-2025 — Updated on 27-05-2025
Versions

Abstract

Moringa is customarily cultivated in the Indian house backyards due to its richness in medicinal, nutritional, environmental and fodder value. The perennial trees, maintained with biannual pruning, are photo-insensitive and flower year-round regardless of light or temperature variations. From a human diet perspective, tender leaves are consumed as green leafy vegetables due to their high nutrient value and are also known to cure various human diseases. Pods are widely used in various culinary recipes. Environmentally, moringa can remove wastewater-based pollutants, making it ideal for areas lacking proper drainage systems by cleaning soil soaked in household wastewater. On small-scale farms, where livestock are raised based on the availability of crop residues or excess vegetation from non-arable lands or soils of poor fertility, moringa provides nutrient-rich foliage for animal feed. Incorporating moringa foliage and its byproduct into animal diet improves animal health and reduces the calving gap in dairy animals. Moringa also can impart plant resistance to various abiotic stresses and control plant diseases in an eco-friendly way. The antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial) properties of moringa are numerous and deserve noteworthy mention. This manuscript aims to provide comprehensive information on moringa utilities, promote further scientific research to explore its potential as a nutritionally rich food and feed, phytoremediation and pharmaceutical applications and provide sustainable environmental solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and combat malnutrition effectively.

References

  1. 1. Meena P, Saraswathi T, Boopathi NM, Pugalendhi L. Diversity analysis of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) genotypes using DUS descriptors. Elect J Plant Biol. 2021;12(3):949-55. https://www.ejplantbreeding.org/index.php/EJPB/article/view/4007
  2. 2. Oyeyinka AJ, Oyeyinka SA. Moringa oleifera as a food fortificant: Recent trends and prospects. J Saudi Soc Agric. Sci. 2018;17:127–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.02.002
  3. 3. Khan MA, Shakoor S, Ameer K, Farooqi MA, Rohi M, Saeed M, et al. Effects of dehydrated moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder supplementation on physicochemical, antioxidant, mineral, and sensory properties of whole wheat flour leavened bread. J Food Qual. 2023;4473000. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4473000
  4. 4. Zungu N, Van Onselen A, Kolanisi U, Siwela M. Assessing the nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP)-based snacks for improving food and nutrition security of children. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:283-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.07.048
  5. 5. Benhammouche T, Melo A, Martins Z, Faria MA, Pinho SCM, Ferreira I. Nutritional quality of protein concentrates from Moringa oleifera leaves and in vitro digestibility. Food Chem. 2012;348:128858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128858
  6. 6. Teixeira EMB, Carvalho MRB, Neves VA, Silva MA, Arantes-Pereira. Chemical characteristics and fractionation of proteins from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Food Chem. 2014;147:51-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.135
  7. 7. Razzak A, Roy KR, Sadia U, Zzaman W. Effect of thermal processing on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of raw and cooked Moringa oleifera Lam. pods. Int J Food Sci. 2022;1502857. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1502857
  8. 8. Rodrigues JF, Soares C, Moreira MM, Ramalhosa MJ, Duarte NF, Delerue-Matos C, et al. Moringa oleifera Lam. commercial beverages: A multifaceted investigation of consumer perception, sensory analysis and bioactive properties. Foods. 2023;12:2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112253
  9. 9. Bolarinwa IF, Aruna TE, Raji AO. Nutritive value and acceptability of bread fortified with moringa seed powder. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2019;18(2):195-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.05.002
  10. 10. Nudel A, Cohen R, Abbo S, Kerem Z. Developing a nutrient-rich and functional wheat bread by incorporating Moringa oleifera leaf powder and gluten. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2023;187:115343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115343
  11. 11. Penalver R, Martinez-Zamora L, Lorenzo JM, Ros G, Nieto G. Nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of Moringa oleifera leaves in functional foods. Foods. 2022;11:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11081107
  12. 12. Olusanya RN, Kolanisi U, Van Onselen A, Ngobese NZ, Siwela M. Nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP)-supplemented mahewu. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:175-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.04.022
  13. 13. Fahey JW, Zalcmann AT, Talalay P. The chemical diversity and distribution of lucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry. 2001;56:5–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00316-2
  14. 14. Bennett R, Mellon F, Foidl N, Pratt J, Dupont M, Perkins L, Kroon P. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L. (Horse radish tree) and Moringa stenopetala L. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:3546–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0211480
  15. 15. Bajpai M, Pande A, Tewari SK, Prakash D. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of some food and medicinal plants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2005:56:287–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480500146606
  16. 16. Yang R, Yang RY, Lin S, Kuo G. Content and distribution of flavonoids among 91 edible plant species. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17:275–79. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18296355/
  17. 17. Coppin JP, Xu Y, Chen H, Pan MH, Ho CT, Juliani R, et al. Determination of flavonoids by LC/MS and anti-inflammatory activity in Moringa oleifera. J Funct Foods. 2013;5:1892–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.010
  18. 18. Ciska E, Martyniak-Przybyszewska B, Kozlowska H. Content of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables grown at the same site for two years under different climatic conditions. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:2862–67. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf981373a
  19. 19. Amaglo NK, Bennett RN, Lo Curto RB, Rosa EAS, LoTurco V, Giuffrida A, et al. Profiling selected phytochemicals and nutrients in different tissues of the multipurpose tree Moringa oleifera L., grown in Ghana. Food Chem. 2010;122:71047–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.073
  20. 20. Rodrigues JF, Soares C, Moreira MM, Ramalhosa MJ, Duarte NF, Delerue-Matos C, et al. Moringa oleifera Lam. commercial beverages: A multifaceted investigation of consumer perception, sensory analysis and bioactive properties. Foods. 2023;12:2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112253
  21. 21. Bolarinwa IF, Aruna TE, Raji AO. Nutritive value and acceptability of bread fortified with moringa seed powder. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2019;18(2):195-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.05.002
  22. 22. Nudel A, Cohen R, Abbo S, Kerem Z. Developing a nutrient-rich and functional wheat bread by incorporating Moringa oleifera leaf powder and gluten. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2023;187:115343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115343
  23. 23. Boateng L, Nortey E, Ohemeng AN, Asante M, Steiner-Asiedu M. Sensory attributes and acceptability of complementary foods fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder. Nutr Food Sci. 2019;49(3):393-406. https://doi.org/10.1108/nfs-07-2018-0192
  24. 24. Koriyama T, Saikawa M, Kurosu Y, Kumagai M, Hosoya T. Effects of roasting on the quality of Moringa oleifera leaf powder and loaf volume of Moringa oleifera-supplemented bread. Foods. 2023;12(20):3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203760
  25. 25. APEDA Agri exchange: Market Intelligence Report. 2024. Available from: https://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/
  26. 26. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Conservation guide no. 19 Rome. 1988. https://www.fao.org/4/t0495e/t0495e00.htm
  27. 27. Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS. Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal applications. Food Sci HumWellness. 2016;5:49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001
  28. 28. Nadeem M, Imran M. Promising features of Moringa oleifera oil: Recent updates and perspectives. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0379-0
  29. 29. Kasolo JN, Bimenya GS, Ojok L, Ochieng J, Ogwal-okeng JW. Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities. J Med Plant Res. 2010;4:753-57. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.492
  30. 30. Ramachandran C, Peter KV, Gopalakrishnan PK. Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A multipurpose Indian vegetable. Econ Bot. 1980;34:276-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858648
  31. 31. Rashid U, Anwar F, Bryan RM, Gerhard K. Moringa olerifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel. Bior Technol. 2008;99:8175-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.066
  32. 32. Abalaka ME, Daniyan SY, Oyeleke SB, Adeyemo SO. The antibacterial evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on selected bacterial pathogens. J Microbiol Res. 2012;2:1–4. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.microbiology.20120202.01
  33. 33. Howladar SM. A novel Moringa oleifera leaf extract can mitigate the stress effects of salinity and cadmium in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2014;100:69–75. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.022
  34. 34. Rehman H, Nawaz MQ, Basra SMA, Afzal I, Yasmeen A, Hassan FU. Seed priming influence on early crop growth, phenological development and yield performance of linola (Linum usitatissimum L.). J Integr Agric. 2014;13:990–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60521-3
  35. 35. Drobek M, Frac M, Cybulska J. Plant Biostimulants: Importance of the quality and yield of horticultural crops and the improvement of plant tolerance to abiotic stress - A review. Agron J. 2019;9:335. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy 9060335
  36. 36. Singh A, Kumar A, Yadav S, Singh IK. Reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling during abiotic stress. Plant Gene. 2019;18:100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2019.100173
  37. 37. Gill SS, Tuteja N. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2010;48:909–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016
  38. 38. Alkuwayti MA, Sherif FEl, Yap YK, Khattab S. Foliar application of Moringa oleifera leaves extract altered stress-responsive gene expression and enhanced bioactive compounds composition in Ocimum basilicum. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:291-98. 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.001
  39. 39. Maswada HF, AbdEl-Razek UA, El-Sheshtawy ANA, Elzaawely AA. Morpho-physiological and yield responses to exogenous moringa leaf extract and salicylic acid in maize (Zea mays L.) under water stress. Arch Agron Soil Sci. 2018;64(7):994–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1406079
  40. 40. Latif HH, Mohamed HI. Exogenous applications of moringa leaf extract effect on retrotransposon, ultrastructural and biochemical contents of common bean plants under environmental stresses. S Afr J Bot. 2016;106:221–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.07.010
  41. 41. Li Q, Cai S, Mo C, Chu B, Peng L, Yang F. Toxic effects of heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables grown in a saline soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2010;73:84–88. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.002
  42. 42. Khalofah A, Bokhari NA, Migdadi HM, Alwahibi MS. Antioxidant responses and the role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract for mitigation of cadmium stressed Lepidium sativum L.S Afr J Bot. 2020;129;341–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.041
  43. 43. Sajidu SM, Henry E, Persson I, Masamba WRL, Kayambazinhu D. pH dependence of sorption of Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+ on crude water and sodium chloride extracts of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera. Afr J Biotechnol. 2006;5:2397–2401. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB06.415
  44. 44. Morgan CR, Opio C, Migabo S. Chemical composition of moringa (Moringa oleifera) root powder solution and effects of moringa root powder on E. coli growth in contaminated water. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:243-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.07.020
  45. 45. Idris MA, Jami MS, Hammed AM, Jamal P. Moringa oleifera seed extract: A review on its environmental applications. Int J Appl Environ Sci. 2016;11:1469–86.
  46. 46. James A, Zikankuba V. Moringa oleifera a potential tree for nutrition security in sub-Sahara Africa. Am J Res Commun. 2017;5:1–12.
  47. 47. Dhivya S, Chakravarthi MK, Venkataseshaiah Ch, Rajkishore K, Muralidhar M. A study on cost economics of incorporation of Moringa oleifera on growth performance in Nellore lambs. Indian J Anim Prod Manage. 2024;40(4):256-59. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.7
  48. 48. Basic animal husbandry statistics. Government of India, Ministry of Fisheries, animal husbandry and dairying, Department of Animal husbandry and dairying, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi. 2023 [updated 2023 Nov 30]. Available from: https://dahd.gov.in/schemes/programmes/animal-husbandry-statistics
  49. 49. Roy AK, Agarwal RK, Bharadwaj NR, Mishra AK, Mahanta SK. Revisiting national forage demand and availability scenario. In: Indian fodder scenario: Redefining sate wise status, ICAR-AICRP on forage crops and utilization; 2019. https://aicrponforagecrops.icar.gov.in/pdfs/Chapter.pdf
  50. 50. Sanchez NR, Stig L, Inger L. Biomass production and chemical composition of Moringa oleifera under different management regimes in Nicaragua. Agrofores Sys. 2006;66:231–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-8847-y
  51. 51. Richter N, Siddhuraju P, Becker K. Evaluation of nutritional quality of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquac Res. 2003;217:599–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00497-0
  52. 52. Juhaimi-Al FY, Alsawmahi N, Abdoun KA, Ghafoor K, Babiker EE. Antioxidant potential of moringa leaves for improvement of milk and serum quality of Aardi goats. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:134–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.022
  53. 53. Cohen-Zinder M, Weinberg Z, Leibovich H, Chen Y, Rosen M, Sagi G, et al. Ensiled Moringa oleifera: An antioxidant-rich feed that improves dairy cattle performance. J Agric Sci. 2017;155:1174-86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859617000387
  54. 54. Ihezuo JP, Ahaotu EO, Uwalaka RE. Replacement of rice and maize stalks with Tephrosia spp and Moringa olerifera cakes in the diet of small ruminants raised under humid tropics. Inter J Appl Sci Engr. 2013;1(2):66-68.
  55. 55. Mufarji A, Mohammed AEN, Zeidi RA, Masruri HA, Mohammed AH. Effects of Moringa oleifera on follicular development, blood and metabolic profiles of subtropical ewes during peripartum. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2022;10(8):1706. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.8.1706.1712
  56. 56. Windisch WK, Schedle C, Plitzner A, Kroismayr. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J Anim Sci. 2008;86:140-48. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0459
  57. 57. Donkor A, Glover R, Addae K, Kubi K. Estimating the nutritional value of the leaves of Moringa oleifera on poultry. Food Nutr Sci. 2013;4:1077–83. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.411140
  58. 58. Voemesse K, Teteh A, Nideou D, Nananle O, Tete-Benissan A, Oke OE, et al. Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the diet on layer performance, haematological and serum biochemical values. Europ Poult Sci. 2019;83:1-27. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2018.154.159
  59. 59. Olugbemi TS, Mutayoba SK, Lekule FP. Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a hypocholesterolemic agent inlaying hen diets. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2010;22:84. https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd22/4/olug22084.htm
  60. 60. Siddhuraju P, Becker K. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agro-climatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.). J Agric Food Chem. 2003;15:2144–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020444+
  61. 61. Tutubalang K, Sebola NA, Mokoboki HK, Mosetle KQ, Manyeula F, Mabelebele M. Inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the diet of locally bred chickens: Effects on growth performance, semen and hatchability traits. J Appl Anim Res. 2022;50(1):239-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2022.2058515
  62. 62. Abiodun BS, Adedeji AS, Taiwo O, Gbenga A. Effects of Moringa oleifera root extract on the performance and serum biochemistry of Escherichia coli challenged broiler chicks. J Agric Sci. 2015;60:505–13. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS1504505A
  63. 63. Mutayoba S, Mutayoba B, Okot P. The performance of growing pullets fed diets with varying energy and leucaena leaf meal levels. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2003;15:350–57. https://lrrd.org/lrrd15/8/muta158.htm
  64. 64. Dzib-Cauich DA, Moo-Huchin VM, Lemus-Flores C, Sierra-Vasquez AC. Productive performance and carcass quality of Mexican hairless pig breed castrated males fed with Moringa oleifera and Brosimum alicastrum. J Anim Plant Sci. 2022;32(3):638-44. https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2022.3.0464
  65. 65. Absar N, Uddin MR, Malek MA, Ahmad K. Studies on green vegetables of Bangladesh & biological availability of carotene. Bangladesh J Bio Sci. 1977;6(1):5-9.
  66. 66. El-Harday AE, Ramadan MF. Antioxidant traits and protective impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against diclofenac sodium-induced liver toxicity in rats. J Food Biochem. 2018;43:12704. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12704
  67. 67. Villarruel-Lopez A, Lopez-de la Mora DA, Vazquez-Paulino OD, Puebla-Mora AG, Torres-Vitela MR, Guerrero-Quiroz LA, et al. Effect of Moringa oleifera consumption on diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18:127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2180-2
  68. 68. Jiang W, Qian L, Zhao Y, Lin Y, Yang Y, Shen H, et al. The Application of Moringa oleifera leaf meal and its fermentation products in the diet of Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles. J Ferment Technol. 2023;9:577. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060577
  69. 69. Mehdi H, Khan N, Iqbal KJ, Rasool F, Chaudhry MS, Khan KJ. Effect of Moringa oleifera meal on the growth, body composition and nutrient digestibility of Labeo rohita. Int J Biosci. 2016;8(4):11-17. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/8.4.11-17
  70. 70. Momin M, Memis D. Dietary Moringa oleifera leaves to male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock: Effects on sperm quality and reproductive performance. Aquac Res. 2023;577:739991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739991
  71. 71. Abdelsalam M, Fathi M. Improving productivity in rabbits by using some natural feed additives under hot environmental conditions — A review. Anim Biosci. 2023;36(4):540-54. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0354
  72. 72. Bhatt RS, Sarkar S, Sharma SR, Soni A. Use of Moringa oleifera leaves (sole or combined with concentrate) in rabbit feeding: Effects on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes. Meat Sci. 2023;198:109108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109108
  73. 73. Konmy B, Olounlade PA, Adjobimey T, Dansou CC, Adoho ACC, Tchetan E, et al. In vivo anticoccidial activity and immune response of Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina leaves against Eimeria magna and Eimeria media in rabbits. Front Microbiol. 2023;13:1173138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1173138
  74. 74. Patwardhan B. Ayurveda: The 'Designer' medicine: A review of ethnopharmacology and bioprospecting research. Ind Drugs. 2000;37:213-27.
  75. 75. Padayachee B, Baijnath H. An updated comprehensive review of the medicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:304–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.021
  76. 76. Anwar F, Bhanger M. Analytical characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil grown in temperate regions of Pakistan. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:6558–63. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0209894
  77. 77. Pari L, Karamac M, Kosinska A, Rybarczyk A, Amarowicz R. Antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) and sweet broom weed (Scoparia dulcisL.) leaves. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2007;57:203–08.
  78. 78. Cipollini D, Stevenson R, Enright S, Eyles A, Bonello P. Phenolic metabolites in leaves of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, and their potential phytotoxic and anti-herbivore effects. J Chem Ecol. 2008;34:144–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9426-2
  79. 79. Shih MC, Chang CM, Kang SM, Tsai ML. Effect of different parts (leaf, stem and stalk) and seasons (summer and winter) on the chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:6077–88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12096077
  80. 80. Sreelatha S, Padma PR. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Moringa oleifera leaves in two stages of maturity. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2009;64:303–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0141-0
  81. 81. Kooltheat N, Sranujit RP, Chumark P, Potup P, Laytragoon-Lewin N, Usuwanthim K. An ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. inhibits human macrophage cytokine production induced by cigarette smoke. Nutrients. 2014;6:697–710. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6020697
  82. 82. Sudha P, Asdaq SM, Dhamingi SS, Chandrakala GK. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in animals. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;54:133–40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21090530/
  83. 83. Edoga CO, Njoku OO, Amadi EN, Okeke JJ. Blood sugar lowering effect of Moringa oleifera Lam in albino rats. Int J Sci Technol. 2013;3:88–90.
  84. 84. Adisakwattana S, Chanathong B. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and lipid-lowering mechanisms of Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15:803–08. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21780550/
  85. 85. Halaby MS, Metwally EM, Omar AA. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum lipids and kidney function of hyper lipidemic rats. J Appl Sci Res. 2013;9:5189–98. https://pan.olsztyn.pl/2018/01/journal-of-food-bioactives-jfb/
  86. 86. Hammi KM, Essid R, Tabbene O, Elkahoui S, Majdoub H, Ksouri R. Anti-leishmanial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and potential synergy with amphotericin B. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.008
  87. 87. Abdull Razis AF, Ibrahim MD, Kntayya SB. Health benefits of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:8571–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.008
  88. 88. Madi N, Dany M, Abdoun S, Usta J. Moringa oleifera's nutritious aqueous leaf extract has anti-cancerous effects by compromising mitochondrial viability in an ROS-dependent manner. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35:604–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1080128
  89. 89. Doughari JH, Pukuma MS, De N. Antibacterial effects of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Drel. and Moringa oleifera Lam. on Salmonella typhi. Afr J Biotechnol. 2007;6:2212–15. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2346
  90. 90. Ishnava KB, Chauhan KH, Bhattn CA. Screening of antifungal activity of various plant leaves extracts from Indian plants. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect. 2012;45:152–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2010.505777
  91. 91. Hassan F, Fetouh M. Does moringa leaf extract have preservative effect improving the longevity and postharvest quality of gladiolus cut spikes? Sci Hortic. 2019;250:287-93.
  92. 92. Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Elrys AS, Desoky ESM, Tolba HMN, Elnahal AS M, et al. Effect of forage Moringa oleifera L. (moringa) on animal health and nutrition and its beneficial applications in soil, plants and water purification. Agriculture. 2018;8(9):145. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8090145
  93. 93. Moyo B, Masika PJ, Muchenje V. Antimicrobial activities of Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extracts. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11(11):2797-2802. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.686
  94. 94. Talreja T. Screening of crude extract of flavonoids of Moringa oleifera against bacteria and fungal pathogen. J Phytol. 2010;2(11):31-35.
  95. 95. El-Mohamedy RS, Abdalla AM. Evaluation of antifungal activity of Moringa oleifera extracts as natural fungicide against some plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. J Agric Technol. 2014;10(4):963-82.
  96. 96. Abd El-Razek E, Abd El-Motty EZ, Orabi SA, Abou-Elfotouh A. Improving fruit quality of mango fruits cv. Zebda by coating with moringa and green tea leaves extracts under cold storage. Middle East J Agric Res. 2019;8:1325-43. https://doi.org/10.36632/mejar/2019.8.4.34
  97. 97. El-Gioushy SF, Abdelkader MF, Mahmoud MH, Abou El Ghit HM, Fikry M, Bahloul AM. The effects of a gum arabic-based edible coating on guava fruit characteristics during storage. Coat. 2022;12(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010090
  98. 98. Odetayo T, Sithole L, Shezi S, Nomngongo P, Tesfay S, Ngobese NZ. Effect of nanoparticle-enriched coatings on the shelf life of cavendish bananas. Sci Hortic. 2022;304:111312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111312
  99. 99. Yeo YS, Dembele DD, Camara B, Ouattara S, Rey JY, Fernandez D. Effect of some biopesticides based on essential oil and plant extracts on postharvest mango stem-end rot disease caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. J Agric Food Res. 2023;14:100798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100798
  100. 100. Saini RK, Manoj P, Shetty NP, Srinivasan K, Giridhar P. Relative bioavailability of folate from the traditional food plant Moringa oleifera L. as evaluated in a rat model. J Food Sci Technol. 2016;53:511–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1828-x

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.