In vitro photoprotective, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Vernonia squarrosa (D. Don) Less
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.2.1037Keywords:
Vernonia squarrosa, Antioxidant activity, Lupeol, PhotoprotectiveAbstract
Vernonia squarrosa (D. Don) Less. (Asteraceae) is an ethnomedicinally important plant of unexplored medicinal potential. The Hydro-Methanolic Leaf Extract (HMLE) reveals presence of alkaloids, terpenoid, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and also cardiac glycosides with notable amount of phenol, flavonoid, ? carotene and lycopene. The high antioxidant activity of HMLE when assessed by 2, 2 diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) shows significant EC50 value of 11.63 ± 2.60 µg/ml. Photo-protection efficiency of HMLE was determined and expressed as Sun Protection Factor (SPF). Reasonably high SPF value of 38 (SPF=38 at 200 µg/ml) provides UV blockage up to 98%. HMLE extract was also screened for antibacterial activity against four human pathogenic bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 2940), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Escherichia coli (MTCC 739). Results showed prominent antibacterial impact on these tested bacteria. Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid was found to be present as a dominant member in Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of HMLE. Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with diverse pharmaceutical applications. This is the maiden report of bioactive compounds from V. squarrosa highlighting their antibacterial, photoprotective and antioxidant activities.
Downloads
References
Toyang NJ, Verpoorte R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;146:681-723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.040
Quattorocchi U. CRC World dictionary of medicinal and poisonous plants, CRC press; 2016. p. 3892.
Jaipurian MK. Herbs of tribal land Jharkhand, India, Scientific publishers; 2017. p. 345.
Delang CO.. The role of medicinal plants in the provision of healthcare in lao. PDR Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2007;1(3);50-59.
Panda SK, Mohanta YK, Padhi L, Park YH, Mohanta TK, Bae H. Large scale screening of ethnomedicinal plants for identification of potential antibacterial compounds. Molecules. 2016;21:293. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules21030293
Coates A, Hu Y, Bax R, Page C. The future challenges facing the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;1(11):895-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd940
Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:564-82.
Plazoni? A, Bucar F, Maleš Ž, Mornar A, Nigovi? B, Kujundži N. Identification and quantification of flavonoids and phenolic acids in Burr Parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.), using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Molecules. 2009;14:2466-90. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules14072466
Robberecht R, Caldwell MM. Leaf epidermal transmittance of ultraviolet radiation and its implications for plant sensitivity to ultraviolet-radiation induced injury. Oecologia (Berl.) 1978;32: 277-87.
Sene G, Loiseau A, Meybeck A, Yang CR. The use of ginsenoside and a plant extract containing ginsenoside in a cosmetic or pharmaceutical or in a food supplement for the protection of skin against sunlight or UV radiation. 2009;US Patent 2009016923.
Hashim P, Sidek H, Helan MHM, Sabery A, Palanisamy UD, Ilham M. Triterpene composition and bioactivities of Centella asiatica. Molecules. 2011;16:1310-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16021310
Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin. J pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012;3(2):118-26. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500x.95506
Robberecht R. Environmental photobiology, Smith KC, editor. The Science of Photobiology. Plenum Press, New York; 1989. p.135-54.
Majewski AJ, Sanzari M, Cui HL, Torzilli P. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the type-I collagen protein triple helical structure: A method for measuring structural changes through optical activity. Phys Rev. 2002;65:031920. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.65.031920
Nilsson R, Merkel PB, Kearns DR. Unambiguous evidence for the participation of singlet oxygen (1) in photodynamic oxidation of amino acid. Photochem Photobiol. 1972;16:117-724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1972.tb07343.x
Foote CS.. Free radicals in biology II. In: Pryor W, editor. Academic Press., New York; 1976. p. 85-133.
Stapleton AE, Walbot V. Flavonoids can protect maize DNA from the induction of ultraviolet radiation damage. Plant Physiol. 1994;105:881-89. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.3.881
Burman S, Bhattacharya K, Mukherjee D, Chandra G. Antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Combretum album Pers. against some pathogenic bacteria. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2108;18:213.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods, 2nd ed, Chapman & Hall, London, 1984;85:196.
Kim J, Kang O, Gweon O. Comparison of phenolic acids and flavonoids in black garlic at different thermal processing steps. J Funct Foods. 2013;5:80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.08.006
Shin SW, Ghimeray AK, Park CH. Investigation of total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant and allyl isothiocyanate content in the different organs of Wasabi japonica grown in an organic system. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2014; 11(3):38-45. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.7
Burns RE. Method for Estimation of Tannin in Grain Sorghum. Agron J. 1971;63:511-12.
Nagata M, Yamashita I. Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit. J Japan Soc Food Sci Technol. 1992;39:925-28. https://doi.org/10.3136/nskkk1962.39.925
Khatua S, Ghosh S. Acharya K. Chemical composition and biological activities of methanol extract from Macrocybe lobayensis. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2017;7(10):144-51. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.71021
Kulisic T, Radonic A, Katalinic V, Milos M. Use of different method for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil. Food Chem. 2004;85:633-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.024
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved abts radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1999;26:1231-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr. 1986;44:307-15.
Mansur JS, Breder MNR, Mansur MCA, Azulay RD. Determinação Do Fator De Protecao Solar Por Espectrofotometria. An. Bras. Dermatol. 1986;61:121-24.
Sayre RM, Agin PP, LeVee GJ, Marlowe E. A comparison of in vivo and in vitro testing of sunscreening formulas. Photochem Photobiol. 1979;29:559-66.
Perez C, Pauli M, Bazerque P. An antibiotic assay by the agar-well diffusion method. Acta Biol Med Exper. 1990;15:113-15.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests. Approved standard NCCLS Publications M2-A5. Villanova, PA, USA. 1993,
Ncube NS, Afolayan AJ, Okoh AI. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. Afr J Biotechnol. 2008;7(12):1797-1806. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB07.613
Matijaševic D, Panti M, Raškovi B, Pavlovic V, Duvnjak D, Sknepnek A, Nikšic M. The Antibacterial activity of Coriolus versicolor methanol extract and its effect on ultrastructural changes of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Enteritidis. Front. Microbiol. 2016;7:1226. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2016.01226
Rajamurugan R, Selvaganabathy N, Kumaravel S, Ramamurthy CH, Sujatha V, Kumar MS, Thirunavukkarasu C. Identification, quantification of bioactive constituents, evaluation of antioxidant and in vivo acute toxicity property from the methanol extract of Vernonia cinerea leaf. Pharm. Biol. 2011;49(12):1311-20. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.604334
Costa SCC, Detoni CB, Branco CRC, Botura MB, Branco A. In vitro photoprotective effects of Marcetia taxifolia ethanolic extract and its potential for sunscreen formulation. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2015;25:413-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.013
Schalka S, Steiner D, Ravelli FN, Steiner T, Terena AC, Marçon CR, Ayres EL, Addor FAS, Miot HA, Ponzio H, et al., Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89:1-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143971
Napagoda MT, Malkanthi BMAS, Abayawardana SAK, Qader MM, Jayasinghe L. Photoprotective potential insome medicinal plants used to treat skin diseases in Sri Lanka. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016;16:479. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12906-016-1455-8
Osterwalder U, Herzog B. Sun protection factors: worldwide confusion. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161: 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09506.x
Mishra AK, Mishra A, Chattopadhyay P. Assessment of in vitro sun protection factor of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) essential oil formulation. J Young Pharmacists. 2012;4:17-21. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-1483.93575
Maske PP, Lokapure SG, Nimbalkar D, Malavi S, D’souza JI. In vitro determination of sun protection factor and chemical stability of Rosa kordesii extract gel. J Pharm Res. 2013;7:520-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.05.021
Ghamba PE, Balla H, Goje LJ, Halidu A, Dauda MD. In vitro antimicrobial activities of Vernonia amygdalina on selected clinical isolates. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014;3:1103-13.
Muktar B, Bello IA, Sallau MS. Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial study of lupeol acetate from the root bark. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2018;22:1129-33. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i7.21
Hassan LG, Liman MG, Mshelia HE, Ogbiko C, Babagana A, Andrew O. Lupeol acetate isolated from n-Hexane extract of Tapinanthus globiferus leaf. Chem Search Journal. 2018;9:83-88. https://doi.org/10.4314/CSJ.V9I1
Cornet I, Wittner N, Tofani G, Tavernier S. FTIR as an easy and fast analytical approach to follow up microbial growth during fungal pretreatment of poplar wood with Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Microbiol Methods. 2018;145:82-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.01.004
Moorthy BT, Ravi S, Srivastava M, Chiruvella KK, Hemlal H, Joy O, Raghavan SC. Novel rhodanine derivatives induce growth inhibition followed by apoptosis. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2010;20:6297-01. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.084
Gadhi AAA, El-Sherbiny MMO, Al-Sofyani AMA, Ba-Akdah MA, Satheesh S. Antimicrofouling activities of marine macroalga Dictyota dichotoma from the Red Sea. Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences. 2018;23:58-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol23iss0pp58-67
Grover N, Patni V. Phytochemical characterization using various solvent extracts and GC- MS analysis of methanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (l.) kurz leaves. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5:291-95.
Siddique HR, Saleem M. Beneficial health effects of lupeol triterpene: A review of preclinical studies. Life Sciences. 2011;88:285-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LFS.2010.11.020
Gallo MB, Sarachine MJ. Biological activities of lupeol. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci, 2009;3(1):46-66.
Tchimene MK, Nwaehujor CO, Ezenwali M, Okoli CC. Iwu MM.. Free radical scavenging activity of lupeol isolated from the methanol leaf extract of Crateva adansonii Oliv.(Capparidaceae). International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2016;8(3):419-26.
Keawsa-ard S, Liawruangrath B. Kongtaweelert S. Bioactive compounds from Mesua ferrea stems. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 2015;42(1):185-95.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Adwaita Das, Sunanda Burman, Goutam Chandra, Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
