Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antibacterial and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of methanol extract of root of Combretum album Pers.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.4.1158Keywords:
Combretum album root, Methanol extract, Antibacterial activity, MIC, DPPH assay, Antioxidant activityAbstract
The objective of the study was to investigate in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Combretum album Pers. root. In brief antibacterial efficacies of methanol extract and its petroleum ether fraction (MePET), chloroform fraction (MeCH), ethyl acetate fraction (MeEA) and water fraction (MeAQ) were determined by agar well diffusion assay along with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). In-vitro antioxidant efficacies were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging method. Preliminary phytochemical assay, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analyses were employed to detect the plausible active ingredients. Methanol extract showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity having highest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940 (21.67±0.58 mm) and MICs ranged from100 µg/ml to 250 µg/ml. The scavenging activity of methanol extract of root of C. album was concentration dependant and IC50 value was 136.08 µg/ml. The lowest MIC (5 µg/ml) was noted with MeCH against B. subtilis (MTCC 441). MeCH showed highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 12.98 ?g/mL and MePET, MeEA, MeAQ and Ascorbic acid presented antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 16.10, 15.07, 17.44 and 13.40??g/mL respectively. Preliminary phytochemical tests and FT-IR analysis revealed presence of various phytochemicals and functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxylic acids, amidines, amines, aromatics and esters. Three compounds were elucidated from bioactive TLC fraction of MeCH in GC-MS analysis supported by presence of various functional groups in MeCH as detected in FT-IR analysis. It is concluded that methanolic extract of C. album root is a potential antibacterial and antioxidant agent where presence of N-[5-[4-pyridinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-benzamide (compound 1), pyruvic acid (compound 2) and methyloacetone (compound 3) are responsible as possible active ingredients.
Downloads
References
Thangaraj SM, Thangaraj IM, Palaniswamy M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different parts of Solanum nigrum Linn. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2012; 5(4):2082-86.
World Health Organization (WHO). Antimicrobial Resistance. In: Fact Sheet No 194. 2014.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press, USA; 2015.
Brighente IM, Dias M, Verdi LG, Pizzolatti MG. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Brazilian species. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2007;45(2):156-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200601113131
Is Y, Woodside JV. Antioxidant in health and disease. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54(3):176-86. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.54.3.176
Willcox JK, Ash SL, Catignani GL. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2004;44(4):275-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490468489
Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward?. Biochemical Journal. 2007;401(1):1-1. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20061131
Buchholz T, Melzig MF. Polyphenolic compounds as pancreatic lipase inhibitors. Planta Medica. 2015;81(10):771-83. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1546173
Lee SR, Suh SI, Kim SP. Protective effects of the green tea polyphenol (?)-epigallocatechin gallate against hippocampal neuronal damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Neuroscience Letters. 2000;287(3):191-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01159
Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects–A review. Journal of Functional Foods. 2015;18:820-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018
Khan F, Garg VK, Singh AK, Kumar T. Role of free radicals and certain antioxidants in the management of huntington’s disease: A review. J Anal Pharm Res. 2018;7:386-92. https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2018.07.00256
M. C. Pandey, Priya Tyagi. Antioxidants and Free Radicals: Human and Food System. JCR. 2020;7(10):753-56. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.10.150
Kim MB, Park JS, Lim SB. Antioxidant activity and cell toxicity of pressurised liquid extracts from 20 selected plant species in Jeju, Korea. Food Chemistry. 2010;122(3):546-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.007
tankovi? N, Mihajilov-Krstev T, Zlatkovi? B, Stankov-Jovanovi? V, Miti? V, Jovi? J, ?omi? L, Koci? B, Bernstein N. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of traditional medicinal plants from the Balkan Peninsula. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 2016;78:21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2015.12.006
Pomba C, Rantala M, Greko C, Baptiste KE, Catry B, Van Duijkeren E, Mateus A, Moreno MA, Pyörälä S, Ružauskas M, Sanders P. Public health risk of antimicrobial resistance transfer from companion animals. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2017;72(4):957-68. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw481
Jamshidi-Kia F, Lorigooini Z, Amini-Khoei H. Medicinal plants: Past history and future perspective. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2018;7(1). https://doi.org/ 10.15171/jhp.2018.01
Gangola S, Khati P, Bhatt P, Sharma A. India as the heritage of medicinal plant and their use. Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering and Biosciences. 2017;4(4):50-51. https://doi.org/10.19080/CTBEB.2017.04.555641
Abdel-Lateif KS, Eldeab HA, Maghrabi IA. The plant natural products: their antioxidants, free radical scavengers, DNA protection and antimicrobial activities. J Bioprocess Biotech. 2016;6(9):293. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9821.1000293
de Morais Lima GR, De Sales IR, Caldas Filho MR, De Jesus NZ, de Sousa Falcão H, Barbosa-Filho JM et al. Bioactivities of the genus Combretum (Combretaceae): a review. Molecules. 2012 Aug;17(8):9142-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089142
Pietrovski EF, Rosa KA, Facundo VA, Rios K, Marques MC, Santos AR. Antinociceptive properties of the ethanolic extract and of the triterpene 3?, 6?, 16?-trihidroxilup-20 (29)-ene obtained from the flowers of Combretum leprosum in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2006 Jan 1;83(1):90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2005.12.010
Panda SK, Mohanta YK, Padhi L, Park YH, Mohanta TK, Bae H. Large scale screening of ethnomedicinal plants for identification of potential antibacterial compounds. Molecules. 2016 Mar;21(3):293. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030293
Burman S, Bhattacharya K, Mukherjee D, Chandra G. Antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Combretum album Pers. against some pathogenic bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;18(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2271-0
Bhatnagar S, Sahoo S, Mohapatra AK, Behera DR. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic activity of medicinal plant Combretum roxburghii (Family: Combretaceae). International Journal of Drug Development and Research. 2012;4(1):193-202.
Mtunzi FM, Ejidike IP, Ledwaba I, Ahmed A, Pakade VE, Klink MJ, Modise SJ. Solvent–solvent fractionations of Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond leaves extract: Studies of their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2017;10(7):670-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.007
Bhattacharjee I, Chatterjee SK, Chatterjee S, Chandra G. Antibacterial potentiality of Argemone mexicana solvent extracts against some pathogenic bacteria. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2006 Sep;101(6):645-48. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762006000600011
Perez C. Antibiotic assay by agar-well diffusion method. Acta Biol Med Exp. 1990;15:113-15.
Ncube NS, Afolayan AJ, Okoh AI. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7(12). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB07.613
CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; Approved standard- 12th ed. CLSI document M02?A12. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, 2015.
Owuama CI. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using a novel dilution tube method. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2017 Jun 21;11(23):977-80. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2017.8545
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset CL. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 1995;28(1):25-30.
Kulisic T, Radonic A, Katalinic V, Milos M. Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil. Food Chemistry. 2004;85(4):633-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.024
Yen GC, Duh PD. Scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls on free-radical and active-oxygen species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1994;42(3):629-32. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00039a005
Harborne AJ. Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Springer Science and Business Media; Apr 30 1998.
Trease, G.E., Evans, W.C. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy.13th ed. London: ELBS; 1989.
Evans, W.C. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. London: WB. Sounders and Co.; 2002.
Sofowora, A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.; 1993.
Cannell RJP. Methods in biotechnology. Natural products isolation Humana Press, Totowa New Jersy. Pp 219.
Visualizing TLC Plates. (2021, May 30). Retrieved July 6, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/93522
Ojeda JJ, Dittrich M. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Molecular Analysis of Microbial Cells. In: Navid A. (eds) Microbial Systems Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols), vol. 881. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-827-6_8
Dewanjee S, Gangopadhyay M, Bhattacharya N, Khanra R, Dua TK. Bioautography and its scope in the field of natural product chemistry. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2015;5(2):75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2014.06.002
Nickavar B, Adeli A, Nickavar A. TLC-bioautography and GC-MS analyses for detection and identification of antioxidant constituents of Trachyspermum copticum essential oil. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. 2014;13(1):127. PMID: 24734063; PMCID: PMC3985236.
Coulidiati TH, Millogo-Koné H, Lamien-Méda A, Yougbaré-Ziébrou M, Millogo-Rasolodimby J, Nacoulma OG. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two Combretum species from Burkina Faso. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant. 2011;5(1):42-53. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2011.42.53
Das A, Burman S, Chandra G, Bandyopadhyay A. In vitro photoprotective, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Vernonia squarrosa (D. Don) Less. Plant Science Today. 2021;8(2):331-39.
Das S, Burman S, Chandra G. In-vitro Bactericidal Activity of a Novel Plant Source Plumeria pudica against Some Human and Fish Pathogenic Bacteria. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2021;18(4):503-10. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163817666200727101300
Chandra G, Mukherjee D, Ray AS, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharjee I. Phytoextracts as Antibacterials: A Review. Current Drug Discovery Technologies. 2020 Aug 1;17(4):523-33. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163816666191106103730
Faboro EO, Wichitnithad W, Fadare OA, Akinpelu DA, Obafemi, CA. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities and phytochemical screening of aqueous methanol extracts of eight Nigerian medicinal and aromatic plants. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2016;10(7):523-32.
Misral H, Sapari S, Rahman T, Ibrahim N, Yamin BM, Hasbullah SA. Evaluation of novel N-(dibenzylcarbamothioyl) benzamide derivatives as antibacterial agents by using DFT and drug-likeness assessment. Journal of Chemistry. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9176280
Straniero V, Suigo L, Casiraghi A, Sebastián-Pérez V, Hrast M, Zanotto C, Zdovc I, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A, Valoti E. Benzamide derivatives targeting the cell division protein FtsZ: modifications of the linker and the benzodioxane scaffold and their effects on antimicrobial activity. Antibiotics. 2020; (4):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040160
Perin N, Roskaric P, Sovic? I, Boc?ek I, Starcevic K, Hranjec M, Vianello R. Amino-substituted benzamide derivatives as promising antioxidant agents: a combined experimental and computational study. Chemical research in toxicology. 2018;31(9):974-84. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00175
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Rosi Oktiani, Risti Ragadhita. How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material. Journal of Science and Technology. 2019;4(1):97-118.
Ragavendran P, Sophia D, Arul Raj C, Gopalakrishnan VK. Functional group analysis of various extracts of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. by FTIR spectrum. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;1:358-64.
Bhandari AK, Baunthiyal M, Bisht VK, Kaim JC, Bir S, Negi BS. Chemometric Resolution for Baseline Identification of Amomum subulatum Roxb. Essential Oils through FT-IR Spectroscopy Technique. International Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2017;7(4). https://doi.org/10.4236/ijoc.2017.74026
Grivas JC, Taurins A. Infrared spectra–structure correlations of n-substituted trifluoroacetamidines. Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 1961;39(3):414-49.
Coates J. Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: applications, theory and instrumentation. 2006;1-23.
Durak T, Depciuch J. Effect of plant sample preparation and measuring methods on ATR-FTIR spectra results, Environmental and Experimental Botany.2020;169:103950.
Bhattacharyya AS, Kumar S, Sharma A, Kumar D, Patel SB, Paul D et al. Metallization and APPJ treatment of bismaleimide. High Performance Polymers. 2017 Sep;29(7):816-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008316659123
Visveshwari M, Subbaiyan B, Thangapandian V. Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity, FTIR AND GCMS analysis of Ceropegia Juncea Roxb. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2017;9(7):914-20. https://doi.org/10.25258/phyto.v9i07.11155
Raju R, Deepa A, Vanathi P, Vidhya D. Screening for phytochemicals and FTIR analysis of Myristica dactyloids fruit extracts. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017;9(1):315-18. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i1.11053
George KM, Ruthenburg TC, Smith J, Yu L, Zhang Q, Anastasio C, Dillner AM. FT-IR quantification of the carbonyl functional group in aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol from phenols. Atmospheric Environment. 2015;100:230-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.011
Dhivya SM, Kalaichelvi K. UV-Vis spectroscopic and FTIR analysis of Sarcostemma brevistigma wight. & Arn. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2017;9(3):46-49. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i3.18890
Kumar SS, Manoj P, Giridhar P. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, chlorophyll content and antioxidant properties of native and defatted foliage of green leafy vegetables. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;52(12):8131-39. PMID: 26604386; PMCID: PMC4648937.
Nandiyanto AB, Oktiani R, Ragadhita R. How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology. 2019;4(1):97-118. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
Pharmawati M, Wrasiati LP. Phytochemical screening and FTIR spectroscopy on crude extract from Enhalus acoroides leaves. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 2020;24(1):70-77.
Durak T, Depciuch J. Effect of plant sample preparation and measuring methods on ATR-FTIR spectra results. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2020;169:103915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103915
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Sunanda Burman, Goutam Chandra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
