Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Research Articles

Early Access

Assessment of morphological and biochemical traits for the development of new salt tolerant lines derived from biparental cross in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.10388
Submitted
30 June 2025
Published
08-11-2025
Versions

Abstract

More than half of the world's population is fed by rice, a significant staple crop, yet its production is extremely susceptible to stress. Saline environments impair vital physiological functions of rice which lowers production and growth. To ensure food security in areas affected by salt and climate stress, it is imperative to develop rice cultivars that can withstand salinity. This study assessed the morphological and biochemical characteristics of 25 rice lines resulting from biparental crossings in both normal and salinized environments. ANOVA (Analysis of variance), correlation, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and biochemical profiling were among the statistical analyses that were carried out. Under normal conditions, NDRK-CS-22 produced a high grain yield of 31.08 g, but under saline conditions, NDRK-CS-19 produced a high grain yield of 19.84 g. Significant trait variability was found using PCA; in normal conditions, five principal components explained 77.81 % of the overall variance, but under saline conditions, four principal components explained 71.45 %. Under normal conditions, PC1 explained 21.56 % variance (eigenvalue 2.4), while under salinity, PC1 explained 23.46 % variance (eigenvalue 2.61). Interestingly, under stress, NDRK-CS-2 showed higher yield, proline and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration, indicating that it may be used in breeding for salinity tolerance. These results demonstrate how different rice lines are genetically and how they adjust to salinity. In order to maintain sustainable rice production in the face of climate change, top-performing lines (NDRK-CS-2, 19, 22, CSR10) need to be further validated in a variety of saline conditions using genomic methods to create resilient, high-yielding rice cultivars.

References

  1. 1. Rahman AR, Zhang J. Trends in rice research: 2030 and beyond. Food Energy Secur. 2023;12(2):e390. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.390
  2. 2. Cohen MJ, Smale L. Global food-price shocks and poor people. Development in Practice Books. Oxon:Routledge. 2012. https://doi.org/10.51644/9781554581986
  3. 3. Akhter J, Murray R, Mahmood K, Malik KA, Ahmed S. Improvement of degraded physical properties of a saline-sodic soil by reclamation with kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca). Plant Soil. 2004;258:207-16. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000016551.08880.6b
  4. 4. Lutts S, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J. NaCl-induced senescence. Annals of Bot. 1996;78:389-98. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0134
  5. 5. Zhu JK, Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA. Molecular aspects of osmotic stress signalling in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 1997;20(3):197-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689709701950
  6. 6. Pons B, Flexas J, Carmo-Silva E, Galmés J, Gago J. Photosynthesis limitations in salt-stressed plants. J Exp Bot. 2011;62(11):3443-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err048
  7. 7. Munns R, Tester M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2008;59:651-81. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
  8. 8. Ali Q, Ashraf MY, Anwar F, Shabbir RN. Salt stress in plants: physiological, biochemical and molecular characterization. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2013;33(3):203-31. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/701596
  9. 9. Munns R, James RA, Läuchli A. Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(5):1025-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj100
  10. 10. Shivangi, Singh O, Singh PK, Shahi UP, Singh KK, Kumar P, et al. Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in relation to various integrated nutrient modules for crop growth, yield and yield attributes under SRI method. J Sci Res Rep. 2025;31(5):142-53. https://10.9734/jsrr/2025/v31i53012
  11. 11. Pundir P, Devi A, Krishnamurthy SL, Sharma PC, Vinaykumar NM. QTLs in salt rice variety CSR10 reveals salinity tolerance at reproductive stage. Acta Physiol Plant. 2021;43(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-020-03172-2
  12. 12. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193(1):265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
  13. 13. Arnon DI. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 1949;24(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
  14. 14. Sadasivam S, Manickam A. Biochemical methods for agricultural sciences. New Delhi: New Age International. 1996.
  15. 15. Srivastava PK, Parihar P, Upadhyay R. Water stress in crop plants and its management. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 2025;13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02261.x
  16. 16. Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil. 1973;39(1):205-07. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
  17. 17. Zeng L, Shannon MC, Lesch SM. Timing of salinity stress affects rice growth and yield components. Agri Water Manag. 2001;48(3):191-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00235-6
  18. 18. Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu JK, Bohnert HJ. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 2000;51:463-99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.463
  19. 19. Szabados L, Savouré A. Proline: A multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. 2010;15(2):89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009
  20. 20. Parida AK, Das AB. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005;60(3):324-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010
  21. 21. Shrivastava P, Kumar R. Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2015;22(2):123-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.001
  22. 22. Zeng L, Shannon MC, Lesch SM. Timing of salinity stress affects rice growth and yield components. Agric Water Manag. 2002;48(3):191-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00146-3
  23. 23. Shahid S, Shahbaz M, Maqsood MF, Farhat F, Zulfiqar U, Javed T, et al. Proline-induced modifications in morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield attributes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars under salt stress. Sustainability. 2022;14(20):13579. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013579
  24. 24. Gabriel KR. The biplot graphic display of matrices with application to principal component analysis. Biometrika. 1971;58(3):453-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/58.3.453
  25. 25. Huang Y, Bie Z, Liu Z, Zhen A, Wang W. Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber. Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2009;55(5):698-704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00412.x
  26. 26. Frank KL, Rogers KL, Rogers DR, Johnston DT, Girguis PR. Key factors influencing rates of heterotrophic sulfate reduction in active seafloor hydrothermal massive sulfide deposits. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1449. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01449
  27. 27. Burman M, Nair SK, Sarawgi AK. Principal component analysis for yield and its attributing traits in aromatic landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Bio-resour Stress Manag. 2021;12(4):303-8. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2348a

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.