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Plant Science Today (PST)

Research Articles

Vol. 13 No. 2 (2026)

Field and pot evaluation of Panchagavya and Jeevamrutha on growth, phenology and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.13271
Submitted
18 December 2025
Published
03-06-2026 — Updated on 10-06-2026
Versions

Abstract

Panchagavya (P) and Jeevamrutha (J) are traditional organic liquid manures widely used in sustainable crop production. This study evaluated the effects of P, J and their combination (P + J) at concentrations of 0–6 % on growth, phenology and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Srijana under field and pot conditions in Bardiya district of Nepal. A factorial randomised complete block design involving growth condition (field vs pot), manure type (P, J, P + J) and 7 concentrations (0–6 %) with 3 replications (21 treatments per condition) was implemented; seedlings received 1 L plant-1 twice monthly for 3 months. Measurements included plant height, stem length, leaf count (60 days after transplanting (DAT)), days to first anthesis and fruit number, weight and diameter (75 and 105 DAT). Results showed clear, concentration-dependent improvements: 5–6 % treatments performed best overall and combined P + J was most effective. The 6 % produced the greatest plant height (74.3 cm field; 66.9 cm pots), 6 % P + J induced first anthesis at 32–33 DAT versus 42–44 DAT in controls. By 105 DAT, fruit number peaked at 5–6 % (P + J mean = 31.0 fruits plant-1 in field; 16.9 in pots), with maxima at 6 % reaching 37.0 (field) and 23.7 (pots). Fruit weight and diameter were highest under P + J (mean 94.5 g; 56.3 mm, field). Field-grown plants consistently outperformed pots. The study indicates that a 6 % combined application of foliar Panchagavya and soil-drenched Jeevamrutha is effective in improving earliness, vegetative growth and yield of tomato, supporting their use in sustainable production systems.

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