Adverse effects of the toxic industrial dye malachite green on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Allium cepa L.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1339Keywords:
Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Allium cepa, Malachite Green toxicityAbstract
The therapeutic importance of Allium cepa L. has been well established through ethnobotanical studies. Malachite Green is a highly toxic dye that finds extensive use in the textile industry as a fabric colorant. A. cepa was treated with malachite green solutions (20mg/l and 40mg/l) for 45 days. The roots actively take up malachite green and impede the plant's growth in root length, shoot length and fresh weight. A. cepa is rich in bioactive compounds, which have superior antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. We observe that the antimicrobial activities decrease by 36% for Staphylococcus aureus and 31% for Escherichia coli on the treatment of A. cepa bulbs with 40 mg/l malachite green. Antioxidant activity was similarly lowered by 61% under the toxic effects of the dye. Reduction in the efficacy of A. cepa in terms of the critical medicinal properties and general retardation in growth is a cause of concern. This article reports a previously unknown aspect of malachite green toxicity and presents the effect of any dye on the medicinal properties of A. cepa for the first time.
Downloads
References
Srivastava S, Sinha R, Roy D. Toxicological effects of malachite green. Aquatic toxicology. 2004 Feb 25; 66(3):319-29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.09.008
Sudova E, Machova J, Svobodova Z, Vesely T. Negative effects of malachite green and possibilities of its replacement in the treatment of fish eggs and fish: a review. Veterinarni Medicina-Praha-. 2007 Jan 1;52(12):527.https://doi.org/10.17221/2027-VETMED
Mittelstaedt RA, Mei N, Webb PJ, Shaddock JG, Dobrovolsky VN, McGarrity LJ, Morris SM, Chen T, Beland FA, Greenlees KJ, Heflich RH. Genotoxicity of malachite green and leucomalachite green in female Big Blue B6C3F1 mice. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2004 Jul 11;561(1-2):127-38.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.04.003
Phugare S, Patil P, Govindwar S, Jadhav J. Exploitation of yeast biomass generated as a waste product of distillery industry for remediation of textile industry effluent. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2010 Dec 1;64(8):716-26.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.08.005
Verma A, Dhiman K, Shirkot P. Biodegradation of Malachite green by extracellular bacterial laccase and its phytotoxicity studies. Int J Pure App Biosci. 2017;5(2):913-22.https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2672
Zhuo R, Ma L, Fan F, Gong Y, Wan X, Jiang M, Zhang X, Yang Y. Decolorization of different dyes by a newly isolated white-rot fungi strain Ganoderma sp. En3 and cloning and functional analysis of its laccase gene. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011 Aug 30;192(2):855-73.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.106
Hughes BG, Lawson LD. Antimicrobial effects of Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium ampeloprasum L. (elephant garlic) and Allium cepa L. (onion), garlic compounds and commercial garlic supplement products. Phytotherapy Research. 1991 Aug;5(4):154-58.https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650050403
Benkeblia N. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum). LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2004 Mar 1;37(2):263-68.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2003.09.001
Bakht J, Khan S, Shafi M. In Vitro antimicrobial activity of Allium cepa (dry bulbs) against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014 Jan 1;27(1)
Zohri AN, Abdel-Gawad K, Saber S. Antibacterial, antidermatophytic and antitoxigenic activities of onion (Allium cepa L.) oil. Microbiological Research. 1995 May 1;150(2):167-72.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-5013(11)80052-2
Santas J, Almajano MP, Carbó R. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of crude onion (Allium cepa L.) extracts. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2010 Feb;45(2):403-39.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02169.x
Ye CL, Dai DH, Hu WL. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from onion (Allium cepa L.). Food Control. 2013 Mar 1;30(1):48-53.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.033
Campos KE, Diniz YS, Cataneo AC, Faine LA, Alves MJ, Novelli EL. Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 Jan 1;54(3):241-46.https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480120092062
Kumari K, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from onions (Allium cepa Linn.) as compared to standard drugs in alloxan diabetic rats.
Prakash D, Singh BN, Upadhyay G. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of phenols from onion (Allium cepa). Food Chemistry. 2007 Jan 1;102(4):1389-93.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.063
Helen A, Krishnakumar K, Vijayammal PL, Augusti KT. Antioxidant effect of onion oil (Allium cepa Linn.) on the damages induced by nicotine in rats as compared to alpha-tocopherol. Toxicology Letters. 2000 Jul 27;116(1-2):61-68.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(00)00208-3
Benkeblia N. Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant properties of some selected onions (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2005 Sep;48(5):753-59.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132005000600011
Sutar SS, Patil PJ, Tamboli AS, Patil DN, Apine OA, Jadhav JP. Biodegradation and detoxification of malachite green by a newly isolated bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi strain MS under RSM optimized culture conditions. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2019 Jul 1;20:101183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101183
Ragunathan I, Panneerselvam N. Antimutagenic potential of curcumin on chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 2007 Jun;8(7):470-75.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.B0470
Yuan BQ, Li SS, Xiong TT, Zhang T. Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet leaf aqueous extract on root growth of Allium cepa var. agrogarum (L.). Allelopathy Journal. 2019 Mar 1;46(2):205-14.https://doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2019-46-2-1209
Szczepanek M, Wszelaczy?ska E, Pobere?ny J, Ochmian I. Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) to the method of seaweed biostimulant application. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus. 2017 Jan 1;16(2):113-22.
Tangahu BV, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M. A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2011 Oct 1;2011.https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
Baker H, James WO. The behaviour of dyes in the transpiration stream of sycamores (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). New Phytologist. 1933 Nov 6;32(4):245-60.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1933.tb07010.x
Nilratnisakorn S, Thiravetyan P, Nakbanpote W. Synthetic reactive dye wastewater treatment by narrow-leaved cattails (Typha angustifolia Linn.): effects of dye, salinity and metals. Science of the total environment. 2007 Oct 1;384(1-3):67-76.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.027
Du LN, Wang S, Li G, Wang B, Jia XM, Zhao YH, Chen YL. Biodegradation of malachite green by Pseudomonas sp. strain DY1 under aerobic condition: characteristics, degradation products, enzyme analysis and phytotoxicity. Ecotoxicology. 2011 Mar; 20(2):438-46.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0595-3
Yang J, Yang X, Lin Y, Ng TB, Lin J, Ye X. Laccase-catalyzed decolorization of malachite green: performance optimization and degradation mechanism. PloS one. 2015 May 28;10(5):e0127714.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127714
Amin S, Rastogi RP, Chaubey MG, Jain K, Divecha J, Desai C, Madamwar D. Degradation and toxicity analysis of a reactive textile diazo dye-Direct Red 81 by newly isolated Bacillus sp. DMS2. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020 Sep 24;11:2280.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.576680
Márquez-García B, Fernández-Recamales M, Córdoba F. Effects of cadmium on phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of Erica andevalensis. Journal of Botany. 2012;2012.https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/936950
Murch SJ, Haq K, Rupasinghe HV, Saxena PK. Nickel contamination affects growth and secondary metabolite composition of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2003 Jun 1;49(3):251-57.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00090-4
Vollmer JJ, Rosenson J. Chemistry of St. John's wort: Hypericin and hyperforin. Journal of chemical education. 2004 Oct;81(10):1450.https://doi.org/10.1021/ed081p1450
Lila MA, Raskin I. Health-related interactions of phytochemicals. Journal of Food Science. 2005 Jan;70(1):R20-7.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09054.x
Hidalgo M, Sánchez-Moreno C, de Pascual-Teresa S. Flavonoid–flavonoid interaction and its effect on their antioxidant activity. Food chemistry. 2010 Aug 1;121(3):691-96.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.097
Jiang HW, Li* HY, Yu CW, Yang TT, Hu JN, Liu R, Deng* ZY. The evaluation of antioxidant interactions among 4 common vegetables using isobolographic analysis. Journal of Food Science. 2015 Jun;80(6):C1162-9.https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12896
Liang J, Tian YX, Yang F, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant synergism between carotenoids in membranes. Astaxanthin as a radical transfer bridge. Food chemistry. 2009 Aug 15;115(4):1437-42.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.074
Antony A, Nagella P. Heavy metal stress influence the andrographolide content, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Andrographis paniculata. Plant Science Today. 2021 Apr 1;8(2):324-30.https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.2.1034
Pichersky E, Gang DR. Genetics and biochemistry of secondary metabolites in plants: an evolutionary perspective. Trends in Plant Science. 2000 Oct 1;5(10):439-45.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01741-6
Or??an O, Oprean R, Saplon?ai-Pop A, Filip M, Carpa R, Saro?i C, Moldovan M, Man SC. Antimicrobial activity and thiosulfinates profile of a formulation based on Allium cepa L. extract. Open Chemistry. 2017 Jan 1;15(1):175-81.https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2017-0021
Sharma K, Mahato N, Lee YR. Systematic study on active compounds as antibacterial and antibiofilm agent in aging onions. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2018 Apr 1;26(2):518-28.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2017.06.009
Sidhu JS, Ali M, Al-Rashdan A, Ahmed N. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is potentially a good source of important antioxidants. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2019 Apr; 56(4):1811-19.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03625-9
Marrelli M, Amodeo V, Statti G, Conforti F. Biological properties and bioactive components of Allium cepa L.: Focus on potential benefits in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Molecules. 2019 Jan;24(1):119.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010119
Sagar NA, Pareek S. Antimicrobial assessment of polyphenolic extracts from onion (Allium cepa L.) skin of fifteen cultivars by sonication-assisted extraction method. Heliyon. 2020 Nov 1;6(11):e05478.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05478
Lee EJ, Yoo KS, Patil BS. Identification of candidate amino acids involved in the formation of pink-red pigments in onion (Allium cepa L.) Juice and Separation by HPLC. Journal of Food Science. 2010 Oct;75(8):C684-9.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01814.x
Abd Al-Jabar FA, Ahmed AS. Effect of histidine on sensetivity of some pathogenic bacteria. Al-Nahrain Journal of Science. 2016;19(3):114-18.https://doi.org/10.22401/JNUS.19.3.15
Choi IS, Cho EJ, Moon JH, Bae HJ. Onion skin waste as a valorization resource for the by-products quercetin and biosugar. Food Chemistry. 2015 Dec 1;188:537-42.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.028
Hidalgo AA, Arias AJ, Fuentes JA, García P, Mora GC, Villagra NA. Xylose improves antibiotic activity of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in a murine model of skin infection. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2018 Jan 1;2018.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3467219
McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ. Dietary glycine is rate-limiting for glutathione synthesis and may have broad potential for health protection. Ochsner Journal. 2018 Mar 20;18(1):81-87.
Keceli TM, Erginkaya Z, Turkkan E, Kaya U. Antioxidant and antibacterial effects of carotenoids extracted from Rhodotorula glutinis Strains. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2013 Jan 1;25(1).https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.12377
Settu K, Manju V. Pharmacological applications of isorhamnetin. Int J Trend Sci Res Dev. 2017;1:672-78.https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2202
Nasim SA, Dhir B. Heavy metals alter the potency of medicinal plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2010:139-49.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_5
Liguori L, Califano R, Albanese D, Raimo F, Crescitelli A, Di Matteo M. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of five white onion (Allium cepa L.) landraces. Journal of Food Quality. 2017.https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6873651
Dwivedi KK, Karmakar MK, Chatterjee PK. Status of Sewage Treatment in Bihar and Needs for Improvement. In Recent Trends in Waste Water Treatment and Water Resource Management 2020 (pp. 23-31). Springer, Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0706-9_3
Hadjiivanov KI, Panayotov DA, Mihaylov MY, Ivanova EZ, Chakarova KK, Andonova SM, Drenchev NL. Power of infrared and raman spectroscopies to characterize metal-organic frameworks and investigate their interaction with guest molecules. Chemical Reviews, 2020:121(3), pp.1286-1424.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00487
Cheriaa J, Khaireddine M, Rouabhia M, Bakhrouf A. Removal of triphenylmethane dyes by bacterial consortium. The Scientific World Journal, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/512454
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 01-04-2022 (2)
- 12-02-2022 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Shreya Biswas, Nisha Banerjee, Piyali Basak
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
