Foods from the wild: A review on the diversity and use pattern of wild edible plants of Arunachal Himalaya for sustainable management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1857Keywords:
Wild edible plants, Arunachal Pradesh, Use pattern, RFC values, Potential species, Management, ConservationAbstract
Wild edible plants are extensively used worldwide to supplement food, nutrition and medicine. To find out the present diversity, status and utility patterns of wild edible plants (WEPS) in the biodiversity-rich Indian Eastern Himalayan state of Arunachal Pradesh, for the purpose of plant identification and conservation of potential species, a systematic review of publication was made. A total of 662 species belonging to 340 genera and 124 families used mostly in the form of vegetables, fruits, medicines, spices and condiments have been reported. These comprise 24 species of Pteridophytes, 6 species of Gymnosperms and 632 species of Angiosperms. When the Angiosperms are put under APG IV classification, Eudicots dominate with 72.65%. Asteraceae represented the dominant taxa with 36 species followed by Urticaceae, Rosaceae, Moraceae and Lamiaceae with more than 20 species in each. Based on the RFC values as well as other inputs, 50 highly used and preferred wild edible species having market potentiality are identified that can be included in various management practices.
Downloads
References
Shaheen S, Ahmad M, Haroon N. Edible wild plants: a solution to overcome food insecurity. In: Edible wild plants: an alternative approach to food security. Springer, Cham. 2017(a). p. 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63037-3_2
Rashid S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ayub M, Khan MA et al. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important shrubs and trees of Himalayan region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;166:340-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.042
Samant SS, Dhar U. Diversity, endemism and economic potential of wild edible plants of Indian Himalaya. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol. 1997;4:179-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509709469953
Assefa A, Abebe T. Wild edible trees and shrubs in the semi-arid lowland of Southern Ethiopia. J Sci Dev. 2011;1:5-19.
Vanzani P, Rossetto M, De Marco V, Sacchetti LE, Paoletti MG, Rigo A. Wild Mediterranean plants as traditional food: A valuable source of antioxidants. J Food Sci. 2011;76(1):C46-C51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01949.x
Aregheore EM. Nutritive value and inherent anti-nutritive factors in four indigenous edible leafy vegetables in human nutrition in Nigeria: a review. J Food Resour Sci. 2012;1(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfrs.2012.1.14
Shaheen S, Ahmad M, Haroon N. Diversity of edible wild plants: global perspectives. In: Shaheen S, Ahmad M, Haroon N. Edible wild plants: an alternative approach to food security, Springer, Cham. 2017(b). p. 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63037-3_3
Hunter D, Borelli T, Beltrame DMO, Oliveira CNS, Coradin L, Wasike VW et al. The potential of neglected and underutilized species for improving diets and nutrition. Planta. 2019;250(3):709-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03169-4
Borelli T, Hunter D, Powell B, Ulian T, Mattana E, Termote C et al. Born to eat wild: An integrated conservation approach to secure wild food plants for food security and nutrition. Plants. 2020;9(10):1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101299
India. Ministry of environment and forests. Environmental Information System (ENVIS). State of environment report India–2009 [Internet]. New Delhi: The Department. 2009 [cited 2022 Feb 3]. Available from: https://moef.gov.in/en/resource/annual-reports/
Jain AK, Tiwari P. Nutritional value of some traditional edible plants used by tribal communities during emergency with reference to Central India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2012;11(1):51-57.
Ray A, Ray R, Sreevidya EA. How many wild edible plants do we eat-Their diversity, use and implications for sustainable food system: An exploratory analysis in India. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2020;4:56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00056
Dash SS, Singh P. Flora of Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. Kolkata: Botanical Survey of India; 2017.
Tiwari SC, Mahanta D. Ethnological observations on fermented food products of certain tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2007;6(1):106-10.
Tardio J, Pardo de-Santayana M. Cultural importance indices: A comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of southern Cantabria (Northern Spain). Econ Bot. 2008;62(1):24-39. doi.10.1007/s12231-007-9004-5
The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1 [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 3]. Available from: http://www.theplantlist.org/
Stevens PF. Angiosperm Phylogeny, Version 14, 2001. [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 3]. Available from: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Angami A, Gajurel PR, Rethy P, Singh B, Kalita SK. Status and potential of wild edible plants of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2006;5(4):541-50.
Arya SC, Sunny N. Assessment of tree diversity and resource use pattern in Bath Putu forest, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Int J Environ Sci. 2016;5(3):166-72.
Ayam VS. Ethnomedicine of wild plants of Ziro, Arunachal Pradesh. IJRSB. 2017;5(7):1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0365.0507001
Ayam VS, Nyitan J. Plants that influences the Socio-cultural of Adis of Arunachal Pradesh. IJRSB. 2017;5(6):16-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0365.0506004
Ayam VS, Hage A. Wild Edible Fruits of Arunachal Pradesh. IJIRSET. 2017;6(6):12203-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0606285
Baruah U, Bhattacharya R. Diverse ethnic food practices of the Galo tribe in Arunachal Pradesh. Food Sci Res J. 2019;10(2):197-202. http://dx.doi:10.15740/HAS/FSRJ/10.2/197-202
Bharali P, Singh B, Sharma CL. Ethnomedicinal knowledge of Galo Tribe from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int J Curr Res Biosci Plant Biol. 2016;3(6):139-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.306.017
Bharali P, Sharma M, Sharma CL, Singh B. Ethnobotanical survey of spices and condiments used by some tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. J Med Plants Stud. 2017;5(1):101-09. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v3i1.3843
Bhuyan LR, Pangu Y, Tam N. Preliminary observation on floral diversity of Menchuka, West Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh. Bull Arunachal For Res. 2015-2016;30-31(1-2):65-85.
Boko N, Narsimhan D. Rapid survey of plants used by Adi tribe of Bosing-Banggo, East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2014;8(2):271-82.
Buragohain R. Ethnobotany and socio-economic importance of some Moraceous species in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int J Sci Res. 2015;4(7):2277-8179. https://www.doi.org/10.36106/ijsr
Danggen O, Mello J, Ering K, Hussain A, Saikia V. Ethnomedicinal plant knowledge among the Adi Tribe of Yingkiong and Mariyang valley, Upper Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int J Pure App Biosci. 2018;6(1):1504-11. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5432
Tshering D, Das S, Tsering J, Hui PK, Hui T. Rapid ethnobotanical appraisal on Bugun, Sartang and Monpa communities of West Kameng and Tawang Sectors of Arunachal Himalayan Region, India. Pleione. 2018;12(2):283-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26679/Pleione.12.2.2018.283-297
Das SK, Das TJ, Tshering D, Tsering J, Paul D, Gupta DD et al. Ethnobotanical notes on significant food and medicinal flora used by the indigenous Monpa and Nyishi communities of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2019;13(2):291-304. https://doi.org/10.26679/pleione.13.2.2019.291-304
Devi N, Sarma GC, Baishya SK. Wild edible fruits of Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2012;6(2):348-52.
Eko R, Ngomle S, Kanwat M, Kalita H, Moyon NN. Eating from the wild: an insight into the indigenous wild edible plants consumed by the Digaru Mishmi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2020;19(2):360-69. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijtk.v19i2.35363
Gangwar AK, Ramakrishnan PS. Ethnobiological Notes on Some Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, Northeastern India. Econ Bot. 1990;44(1):94-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02861071
Jeyaprakash K, Lego YJ, Payum T, Rathinavel S, Jayakumar K. Diversity of medicinal plants used by Adi community in and around area of D’ Ering Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bio Bulletin. 2017;3(1):14-24.
Jha KK. Heritage non timber forest product use and management by indigenous community in Northeastern Himalayan hotspot, Arunachal Pradesh, India. J Plant Chem and Ecophysiol. 2017;2(1): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.26420/jplantchemandecophysiol.2017.1012
Jeri L, Tag H, Tsering J, Kalita P, Mingki T, Das AK. Ethnobotanical investigation of edible and medicinal plants in Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary of East Kameng district in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2011;5(1):83-90.
Kamum G, Kanwal KS, Yama L. Ethnomedicinal plants used by Galo community of West Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh. IJRASET. 2018;6(1). http://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.1065
Kar A. Common wild vegetables of Aka tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2004;3(3):305-13.
Kashung S, Gajurel PR, Singh B. Ethnobotanical uses and socio-economic importance of climbing species in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Plant Science Today. 2020;7(3):371-77. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.3.771
Khongsai M, Saikia S P, Kayang H. Ethnomedicinal plants used by different tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2011;10(3):541-46.
Lungphi P, Wangpan T, Tangjang S. Wild edible plants and their additional uses by the Tangsa community living in the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2018;12(2):151-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26679/Pleione.12.2.2018.151-164
Lyngdoh N, Piloo N, Gab T, Kumar M, Pandey AK. Wild edible fruit tree resources of Arunachal Pradesh, North East India. J Appl and Nat Sci. 2016;8(2):883-89. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.891
Taram M, Borah D, Rinyo R, Tag H. Wild food plant resources of Komkar Adi tribe of Upper Siang district in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bull Arunachal For Res. 2018;33(2):27-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjethnobiol/y030204
Murtem G, Chaudhry P. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the tribes in Upper Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Am J ethnomed. 2016;3:35-49.
Murtem G, Chaudhry P. An ethnobotanical note on wild edible plants of Upper Eastern Himalaya, India. Braz J Biol Sci. 2016;3:63-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030506
Muthu J, Rimo Y. An enumeration on some of the commercialized ethnovegetables plants of Arunachal Pradesh: A preliminary study. Bull Arunachal For Res. 2018;33(1):52-58.
Namsa ND, Mandal M, Tangjang S, Mandal SC. Ethnobotany of the Monpa ethnic group at Arunachal Pradesh, India. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine. 2011;7(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-31
Nimasow G, Rawat JS, Arunachalam A, Nimasow OD. Ethnomedicines of Aka tribe, West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh (India). Sci and Cult. 2011;77(3-4):149-55.
Nimasow G, Ngupok R, Nimasow OD. Ethnomedicinal knowledge among the Adi tribes of Lower Dibang valley district of Arunachal Pradesh. India. Int Res J Pharm. 2012;3(6):223-29.
Seal T, Pillai B, Chaudhuri K. Evaluation of nutritional potential of five unexplored wild edible plants consumed by the tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh state in India. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2017;5(1):1-5. https://doi:10.12691/jfnr-5-1-1
Pandey NK, Chhonkar DS, Singh DK, Khumu ST. Analysis of indigenous food items of Monpa tribal community in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2017;6(9):633-40. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.078
Perme N, Choudhary SN, Choudhary R, Natung T, De B. Medicinal plants in traditional use at Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int J of Phytopharm. 2015;5(5):86-98. https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPP.V5I5.2863
Ramashankar, Rawat, MS. Ethno-botanical observations of Drymaria cordata Willd. ex Roem and Schult. (Caryophyllaceae). Bull Arunachal For Res. 2008;24(1&2):22-24.
Ratan O, Mili R, Tag H. Ethnobotany of the Galo community of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2016;10(2):248-61.
Rethy P, Singh B, Kagyung R, Gajurel PR. Ethno-botanical studies of Dehang- Debang Biosphere Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh with special reference to Memba Tribe. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2010;9(1):61-67.
Rinyo R, Taram M, Hui PK, Tag H. Ethnobotanical resources and traditional skills prevalent among the Tagin community of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2018;12(2):265-74. https://doi:10.26679/Pleione.12.2.2018.265-274
Saikia B, Tag H, Das AK. Diversity of edible species of Dioscorea Plum. ex L. (Dioscoreaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2008;2(2):193-96.
Sarmah R. Commonly used Non-timber Forest products (NTFPs) by the Lisu tribe in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh. SIBCOLTEJO. 2010;5:68-77.
Sarmah R, Arunachalam A. Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPS) to livelihood economy of the people living in forest fringes in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Fundam Appl Life Sci. 2011;1(2):157-69.
Shankar R, Lavekar GS, Deb S, Sharma BK. Traditional healing practice and folk medicines used by Mishing Community of North-East India. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2012;3(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.100171
Sharma TP, Borthakur SK. Ethnobotanical observations on Bamboos among Adi tribes in Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2008;7(4):594-97.
Sharma D, Tiwari BK, Chaturvedi SS, Diengdoh E. Status, utilization and economic valuation of Non-timber Forest Products of Arunachal Pradesh, India. J For Environ Sci. 2015;31(1):24-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2015.31.1.24
Singh RK, Srivastava RC, Adi Community, Monpa Community. Bioculturally important plant diversity of Arunachal Pradesh: Learning from Adi and Monpa Communities about “Future crops of India”. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2010;9(4):754-59.
Singh A, Singh RK, Bhardwaj R, Singh AK. Adaptations of culturally and nutritionally important traditional foods in Eastern Himalaya: A case study with Adi women of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2012;11(4):623-33.
Srivastava RC, Nyishi Community. Traditional knowledge of Nyishi (Daffla) tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2010;9(1):26-37.
Srivastava RC, Adi Community. Traditional knowledge of Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh on plants. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2009;8(2):146-53.
Srivastava RC, Singh RK, Apatani Community, Mukherjee TK. Indigenous biodiversity of Apatani plateau: Learning on biocultural knowledge of Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh for sustainable livelihood. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2010;9(3):432-42.
Tag H, Das AK. Ethnobotanical notes on the Hill Miri tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2004;3(1):80-85.
Tag H, Murtem G, Das AK, Singh RK. Diversity and distribution of ethnomedicinal plants used by the Adi Tribe in East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2008;2(1):123-36.
Touthang L, Kalita H, Angami T, Makdoh B, Sen A, Shukla KK et al. Biochemical evaluation of socio-culturally important wild plants in Eastern Himalayas of Arunachal Pradesh. Ethno Med. 2019;13(3):16-22. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566772.2019/13.03.533
Tsering J, Tag H. High altitude ethnomedicinal plants of Western Arunachal Himalayan Landscape. Pleione. 2015;9(1):18-25.
Tsering J, Gogoi BJ, Hui PK, Tam N, Tag H. Ethnobotanical appraisal on wild edible plants used by the Monpa community of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2017;16(4):626-37.
Wangpan T, Tasar J, Taka T, Giba J, Tesia P, Tangjang S. Traditional use of plants as medicine and poison by Tagin and Galo Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2019;9(9):98-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2019.90914
Yakang B, Gajurel PR, Potsangbam S, Bhuyan LR. Account of common and traditional non-timber forest products used by Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2013;7(2):514-29.
Yanka H, Rinyo R, Das SK, Das TJ, Paul D, Gupta DD et al. A brief cross-cultural ethnobotanical note on the Abotani tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Pleione. 2019;13(2):269-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26679/Pleione.13.2.2019.269-283
Yumnam JY, Bhuyan SI, Khan ML, Tripathi OP. Agro-diversity of East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya. Asian J Agric Sci. 2011;3(4):317-26.
Haridasan K, Bhuyan LR. Ethnobotancial observations on bioresource management in Northeast India. J Traditional and Folk Practices. 2016;02:03&04(1):18-32.
Hui PK, Das SK. Survey and validation studies on local food and medicinal bioresources of Kameng and Tawang districts of Arunachal Pradesh for supplementary rural livelihood security. India: Arunachal Pradesh. 2017-18. GBPNIHESD-IERP, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Yupia. Annual report.
Wangpan T, Chimyang N, Lowang C, Taka T, Giba J, Tesia P, et al. Ethnobotanically important plants used by the Nocte tribe of Eastern Himalaya. J Bioresour. 2019;6(1):36-45.
Asha H, Singh AV. Diversity of medicinal wild fruits in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. Asian J Conserv Biol. 2020;9(1):113-22.
Hazarika T, Tayeng B. Wild edible fruits of Arunachal Pradesh, India: Ethno-Medicinal uses, socio economic importance and role in rural economy and livelihood security. Research Square. 2020;1-30. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-51721/v1
Tarak D, Koyu R, Samal PK, Singh SP. Wild vegetable plants used by Galo tribe of West Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh (India). Bull Arunachal For Res. 2009;25(1&2):34-36.
Gajurel PR, Rethy P, Singh B. Wild edible plants of Dihang Dibang Biosphere Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India. In: Das AP, Pandey AK Editors. Advances in Ethnobotany. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007. p. 73-82.
Murtem G. Common wild vegetables of Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Bull. Arunachal For Res. 2000;18(1&2):66-77.
Bhuyan LR, Pangu Y, Tam N. Ethnobotanical studies on Khamba and Adi tribes of Tuting area, Upper Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh. Bull Arunachal For Res. 2017;32(1-2):27-40.
Haridasan, K., Bhuyan, L. R., Deori, M. L. Wild edible plants of Arunachal Pradesh. In: Hegde SN Editor. Arunachal Forest News. Arunachal Pradesh: Arunachal Printers. 1990; 8(1&2). p. 1-8.
Doni T, Gajurel PR. Diversity of wild edible plants traditionally used by the Galo tribe of Indian Eastern Himalayan state of Arunachal Pradesh. Plant Science Today. 2020;7(4):523-33. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.4.855
Srivastava RC, Choudhary RK. Species diversity and economic importance of the family Verbenaceae in Arunachal Pradesh. Bull Arunachal For Res. 2008;24(1-2):1-21.
Medak B, Singha LB. Nutritional Contribution by Wild Plants as Novel Food to the Ethnic Tribes of Arunachal Himalaya, India. J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(3):73-79. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1203077379
Tag H, Tsering J, Hui PK, Gogoi BJ, Veer V. Nutritional potential and traditional uses of high altitude wild edible plants in Eastern Himalayas, India. IJABE. 2014;8(3):226-31.
Masoodi HUR, Sundriyal RC. Richness of non-timber forest products in Himalayan communities - Diversity, distribution, use pattern and conservation status. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2020;16(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.10.1186/s13002-020-00405-0
Panmei R, Gajurel PR, Singh B. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by the Zeliangrong ethnic group of Manipur, northeast India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;235:164-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.009
Prakash V, Jaiswal N, Srivastava M. A review on medicinal properties of Centella asiatica. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(10):69-74. https://doi.org/10.10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20760
Shin T, Fujikawa K, Moe AZ, Uchiyama H. Traditional knowledge of wild edible plants with special emphasis on medicinal uses in Southern Shan State, Myanmar. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14(48). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0248-1
Paul D, Kalpuri S, Gupta DD, Hui PK, Tag H, Ananthan R. Phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant potential of Panax bipinnatifidus and Panax pseudoginseng: A study of two underutilized and neglected species from the Eastern Himalayan region of India. S Afr J Bot. 2022;14(49):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.01.043
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 12-01-2023 (3)
- 01-01-2023 (2)
- 24-12-2022 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Padma Raj Gajurel, Binay Singh, Soyala Kashung, Pinaki Adhikary, Sisibaying Nopi, Rimi Barman, Tage Yakang, Tajum Doni, Dipankar Gogoi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
