Phytotherapy for Diabetes: An Overview of Indian Traditional Plants with Saponins as a Phytoconstituent
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Saponin, Anti-diabetic, GlucoseAbstract
The present article consists of the basic knowledge about diabetes with its classification as Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes as well as other types of diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder defined by increased blood glucose levels. Insulin secretion and action are defective in diabetic patients. Diabetes leads to irreversible damage and failure of many organs because of chronic hyperglycemia. They have a complex etiology that arises when the equilibrium of offensive and protective components is altered. The limited effectiveness and severe adverse effects of the currently available medications make treatment extremely difficult. In experimental models of anti-diabetic preparations, natural items such as herbal plants and their extracted components have been frequently used. Saponins, a glycosidic molecule, is proven to have therapeutic potential and they are used as an alternative treatment for insulin in diabetic patients. Saponin-induced dyslipidemia will aid diabetic people in lowering their risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. This review aims to explain the antidiabetic function of saponins as well as its potential in the management of diabetes.
Downloads
References
Kumar CR. Basic pathology. 5th ed. Bangalore: Prism PVT. Limited; 1992. p. 569-87.
Ross JS, Wilson KJ, Waugh A. Anatomy and physiology in health and illness. 9th ed. Churchill Livingstone; 1996.Federation ID. IDF diabetes atlas.
Medagama AB, Bandara R. The use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: is continued use safe and effective? Nutr J. 2014 Dec;13(1):102. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-102, PMID 25331834.
Alqathama A, Alluhiabi G, Baghdadi H, Aljahani L, Khan O, Jabal S et al. Herbal medicine from the perspective of type II diabetic patients and physicians: what is the relationship? BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020 Dec;20(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-2854-4, PMID 32111222.
Kesavadev J, Saboo B, Sadikot S, Das AK, Joshi S, Chawla R et al. Unproven therapies for diabetes and their implications. Adv Ther. 2017 Jan;34(1):60-77. doi: 10.1007/s12325-016-0439-x, PMID 27864668.
Wandstrat A, Wakeland E. The genetics of complex autoimmune diseases: non-MHC susceptibility genes. Nat Immunol. 2001 Sep;2(9):802-9. doi: 10.1038/ni0901-802, PMID 11526390.
Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet. 2001 Jul 21;358(9277):221-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05415-0, PMID 11476858.
Alemu S, Dessie A, Seid E, Bard E, Lee PT, Trimble ER et al. Insulin-requiring diabetes in rural Ethiopia: should we reopen the case for malnutrition-related diabetes? Diabetologia. 2009 Sep;52(9):1842-5. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1433-5, PMID 19565213.
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004 May 1;27(5):1047-53. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047, PMID 15111519.
Gupta OP, Joshi MH, Dave SK. Prevalence of diabetes in India. Adv Metab Disord. 1978;9:147-65. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027309-6.50013-6, PMID 645491.
De Fronzo RA, Bonadonna RC, Ferrannini E. Pathogenesis of NIDDM, International Textbook of diabetes mellitus. Alberti K, Zimmet P, DeFronzo. Rev 1997.
Jun H-S, Yoon J-W. A new look at viruses in type 1 diabetes. ILAR J. 2004 Jan 1;45(3):349-74. doi: 10.1093/ilar.45.3.349.
WHO? Study Group Diabetes Mellitus, Technical report series no. 727. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1985.
Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):e290-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-1808, PMID 15741354.
Leonardo Jacob S. Pharmacology. The national medical series from Williams and Wilkins Bart arco, Hong Kong, London. 3rd ed; 1987. p. 221-5.
Bloom A, Hayes TM, Gamble DR. Register of newly diagnosed diabetic children. Br Med J. 1975 Sep 6;3(5983):580-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5983.580, PMID 1174829.
Tripathi KD. Essentials of medical pharmacology. JP Medical Ltd; 2013 Sep 30.
Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, Litchy WJ, Klein R, Pach JM et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population?based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology. 1993 Apr 1;43(4):817-24. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.4.817, PMID 8469345.
Harris MI. Undiagnosed NIDDM: clinical and public health issues. Diabetes Care. 1993 Apr 1;16(4):642-52. doi: 10.2337/diacare.16.4.642, PMID 8462395.
Jun HS, Yoon JW. A new look at viruses in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2003;19(1):8-31. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.337, PMID 12592641.
Verge CF, Gianani R, Kawasaki E, Yu L, Pietropaolo M, Jackson RA et al. Predicting type I diabetes in first-degree relatives using a combination of insulin, GAD, and ICA512bdc/IA-2autoantibodiesDiabetes. Diabetes. 1996;45(7):926-33. doi: 10.2337/diab.45.7.926, PMID 8666144.
Mohan V, Pradeepan R. Epidemiology of diabetes in different regions of India. 2009;22:1-18.
American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of Medical Care in Diabetes–2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42;Suppl 1;Suppl 1:S13-28:S13-28. doi: 10.2337/dc19-S002, PMID 30559228.
Knight K, Badamgarav E, Henning JM, Hasselblad V, Gano Jr AD, Ofman JJ et al. A systematic review of diabetes disease management programs. Am J Manag Care. 2005 Apr 1;11(4):242-50. PMID 15839184.
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016 Nov 1;39(11):2065-79. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1728, PMID 27926890.
Khan MU. Lifestyle modification in the prevention of type II diabetes mellitus. Oman Med J. 2012;27(2):170-1. doi: 10.5001/omj.2012.36, PMID 22496947.
Bhoyar PK, Tripathi AK, Baheti JR, Biyani D. Herbal antidiabetics: a review. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2011;2:30-7.
Thulé PM. Mechanisms of current therapies for diabetes mellitus type 2. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012;36(4):275-83. doi: 10.1152/advan.00094.2012, PMID 23209008.
DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(4):281-303. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-131-4-199908170-00008, PMID 10454950.
Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA, Buse JB, Zagar AJ, Pinaire JA et al. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jul 1;28(7):1547-54. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1547, PMID 15983299.
Jovanovic L, Dailey G III, Huang WC, Strange P, Goldstein BJ. Repaglinide in type 2 diabetes: A 24-week, fixed-dose efficacy and safety study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40(1):49-57. doi: 10.1177/00912700022008694, PMID 10631622.
Yakubu OE, Imo C, Shaibu C, Akighir J, Ameh DS. Effects of ethanolic Leaf and Stem-bark Extracts of Adansonia digitate in alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;15(1):1-7. doi: 10.3923/jpt.2020.1.7.
Chan CH, Ngoh GC, Yusoff R. A brief review on antidiabetic plants: global distribution, active ingredients, extraction techniques, and acting mechanisms. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(11):22-8. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.95854, PMID 22654401.
Evans M. A guide to herbal remedies; ISBN-10: 8122201628. Delhi, India: Orient Paperbacks; 1994.
Patel DK, Prasad SK, Kumar R, Hemalatha S. An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(4):320-30. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60032-X, PMID 23569923.
Malviya N, Jain S, Malviya S. Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010;67(2):113-8. PMID 20369787.
Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81(1):81-100. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00059-4, PMID 12020931.
Aggarwal N, Aggarwal S. A review of recent investigations on medicinal herbs possessing AntiDiabetic properties. J Nutr Disord Ther. 2011. doi: 10.4172/jndt.1000102.
Kayarohanam S, Kavimani S. Current trends of plants having antidiabetic activity: a review. J Bioanal Biomed. 2015;7:55-65. doi: 10.4172/1948-593X.1000124.
Sharma V, Paliwal R. Isolation and characterization of saponin from Moringa oleifera (Moringaeceae) pods. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5(1):179-83.
Moghimipour E, Kooshapour H, Parkhideh S, Handali S. In-vitro evaluation of complex forming affinity of total saponins extracted from Ziziphus spina-christi and Quillajasaponaria with cholesterol. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2015 Sep 1;6(5):619-24.
Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY. Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar 8;104(1-2):119-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.059, PMID 16213119.
Saliu JA, Fapohunda O. The antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective and renoprotective potentials of the aqueous extract of Costuslucanusianus on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JALSI. 2016;4(2):1-10. doi: 10.9734/JALSI/2016/20781.
Das TK, Banerjee D, Chakraborty D, Pakhira MC, Shrivastava B, Kuhad RC. Saponin: role in animal system. Vet World. 2012 Apr 1;5(4):248. doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2012.248-254.
Yingzi L, Haoran L, Jiansong Z. Total saponins of CornusofficinalisSieb. ameliorates the endothelium-dependent relaxation of mesenteric artery by regulating nitric oxide release in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Cent S Univ. 2012;37(8):757-64. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.08.001, PMID 22954908.
Elekofehinti OO, Adanlawo IG, Saliu JA, Sodehinde SA. Saponins from Solanum anguivi fruits exhibit hypolipidemic potential in Rattusnovergicus. Pharm Lett. 2012;4(3):811-4.
Adiukwu PC, Kayanja FIB, Nambatya G, Adzu B, Twinomujuni S, Twikirize O et al. Anti–inflammatory and antipyretic activity of the Leaf, root and saponin fraction from Vernoniaamygdalina. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;4(2):33-40. doi: 10.19026/bjpt.4.5375.
Perumal PS, Anaswara PV, Muthuraman A, Krishan S. Therapeutic potency of saponin rich aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis L. In alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Ayu. 2014;35(2):211-7. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.146261, PMID 25558170.
Xiao F, Hu YG, Wu SN, Shou QY, Cai YQ, Wang HM et al. Protective effect of astragalus saponin extracts on kidneys of diabetic rats. [Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguozhongyaozazhi=]. China J Chin Mater Med. 2015 May 1;40(10):2014-8.PMID26390666.
Benmehdi H, Azzi R, Djaziri R, Lahfa F, Benariba N, Tabti B. Effect of saponosides crude extract isolated from Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) seeds on blood glucose level in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Med Plants Res. 2011 Dec 16;5(31):6864-8. doi: 10.5897/JMPR11.1369.
Patel SB, Santani D, Shah MB, Patel VS. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Bryonialaciniosa seed extract and its saponin fraction in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Young Pharm. 2012 Jul 1;4(3):171-6. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.100024, PMID 23112536.
Zhang K, Pugliese M, Pugliese A, Passantino A. Biological active ingredients of traditional Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus on treatment of diabetes: a systematic review. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2015 Apr 1;15(4):315-29. doi: 10.2174/1389557515666150227113431, PMID 25723453.
Wang ZS, Xiong F, Xie XH, Chen D, Pan JH, Cheng L. Astragaloside IV attenuates proteinuria in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy via the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. BMC Nephrol. 2015 Dec;16(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s12882-015-0031-7, PMID 25886386.
Meliani N, Dib A, Allali H, Tabti B. Hypoglycaemic effect of Berberis vulgaris L. in normal and streptozotocin–induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(6):468-71. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60102-0, PMID 23569815.
Joseph B , Jini D. Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2013 Apr; 3(2): 93–102. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60052-3, PMCID: PMC4027280
Evandro FF, Tzi N. Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Oils. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety on Science Direct. 2016, Pages 253-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00028-6
Keller AC, Ma J, Kavalier A, He K, Brillantes AM, Kennelly EJ. Saponins from the traditional medicinal plant Momordica charantia stimulate insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine. 2011 Dec 15;19(1):32-7. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.019, PMID 22133295.
Patel T, Parmar K, Bhatt Y, Patel Y, Patel NM. Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of charantin from Momordica charantialinn. Fruit. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2010;2(3):0-.
Pitipanapong J, Chitprasert S, Goto M, Jiratchariyakul W, Sasaki M, Shotipruk A. New approach for extraction of charantin from Momordica charantia with pressurized liquid extraction. Sep Purif Technol. 2007 Jan 1;52(3):416-22. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2005.11.037.
Oishi Y, Sakamoto T, Udagawa H, Taniguchi H, Kobayashi-Hattori K, Ozawa Y et al. Inhibition of increases in blood glucose and serum neutral fat by Momordica charantia saponin fraction. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Mar 23;71(3):735-40. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60570, PMID 17341830.
Hamissou M, Smith AC, Carter Jr RE, Triplett II JK. Antioxidative properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). Emirates J Food Agric. 2013 Mar 2:641-7. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v25i9.15978.
Zhu Y, Dong Y, Qian X, Cui F, Guo Q, Zhou X et al. Effect of superfine grinding on antidiabetic activity of bitter melon powder. Int J Mol Sci. 2012 Nov 2;13(11):14203-18. doi: 10.3390/ijms131114203, PMID 23203059.
Richards AJ. Studies in Garcinia, dioecious tropical forest trees: agamospermy. Bot J Linn Soc. 1990 Jul 1;103(3):233-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb00186.x.
Adebisi AA. A Case Study of Garcinia kola nut Production- to–Consumption System in J4 area of Omo Forest Reserve, South–West Nigeria; 1991.
Smith AYR, Adanlawo IG. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of saponin extracted from the root of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on alloxan–induced diabetic rats. WJPPS. 2014;3(7):08-26.
Padmaja V, Eshwar MC, Naik AS. In vivo screening of hypoglycaemic activity of Cochlospermumvitifolium on alloxan–induced diabetic rats. IJPR Jour. 2014;4(1):55-8.
Taylor WG, Elder JL, Chang PR, Richards KW. Microdetermination of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds [Trigonella foenum-Graecum]. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Nov 20;48(11):5206-10. doi: 10.1021/jf000467t, PMID 11087460.
Hua S, Li Y, Su L, Liu X. Diosgenin ameliorates gestational diabetes through inhibition of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2016 Dec 1;84:1460-65. https://doi:.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.049
Hua S, Li Y, Su L, Liu X. Diosgenin ameliorates gestational diabetes through inhibition of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Dec 1;84:1460-5. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.049, PMID 27810341.
Zheng T, Shu G, Yang Z, Mo S, Zhao Y, Mei Z. Antidiabetic effect of total saponins from Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. in type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Feb 15;139(3):814-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.025, PMID 22212505.
Alarcon-Aguilara FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Perez-Gutierrez S, Aguilar-Contreras A, Contreras-Weber CC, Flores-Saenz JL. Study of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Jun 1;61(2):101-10. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00020-8, PMID 9683340.
Billaud C, Adrian J. Fenugreek: composition, nutritional value and physiological properties. Sci Ailment. 2001;21(1):3-26.
Ramesh BK, Yogesh RH, Kantikar SM, Prakash KB. Antidiabetic and histopathological analysis of fenugreek extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2010;2(20):356-64.
Petit PR, Sauvaire YD, Hillaire-Buys DM, Leconte OM, Baissac YG, Ponsin GR et al. Steroid saponins from fenugreek seeds: extraction, purification, and pharmacological investigation on feeding behavior and plasma cholesterol. Steroids. 1995 Oct 1;60(10):674-80. doi: 10.1016/0039-128x(95)00090-d, PMID 8539775.
Ali L, Azad Khan AK, Hassan Z, Mosihuzzaman M, Nahar N, Nasreen T et al. Characterization of the hypoglycemic effects of Trigonella foenumgraecum seed. Planta Med. 1995 Aug;61(4):358-60. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958100, PMID 7480183.
Sauvaire Y, Petit P, Broca C, Manteghetti M, Baissac Y, Fernandez-Alvarez J et al. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine: a novel amino acid potentiator of insulin secretion. Diabetes. 1998 Feb 1;47(2):206-10. doi: 10.2337/diab.47.2.206, PMID 9519714.
Parvathi S, Kumar VJF. Studies on chemical composition and utilization of the wild edible vegetable athalakkai (Momordica tuberosa). Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2002;57(3-4):215-22. doi: 10.1023/a:1021884406024, PMID 12602930.
Koneri RB, Samaddar S, Simi SM, Rao ST. Neuroprotective effect of a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Momordica cymbalariaFenzl in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Indian J Pharmacol. 2014 Jan;46(1):76-81. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.125179, PMID 24550589.
Ha YW, Lim SS, Ha IJ, Na YC, Seo JJ, Shin H et al. Preparative isolation of four ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng (steam-treated panax ginseng CA Meyer), by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A. 2007 Jun 1;1151(1-2):37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.038, PMID 17270197.
Choi MR, Kwak SM, Bang SH, Jeong JE, Kim DJ. Chronic saponin treatment attenuates damage to the pancreas in chronic alcohol-treated diabetic rats. J Ginseng Res. 2017 Oct 1;41(4):503-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.09.002, PMID 29021697.
Jung KI, Ju A, Lee HM, Lee SS, Song CH, Won WY et al. Chronic ethanol ingestion, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and brain– derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2011;487(2):149-52. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.011, PMID 20946939.
Ebrahimi E, Shirali S, Talaei R. The protective effect of marigold hydroalcoholic extract in STZ–induced diabetic rats: evaluation of cardiac and pancreatic biomarkers in the serum. J Bot. 2016;2016:1-6. doi: 10.1155/2016/9803928.
Xi Y, Bu S. Stem cells therapy in diabetes mellitus. J Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014;4:1-6.
Karasu C. Glycoxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in experimentally– induced diabetes: effects of antioxidant treatment. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2010;4:240-56. doi: 10.2174/1874192401004010240, PMID 21270942.
Deavall DG, Martin EA, Horner JM, Roberts R. Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. J Toxicol. 2012 Oct;2012:645460. doi: 10.1155/2012/645460, PMID 22919381.
Villeneuve LM, Natarajan R. The role of epigenetics in the pathology of diabetic complications. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2010;299(1):F14-25. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2010, PMID 20462972.
Rother KI. Diabetes treatment–bridging divide. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1499-501–14501. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp078030, PMID 17429082.
Barrera G. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation products in cancer progression and therapy. ISRN Oncol. 2012;2012:137289. doi: 10.5402/2012/137289, PMID 23119185.
Smith YA, Adanlawo IG, Oni OS. Hypoglycaemic effect of saponin from the root of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on alloxan–induced diabetic rats. J Drug Delivery Ther. 2012;2(6):9-12. doi: 10.22270/jddt.v2i6.338.
Kumar DS, Sharathnath KV, Yogeswaran P, Harani A, Sudhakar K, Sudha P et al. Medicinal potency of Momordica charantia. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2010;1(2):18.
El Barky AR, Hussein SA, Alm-Eldeen AA, Hafez YA, Mohamed TM. Anti-diabetic activity of Holothuria thomasi saponin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Dec 1;84:1472-87. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.002, PMID 27810340.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 01-07-2023 (2)
- 13-06-2023 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Avijit Mazumder, Sanjana, Bhavani Pentela, Vikas Gupta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
