An overview on phytoconstituents and multiple biological activities of Euphorbia hirta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2304Keywords:
Euphorbia hirta Linn., phytochemistry, traditional uses, ethnopharmacological roles, pharmacologicallyAbstract
The major genus in the Euphorbiaceae family, Euphorbia is having more than 1600 species. The Euphorbiaceae family includes the annual weed Euphorbia hirta, sometimes referred to as the asthma plant. It's not just a weed, it also has medical properties. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia and African pharmacopoeia listed E. hirta for many drugs. Along with tropical and temperate regions of the world, Africa, Bangladesh, Australia and India are also home to these therapeutic herbs. The current review discusses its phytoconstituent profile, therapeutic profile and other significant biological characteristics. It includes a number of secondary active compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and alkaloids, which act as anti-microbial, anti-fertility, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-plasmodial, anti-tumor and in the management of many other disorders. Hematuria and gonorrhoea are also treated with E. hirta. In South Africa E. hirta is widely accepted as the prophylaxis of asthma. The herb is utilized as an enema remedy in the Gold Coast. Inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and diabetic-induced sores are just a few of the chronic inflammatory disorders that can be treated topically using the alcohol-based fruit and leaf extract of E. hirta. For the purpose of identifying and creating a monograph on E. hirta, this review may be used.
Downloads
References
Kumar S, Malhotra R, Kumar D. Euphorbia hirta: its chemistry, traditional and medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(7):58-61. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.65327, PMID 22228942.
Ghosh, Pranabesh, Ghosh, Chandreyi, Das, Chandrima, Mandal, Suprodip, Chatterjee, Sirshendu. Botanical description, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of E. hirta Linn: A review. 2019;9:273-86. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22966.1
Linfang H, Shilin C. E. hirta, Feiyangcao: a review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(39):5176-85. doi: 10.5897/JMPR12.206.
Al-Snafi AE. Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of E. hirta (Syn: Euphorbia pilulifera) – A review. IOSR J Pharm. 2017;7(3):07-20. https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0703010720
Ghosh P, Das P, Das C, Mahapatra S, Chatterjee S. Morphological characteristics and phyto-pharmacological detailing of Hatishur (Heliotropium indicum Linn.): A concise review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018; 7(5); 4136:1900-7: 2278.
Manorma K, Preety S. Ethnobotanical studies of the family Euphorbieaceae: a review seminar. Curr Sci. 2011;16(1):75-78.
Asha S, Deevika B, Mohamad SA. E. hirta Linn. – A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. 2014;3(4):180-205:2277-7105.
Kausar J, Muthumani D, Hedina A, Sivasamy AV. Review of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of E. hirta Linn. Pharmacogn J. 2016;8(4):310-13. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2016.4.2
Mohammad ABN, Mohammad SH, Mohammad A, Siddika R, Sultana S, Islam RBM. E. hirta Linn. A wonderful miracle plant of Mediterranean region: A review. J Med Plants Stud. 2017;5(3);3862:170-5, 2320.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. Periodical Experts’ Books Agency. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. New Delhi; 1991; p. 47-49.
Burkill HM. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. 2nded. Families S-Z. Addenda Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond. Vol. 4. United Kingdom; 2002. p. 689.
Li ET, Liu KH, Zang MH, Zhang XL, Jiang HQ, Zhou HL et al. Chemical constituents from E. hirta. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2015;62:204-47. doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.09.007.
Rahman MS, Rana S, Islam AA. Antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf methanolic extract of E. hirta Linn. Int J Complement Alt Med. 2019;12(4):154-62. https://doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2019.12.00466
Lanhers MC, Fleurentin J, Cabalion P, Rolland A, Dorfman P, Misslin R. Behavioral effects of E. hirta L.: sedative and anxiolytic properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990;29(2):189-98. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741[90]90055-x, PMID 1973750.
Gálvez J, Crespo ME, Jiménez J, Suárez A, Zarzuelo A. Antidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993;45(2):157-59. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb03706.x, PMID 8095537.
Galvez J, Zarzuelo A, Crespo ME, Lorente MD, Ocete MA, Jiménez J. Antidiarrhoeic activity of E. hirta extract and isolation of an active flavonoid constituent. Planta Med. 1993;59(4):333-36. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959694, PMID 8372151.
Johnson PB, Abdurahman EM, Tiam EA, Abdu-Aguye I, Hussaini IM. E. hirta leaf extracts increase urine output and electrolytes in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;65(1):63-69. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741[98]00143-3, PMID 10350369.
Tona L, Ngimbi NP, Tsakala M, Mesia K, Cimanga K, Apers S. Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;68(1-3):193-203. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741[99]00090-2, PMID 10624878.
Tona L, Kambu K, Ngimbi N, Mesia K, Penge O, Lusakibanza M. Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicine. 2000;7(1):31-38. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113[00]80019-7, PMID 10782488.
Tona L, Cimanga RK, Mesia K, Musuamba CT, De Bruyne T, Apers S et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts and fractions from seven medicinal plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;93(1):27-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.022, PMID 15182900.
Singh SK, Yadav RP, Tiwari S, Singh A. Toxic effect of stem bark and leaf of E. hirta plant against freshwater vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. Chemosphere. 2005;59(2):263-70. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.057, PMID 15722098.
Kumar GS, Jayaveera KN, Kumar CK, Sanjay UP, Swamy BM, Kumar DV. Antimicrobial effects of Indian medicinal plants against acne inducing bacteria. Trop J Pharm Res. 2007;6(2):717-23. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v6i2.14651.
Ahmad SF, Bani S, Sultan P, Ali SA, Bakheet SA, Attia SM, Abd-Allah AR. TNF-? inhibitory effect of Euphorbia hirta in rats. Pharm Biol. 2013 Apr;51(4):411-17. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2012.734315. Epub 2013 Jan 22. PMID: 23336701.
Youssouf MS, Kaiser P, Tahir M, Singh GD, Singh S, Sharma VK et al. Anti-anaphylactic effect of E. hirta. Fitoterapia. 2007;78(7-8):535-39. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.06.003, PMID 17643865.
Subramanian SP. bhuvaneshwans antidibetic antioxidant potentials of E. hirta leaves extract studied in streptozotocin induced experimental diabetes in rats. Gen Physiol Biophys10.4149/9 pb. 2011;03:278. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2011_03_278
Basma AA, Zakaria Z, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 May;4(5):386-90. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60109-0. Epub 2011 Jun 22. PMID: 21771682.
Singh P, Sinha KK. Inhibition of Alfa toxin production on some agricultural commodities. J Ind Bot Soc. 1986;65(1):30.
Nyeem MA, Haque MS, Akramuzzaman M, Siddika R, Sultana S, Islam BR. Euphorbia hirta Linn. A wonderful miracle plant of mediterranean region: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2017;5(3):170-75.
Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Kannappan G. Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res. 2007;839-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0839-6
Preeti S, Lalit M, Srivastava CN. Amaranthus oleracea and E. hirta: natural Potential larvicidal agents against the Urban Indian Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi List on. Culicidae. Parasitol Res. 2009;106:171-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1644-1
Yadav RP, Singh A. Efficacy of E. hirta latex as plant derived molluscicides against fresh water snails. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2011;53(2):101-16. doi: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000200008, PMID 21537758.
Singh GD, Kaiser P, Youssouf MS, Singh S, Khajuria A, Koul A. Inhibition of early and late phase allergic reactions by E. hirta L. Phytother Res. 2006;20(4):316-21. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1844, PMID 16557622.
Fayaz Ahmad S, Sultan P, Ashour AE, Khan TH, Attia SM, Bakheet SA et al. Modulation of Th1 cytokines and inflammatory mediators by Euphorbia hirta in animal model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammopharmacology. 2013 Oct;21(5):365-75. doi: 10.1007/s10787-012-0161-5. Epub 2012 Dec 11. PMID: 23229350.
Alisi CS, Abanob SE. Antimicrobial properties of Euphorbia hyssopifolia and E. hirta against pathogens complicit in wound, typhoid and urinary tract infections. Int J Trop Dis. Health. 2012;2(2):72-86. doi: 10.9734/IJTDH/2012/1050.
Titilope KK, Dat EAR, Christiana OC, Kehinde ER, Ombolaji JN, Olajid AJ. In-vitro antimicrobial activities of E. hirta against some clinical isolates. Agric Biol J North Am. 2012;3(4):169-74. doi: 10.5251/abjna.2012.3.4.169.174.
Mohamed S, Saka S, EL-Sharkawy SH, Ali AM, Muid S. Antimycotic screening of 58 Malaysian plants against plant pathogens. Pestic Sci. 1996;47(3):259-64. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199607)47:3<259::AID-PS413>3.0.CO;2-N.
Enerva LT, Atienza TV, Glifonea ZR, Villamor OB, Villa NA. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial property of the leaf extract of E. hirta (Tawa-Tawa). Open J Soc Sci. 2015;3:162-70. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.33025
Vijaya K, Ananthan S, Nalini R. Antibacterial anticancers effect of theaflavin, polyphenon 60 (Camellia sinensis) and E. hirta on Shigella spp. a cell culture study. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;49(2):115-18. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741[95]90039-x, PMID 8847884.
Widharna RM, Soemardji AA, Wirasutisn KR, Kardono LBS. Anti diabetes mellitus activity in vivo of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of E. hirta L. herb. Int J Pharmacol. 2010;6(3):231-40. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2010.231.240.
Subramanian SP, Bhuvaneshwari S, Prasath GS. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of E. hirta leaves extract studied in streptozotocin-indexed experimental diabetes in rats. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2011;30(3):278-85. doi: 10.4149/gpb_2011_03_278, PMID 21952437.
Kumar S, Rashmi KD. Evaluation of antidiabeticactivity of E. hirta Linn. in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2010;1(2):200-23.
Mei FS, Jong YC. Potential applications of E. hirta in pharmacology. Drug Discov Res Pharmacogn:165-80.
Goldie U, Vijay N, Anil K. Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of E. hirta Linn. Pharm Lett. 2012;4(4):1155-61.
Hore SK, Ahuja V, Mehta G, Kumar P, Pandey SK, Ahmad AH. Effect of aqueous E. hirta leaf extract on gastrointestinal motility. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(1):35-38. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.06.014, PMID 16257136.
Kamgang R, Zintchem R, Dimoet T. Yewah P anjo. Effect des extraits totaux aqueux de Mallotus oppositifolium ETDE E. hirta (Euphorbiaceae) sur L? Activite Contractile Intenstinale Du Rat. Afr J Sci Technol. 2001;2(2):8-11. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajst.v2i2.44664
Mathur A, Dixit VP, Dobal MP. Antifertility plant product: E. hirta in males. In: Proceeding of the international symposium on male contraception: present and future. New Delhi; 1995.
Opie LH. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: scientific basis for clinical use. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1992; p. 259.
Williams LAD, Gossell-Williams M, Sajabi A, Barton EN. Fleisch hacker R. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting and anti-dipsogenic activities of E. hirta extracts. Phytother Res. 1997;11(5):401-02. doi: 10.1002/[SICI]1099-1573[199708]11:5<401::AID-PTR119>3.0.CO;2-T.
Chaudhary MK, Pharmacology of 8 Euphorbia hirta: An overview. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2020;9(8):1462-74.50.
Das P, Mekap S, Pani S, Sethi R, Nayak P. Pharmacological evaluation of anti–inflammatory activity of E. hirta against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(2):151-54.
Ekpo OE, Pretorius EA. E. hirta and its anti-inflammatory Properties. S Afr J Sci. 2007;103(5-6):201-03.
Martínez-Vázquez M, Apan TOR, Lazcano ME, Bye R. Anti-inflammatory active compounds from the n-hexane extract of E. hirta. Rev Soc Quim Mex. 1999;43(3-4):103-05.
Shih MF, Cheng YD, Shen CR, Cherng JY. A molecular pharmacology study into the anti-inflammatory actions of E. hirta L. on the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells through selective iNOS protein inhibition. J Nat Med. 2010;64(3):330-35. doi: 10.1007/s11418-010-0417-6, PMID 20390370.
Lee KH, Chen YS, Judson JP, Chakravarthi S, Sim YM, ER HM. The effect of water extract of E. hirta on cartilage degeneration in arthritic rats. Malays J Pathol. 2008;30(2):95-102. PMID 19291918.
Lanhers MC, Fleurentin J, Dorfman P, Mortier F, Pelt JM. Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of E. hirta. Planta Med. 1991;57(3):225-31. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960079, PMID 1896520.
Koli MC, Choudhary R, Kumar S. An isoflavone glycoside from the stem of E. hirta Linn. as antimalarial compound. Asian J Chem. 1673-7;2002;(14):3-4.
Jeje TO, Ibraheem O, Brai BC, Ibukun EO. Pharmacological potential of asthma weed [E. hirta] extract toward eradication of Plasmodium berghei in infected albino mice. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2016;8(3):130-37.
Pandey A, Verma N. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of E. hirta and Calotropis procera against MDR patogenes. IJPAES. 2013;3(3):17-24.
Rao B, Loganatan K, Elumalai EK, Kumar G. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of E. hirta leaves: A comparative study. J Pharm Res. 2010;3(3):548.
El-Mahmood MA. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of E. hirta against some bacteria associated with enteric infections. J Med Plants Res. 2009;3(7):498-505.
Jenifer S, Laveena DK, Priya S, Singh SJS, Jeyasree J. Antimicrobial screening of E. hirta L. and Pedalium murex L. A comparative study. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;3(12):1221-26.
Rajeh MA, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Latha LY, Amutha S. Assessment of E. hirta L. leaf, flower, stem and root extracts for their antibacterial and antifungal activity and brine shrimp lethality. Molecules. 2010;15(9):6008-18. doi: 10.3390/molecules15096008, PMID 20877206.
Upadhyay A, Chattopadhyay P, Goyary D, Mazumder PM, Veer V. E. hirta. Pharmacogn Mag. 2014;10(Suppl 3);Suppl 3:S534-42. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.139801, PMID 25298671.
Saravanan R, Dhachinamoorthi D, Senthilkumar K, Srilakshmi M, Sri TD. Antibacterial activity of E. hirta extracts. IJRAP. 2012;3(3):439-41.
Basma AA, Zakaria Z, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of E. hirta L. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(5):386-90. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645[11]60109-0, PMID 21771682.
Kandalkar A, Patel A, Darade S, Baviskar D. Free radical scavenging activity of E. hirta Linn. leaves and isolation of active flavonoid myricitrin. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2010;3(3):234-37.
Kumar S, Malhotra R, Kumar D. Antidiabetic and free radicals scavenging potential of E. hirta flower extract. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72(4):533-37. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.73921, PMID 21218075.
Arollado EC, Pe?aa IG, Dahiliga VRA. Platelet augmentation activity of selected Philippine plants. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res. 2013;3(2):121-23.
Joveneio GA, Jamesviktor AG, Ryan JB. Rayn-et sq, Anna AS. Sabado, Andrea QC, Librado AS, Mafel CY. Platelet–increasing Effects of E. hirta Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) in Ethanol–induced Thrombocytopenic Rat Models. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Frontier Research. 2012; 2(2):1-11.
Sandeep BP, Chandrakant SM. Phytochemical investigation and antitumour activity of E. hirta Linn. Eur J Exp Biol. 2011;1(1):51-56.
Brindha D, Saroja S, Jeyanthi GP. Protective Potential [correction of potencial] of E. hirta against cytotoxicity Induced in Hepatocytes and a Hep G2 Cell Line. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;21(4):401-13. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp.2010.21.4.401, PMID 21305854.
Shao CM, WangY, Yan Zhaw J, PuX, Xue Du J. A New cyclopentanone derivative from E. hirta. Chem Nat Compd. 2012;48(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-012-0315-0
Gopi K, Renu K, Sannanaik VB, Jayaraman G. Protective Effects of E. hirta and its Components against Snake Venom induced Lethality. Biomed J. 2015;4:301-06. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.044
Agnes G, Laszlo S, Janos MR, Andrea V, Joseph M, Judit H. Antiviral activities of extracts of E. hirta L. against HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVmac251. In vivo. 2009;23:429-32.
Anozie U, Akoma S, Nnanna LA. Corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloy in acidic medium by E. hirta and Dialum guineense extracts. Int J Pure Appl Sci Technol. 2011;6(2):79-88.
Romde RR, Ningwal M, Kaurav RK. Antihistaminic activity of E. hirta extract on asthmatic rats. IJAPBC. 2014;3(2):434-6.
Hellerman RC, Hazleton LW. The antispasmodic action of Euphorbia pilulifera. J Am Pharm Assoc am Pharm assoc. J Am Pharm Assoc. 1950;39(3):142-46. doi: 10.1002/jps.3030390306, PMID 15405492.
Pretorius E, Ekpo OE, Smit E. Comparative ultrastructural analyses of platelets and fibrin networks using the murine model of asthma. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2007;59(2):105-14. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.02.011, PMID 17600694.
Blanc P, De SSG, Lescure R. Galactogenic properties of plants of the African flora: Sersalisi adjalionensis and E. hirta. Ann Biol Clin. 1964;21(10-12):829-40.
Yuet Ping K, Darah I, Yusuf UK, Yeng C, Sasidharan S. Genotoxicity of E. hirta: An Allium cepa assay. Molecules. 2012;17(7):7782-91. doi: 10.3390/molecules17077782, PMID 22735780.
Tiwari P, Kumar K, Pandey AK, Pandey A, Sahu PK. Antihepatotoxic activity of E. hirta and by using the combination of E. hirta and Boerhaavia diffusa extracts on some experimental models of liver injury in rats. Int J Innov Pharm Res. 2011;2(2):126-30.
Das S, Mondal N, Mondal S, Ghosh P, Ghosh C, Das C et al. Botanical features, phytochemical and pharmacological overviews of Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn: A brief review. The Pharma Innov J. 2019;8(2):464-68.
Martha LRA, Anitha S. Effect of E. hirta L. extract on the germination and seedling growth of groundnut. Adv Biotech. 2012;12(2).
Jae-Ha R, Hanna A, Hwa JL, Wen HQ, Yong NH, Byung HH. Inhibitory activity of Chinese medicinal plants on nitric oxide synthesis in lipopolysaccharide activated macrophages. J Appl Pharmacol. 2001;9:183-87.
Ramesh KV, Padmavathi K. Assessment of immunomodulatory activity of E. hirta L. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72(5):621-25. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.78532, PMID 21694995.
Pratheepa V, Sukumaran N. Specific and non-specific immunostimulation Study of E. hirta on Pseudomonas fluorescens-infected Cyprinus carpio. Pharm Biol. 2011;49(5):484-91. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2010.526615, PMID 21385104.
Oyeyemi MO, Olukole SG, Taiwo B, Adeniji DA. Sperm motility and viability in West African dwarf rams treated with E. hirta. Int J Morphol. 2009;27(2):459-62. doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022009000200024.
Michael A, Clement J, Charles E. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial effect of combinations of erythromycin and E. hirta leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Res Pharm Biotechnol. 2010;2:22-24.
Rathnakumar K, Ranbir V, Jaikumar S, Sengottuvelu S. Wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of E. hirta leaves on excision wound model in rats. Global J Res Med plants and indigen. Med. 2013;2(8):571-75.
Jaiprakash B. Chandramohan and Reddy DN. Burn wound healing activity of E. hirta. Anc Sci Life. 2006;15(3&4):01-03.
Adedapo AA, Abatan MO, Akinloye AK, Idowu SO, Olorunsogo OO. Morphaometric and histopathological studies on the effects of some chromatographic fractions of Phyllanthus amarus and E. hirta on the male reproductive organs of rats. J Vet Sci. 2003;4(2):181-85. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2003.4.2.181, PMID 14610373.
Patil SB, Magdum CS. Determination of LC50 values of extracts of E. hirta Linn. and Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. using brine shrimp lethality assay. Asian J Res Pharm Sci. 2011;1(2):42-43.
Akomas SC, Ijioma SN, Emelike CU. Effect of E. hirta on haematological and biochemical indices in albino rats. Appl J Hyg. 2015;4(1):1-5.
Ping KY, Darah I, Chen Y. Subramaniam Sreeramanan, Sreenivasan Sasidharan1 acute and subchronic toxicity study of Euphorbia hirta L. methanol extract in rats. BioMed Res Int;2013:Article ID 182064, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/182064
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 01-07-2023 (2)
- 13-05-2023 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Shobhini Chandel, Saumya Das, Avijit Mazumder, Neha, Vijayant Singh Chauhan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).