Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Special issue on Mini Reviews

Early Access

Exploring Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Composition, and Antimicrobial Potential of Latex-Producing Plants in the Euphorbia Genus: A Comprehensive Review

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2352
Submitted
11 January 2023
Published
10-09-2023
Versions

Abstract

The Euphorbia genus, ranking as the third largest among angiosperm plants, encompasses nearly 2026 species. The latex derived from these plants contains irritants to the skin and finds application in wart removal. Additionally, it serves as a source for crafting fish and arrow poisons. Literature substantiates the utilization of these plants in the treatment of diverse ailments including menstrual issues, diarrhea, colds, fevers, as well as an array of skin conditions such as warts, sores, boils, dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, and sunburn. Moreover, they contribute to wound healing. Certain species within the Euphorbia genus, classified under Euphorbiaceae, exhibit properties as anti-herpetic and antitumor agents against polio, rhinoviruses, and coxsackievirus. In the realm of Ayurveda, specific plant latex from select species is employed in the preparation of surgical threads for Kshara sutra therapy. This Ayurvedic approach serves as a minimally invasive para-surgical procedure in the management of anorectal piles or fistula. Remarkably, various di- and tri-terpenes obtained from the latex exhibit robust antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, the di-terpenoids sourced from Euphorbia species display anti-inflammatory properties along with noteworthy cytotoxic and anticancer activities. The focal objective of this review is to present a contemporary overview encompassing traditional applications, phytochemical constituents, and the antimicrobial potential of ten latex-producing plants within the Euphorbia genus.

References

  1. Kumar GP, Chaturvedi A. Ethnobotanical observations of Euphorbiaceae species from Vidarbha region, Maharashtra, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2010; (6): 4. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2010/iss6/4
  2. Robert Nawrot. Advances in Botanical Research, Vol. 93, Latex, Laticifers and Their Molecular Components: From Functions to Possible Applications, ISBN: 978-0-08-102995-4, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2296(20)x0002-4
  3. Ernst M, Grace OM, Saslis-Lagoudakis CH, Nilsson N, Simonsen HT, Rønsted N. Global medicinal uses of Euphorbia L.(Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015; 176: 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.025
  4. Okoli RI, Turay AA, Mensah JK, Aigbe AO. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Four Herbs from Edo State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion,1(5): 2009.
  5. Betancur-Galvis L, Morales G, Forero J, Roldan J. Cytotoxic and Antiviral Activities of Colombian Medicinal Plant Extracts of the Euphorbia genus. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2002; 97(4): 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762002000400017
  6. Ogbulie JN, Ogueke CC, Okoli IC, Anyanwu BN. Antibacterial activities and toxicological potentials of crude ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2007; 6(13):11–16.
  7. Zhao H, Sun L, Kong C, Mei W, Dai H, Xu F, Huang S. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of diterpenoids from the genus Euphorbia Linn. (2012–2021). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022; 115574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115574
  8. Parekh J, Chanda SV. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2007; 31: 53-58. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/vol31/iss1/9
  9. Pascal OA, Bertrand AEV, Esaïe T, Sylvie HAM, Eloi AY. A review of the ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the Euphorbia genus, The Pharma Innovation Journal.2017; 6(1): 34-39
  10. Nashikkar N, Begde D, Bundale S, Pise M, Rudra J, Upadhyay. Inhibition of swarming motility, biofilm formation and virulence factor expression of urinary pathogens by Euphorbia trigona latex extracts. International Journal of Pharm Research. 2011; 2(3): 558-566
  11. Gewali MB, Hattori M, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Namba T. Constituents of the latex of Euphorbia antiquorum. Phytochemistry. 1990; 29(5), 1625–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)80134-3
  12. Van Sam H, Baas P, Kebler PJ. Traditional medicinal plants in Ben En national park, Vietnam. Blumea-Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 2008; 53(3): 569-601. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651908x607521
  13. Hsieh WT, Lin HY, Chen JH, Lin WC, Kuo YH, Wood WG, Lu HF, Chung JG. Latex of Euphorbia antiquorum-induced S-phase arrest via active ATM kinase and MAPK pathways in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Environ. Toxicol. 2015;30: 1205–1215. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.21992
  14. Savithramma N, Yugandhar P, Prasad KS, Ankanna S, Chetty KM. Ethnomedicinal studies on plants used by Yanadi tribe of Chandragiri reserve forest area, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of intercultural Ethnopharmacology.2016; 5(1): 49. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160122065531
  15. Rao NB, Raju DC. Folk claims from Sugalis of Andhra Pradesh for the treatment of Paralysis. Ancient Science of Life. 1997; 17(2): 107. (Retrieved from) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3331097/pdf/ASL-17-107.pdf
  16. González JA, García-Barriuso M, Amich F. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants traditionally used in the Arribes del Duero, western Spain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010; 131(2): 343-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.022
  17. Özbilgin S, Ac?kara ÖB, Akkol EK, Süntar I, Kele? H, ??can GS. In vivo wound-healing activity of Euphorbia characias subsp. wulfenii: Isolation and quantification of quercetin glycosides as bioactive compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018; 224: 400-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.015
  18. Falodun A, Okunrobo LO, Uzoamaka N. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory evaluation of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn (Euphorbiaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006; 5(6): 529-531. (Retrieved from) h ttps://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/137887
  19. Falodun A, Agbakwuru EOP, Ukoh GC. Antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla linn(family-Euphorbiaceae). Biological Sciences-PJSIR. 2003; 46(6): 471-472
  20. Olajumoke E, Ibrahim O, Akinwunmi A, Viola N. Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Euphorbia heterophylla L. in Sprague Dawley Rat. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research. 2016: 1(3):1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2016/29520
  21. Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. 2006; 2(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-43
  22. Raja RDA, Jeeva S, Prakash JW, Antonisamy JM, Irudayaraj V. Antibacterial activity of selected ethnomedicinal plants from South India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2011; 4(5): 375-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60107-7
  23. Younus M, Hasan MM, Ali S, Saddq B, Sarwar G, Ullah MI, Maqsood A, Ahmar S, Mora-Poblete F, Hassan F, Chen JT. Extracts of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. showed both phytotoxic and insecticidal capacities against Lemna minor L. and Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa. Plos one. 2021; 16(4): 0250118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250118
  24. De Britto AJ, Sujin RM, Mahesh R, Dharmar K. Ethnomedicinal wisdom of the Manavalakuruchi people in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. Int. Journal of Biological Technology. 2010; 1:25-30. (Retrieved from) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R-Mahesh-2/publication/267685027_Ethnomedicinal_wisdom_of_the_Manavalakuruchi_people_in_Kanyakumari_District_Tamil_Nadu/links/549533570cf2ec1337582efe/Ethnomedicinal-wisdom-of-the-Manavalakuruchi-people-in-Kanyakumari-District-Tamil-Nadu.pdf
  25. Bhatia Harpreet, Sharma Yash Pal, Manhas RK, Kumar Kewal. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the villagers of district Udhampur, J&K, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2014; 151(2): 1005–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.017
  26. Shanmugam S, Annadurai M, Rajendran K. Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure diarrhoea and dysentery in Pachalur hills of Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science.2011; 94-97. (Retrieved from) https://japsonline.com/abstract.php?article_id=219&sts=2
  27. Joshi B. The Magical Herb “Euphorbia hirta L.” An Important Traditional Therapeutic Herb for Wart Disease among the Vangujjars of Forest near Kashipur, Uttarakhand. New York Science Journal. 2011; 4(2): 96-97. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=44951440f27550f5c65ba0ec11b128e8ff9cd3c2
  28. Gaioni DT. Medical choices in a Philippine highland community. Ethnomedical and Biomedical dimensions of Bauko clinical reality. Anthropos. 2002; 97: 505-518. (Retrieved from) https://www.jstor.org/stable/40466049
  29. Lai XZ, Yang YB, Shan XL. The investigation of Euphorbiaceous medicinal plants in southern China. Economic Botany. 2004;
  30. : S307. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[s307: tioemp]2.0.co;2
  31. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 2 nd ed., 1975; 3: 2199-2200
  32. Mirgane RA. Snuhi (Euphorbia nerifolia Linn.) Upavisha–a review. 2021.
  33. Bigoniya P, Rana A. A comprehensive phyto-pharmacological review of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2008; 2(4): 57.
  34. Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae), Research note. 2003
  35. Nadakarni KA. Indian MateriaMedica, Vol 1, Popular Prakashana Private Ltd. Ed.3rd, Re Reprint. 1995; 526
  36. Yadav S, Arya V, Kumar S, Yadav M, Yadav JP. Ethnomedicinal flora of dosi hills of Mahendergarh district (Haryana), India. Annals of Biology. 2012; 28(2): 152-157.
  37. Das S, Choudhury MD. Ethnomedicinal uses of some traditional medicinal plants found in Tripura, India. J ournal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(35), pp.4908-4914. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr10.539
  38. Savithramma N, Sulochana C, Rao KN. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 113(1): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.004
  39. Basumatary SK, Ahmed M, Deka SP. Some medicinal plant leaves used by Boro (tribal) people of Goalpara district, Assam. 2004. https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/9407/1/NPR%203%282%29%2088-90.pdf
  40. Ravikanth V, Reddy VN, Rao TP, Diwan PV, Ramakrishna S. Venkateswarlu Y. Macrocyclic diterpenes from Euphorbia nivulia. Phytochemistry. 2002; 59(3): 331-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00461-7
  41. Pullaiah T. Encyclopaedia of world medicinal plants (Vol. 1). Daya books. 2006. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/9407
  42. Mahajan RT, Badgujar SB. Phytochemical investigations of some laticiferous plants belonging to Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Ethnobotanical leaflets. 2008; (1): 151. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2008/iss1/151/
  43. Sikdar M, Dutta U. Traditional phytotherapy among the Nath people of Assam. Ethnomedizin. 2008; 2:39–45. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566772.2008/02.01.04
  44. Khan RF, Yadav RP, Singh A. Screening of pharmacological and biological properties of a euphorbious plant, Euphorbia pulcherima: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 3(2): 12-15. https://doi.org/10.33545/27067009.2021.v3.i2a.29
  45. de Araújo K, de Lima A, Silva J, Rodrigues L, Amorim A, Quelemes P, da Trindade R. Identification of Phenolic Compounds and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Antioxidants. 2014; 3(1): 159–175. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3010159
  46. Khare CP. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage. 2004; 210–1
  47. Mali PY, Panchal SS. A review on phyto-pharmacological potentials of Euphorbia thymifolia L. Ancient science of life. 2013; 32(3):165. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.123001
  48. Gupta, B., Srivastava, R.S. and Goyal, R. (2007). Phcog Rev.: Plant Review Therapeutic Uses of Euphorbia thymifolia: A Review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 1(2). https://phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-1-2-299.pdf
  49. Prasad SHKR, Swapna NL, Prasad M. Efficacy of Euphorbia tirucalli (L.) towards microbicidal activity against human pathogens. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2011; 2(1)
  50. Rahman AHMM, Akter M. Taxonomy and medicinal uses of Euphorbiaceae (Spurge) family of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Research in Plant Sciences. 2013; 1(3):74-80. https://doi.org/10.12691/plant-1-3-5
  51. Rahman S, Rahman S, Bhuiyan MSA, Rahman A, Mawla F, Debnath K, Mou SM, Bashar AA, Rahmatullah M. Traditional phytotherapy of folk and tribal medicinal practitioners in Bangladesh for treatment of elephantiasis. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2013; 7(3):143-148
  52. Smita R, Sangeeta R, Kumar SS, Soumya S, Deepak P. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Semiliguda of Koraput District, Odisha, India. Research journal of recent sciences. 2012; 2277: 2502. http://www.isca.me/rjrs/archive/v2/i8/4.ISCA-RJRS-2013-005.pdf
  53. Upadhyay B, Parveen Dhaker AK, Kumar A. Ethnomedicinal and Ethnopharmaco-statistical studies of Eastern Rajasthan, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010; 129(1):64-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.026
  54. Vedavathy S, Sudhakar A, Mrdula V. Tribal medicinal plants of Chittoor. Ancient science of life. 1997; 16(4): 307. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22556807
  55. Rampilla V, Mahammad K. Ethno-Medicinal plants in sacred groves in east Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India. European journal of medicinal plants, 2015; 9(4): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2015/18802
  56. Kemboi D, Peter X, Langat M, Tembu J. A review of the ethnomedicinal uses, biological activities, and triterpenoids of Euphorbia species. Molecules. 2010; 25(17): 4019. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25174019
  57. Pisano MB, Cosentino S, Viale S, Spanò D, Corona A, Esposito F, Tramontano E, Montoro P, Tuberoso CIG, Medda R, et al. Biological activities of aerial parts extracts of Euphorbia characias. BioMed Research International. 2016; 1538703. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1538703
  58. da Silva UP, de Sousa BL, Agrizzi AP, Mantovani HC, Leite JPV, Varejão EVV. Extracts from Euphorbia heterophylla naturally grown in Brazil–Chemical constitution and bioactivities. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 142: 486-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.07.009
  59. Rautela I, Joshi P, Thapliyal P, Pant M, Dheer P, Bisht S, Sinha VB, Sundriyal S, Sharma MD. Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Euphorbia Hirta and Euphorbia Milli for Therapeutic Potential Utilities. Plant Archives; 2020; 20(2): 3515-3522. https://www.plantarchives.org/20-2/3515-3522%20(6354).pdf
  60. Sharif HB, Mukhtar MD, Mustapha Y, Lawal AO. Preliminary investigation of bioactive compounds and bioautographic studies of whole plant extract of Euphorbia pulcherrima on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/485469
  61. Prasad K, Bisht G. Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Current Research in Chemistry. 2011; 3(2):98-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_68541
  62. Balakrishnan NP, Chakrabarty T. The family Euphorbiaceae in India: a synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007
  63. Hammadi R, Kúsz N, Dávid CZ, Behány Z, Papp L, Kemény L, Hohmann J, Lakatos L, Vasas A. (2021). Ingol and ingenol-type diterpenes from Euphorbia trigona Miller with keratinocyte inhibitory activity. Plants. 2021; 10(6):1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061206
  64. Anjaneyulu V, Ravi K. Terpenoids from Euphorbia antiquorum. Phytochemistry. 1989; 28(6):1695-1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97827-0
  65. Chen QX, Kubo I. Kinetics of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition by quercetin. J. Agric. Food Chemistry2002; 50: 4108–4112. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011378z
  66. Valente C, Pedro M, Duarte A, Maria MSJN, Abreu PM, Ferreira MJU. Bioactive diterpenoids, a new jatrophane and two ent-abietanes, and other constituents from Euphorbia pubescens. Journal of Natuaral Products. 2004; 67: 902–904. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0400048.s001
  67. Gill SE, Parks WC. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors: Regulators of wound healing. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biolology. 2008; 40:1334–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.024
  68. Yu CC, Hsieh CR, Hsiao G, Chen PY, Chang ML, Yin HW, Lee TH, Lee CK. Regulated expressions of MMP-2, -9 by diterpenoids from Euphorbia formosanahayata. Molecules. 2012; 17: 2082–2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17022082
  69. Ughachukwu PO, Ezenyeaku CCT, Ochiogu BC, Ezeagwuna DA, Anahalu IC. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of Euphorbia heterophylla. Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2014; 13:69-75. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-131146975
  70. Ekundayo EO, Ekekwe JN. Antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia heterophylla. Journal of Microbiology Research. 2013; 7(44), pp.5097-5100. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2013.5850
  71. da Silva Lima R, Ferreira SRS, Vitali L, Block JM. May the super fruit red guava and its processing waste be a potential ingredient in functional foods? Food Research International. 2019; 115: 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.053
  72. Elshamy AI, Abd?ElGawad AM, El Gendy AENG, Assaeed AM. Chemical characterization of Euphorbia heterophylla L. essential oils and their antioxidant activity and allelopathic potential on Cenchrus echinatus L. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2019; 16(5): 1900051. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900051
  73. Awaad AS, Alothman MR, Zain YM, Zain GM, Alqasoumi SI, Hassan DA. Comparative nutritional value and antimicrobial activities between three Euphorbia species growing in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017; 25: 1226–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.09.007
  74. Jaiprakash B, Chandramohan, Reddy DN. Burn wound healing activity of Euphorbia hirta. Ancient Science of Life. 2006;15 (3&4): 01-03. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335215/pdf/ASL-25-16.pdf
  75. Chanda, S. and Baravalia, Y. Screening of some plant extracts against some skin diseases caused by oxidative stress and microorganisms. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010; 9(21): 3210-3217. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/80596
  76. Annapurna J, Chowdary IP, Lalitha G, Ramakrishna SV, Iyengar DS. Antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia nivulia leaf extract. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2004; 42(2): 91-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200490510658
  77. Sumathi S, Malathy N, Dharani B, Sivaprabha J, Hamsa D, Radha P, Padma PR. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of latex of Euphorbia antiquorum. African Journal of. Microbiology Research. 5(27): 4753-6. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr11.043
  78. Cachola ER. Phytochemical and microbiological analysis of" Karimbuaya", Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. In 29. Annual Convention of the Philippine Society for Microbiology, Inc., Laoag, Ilocos Norte (Philippines). 10-11 May, 2000
  79. Swamy, K.M., Pokharen, N., Dahal, S. and Anuradha, M. (2011). Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of leaf extract of Euphorbia neriifolia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011; 5: 5785-5788. https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/2893622
  80. Abdur Rauf, Naveed Muhammad. Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Euphorbia pulcherrima L. Wudpecker Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013; 2(2): 015 – 020
  81. Ilyas S, Khan AA, Khan AM, Shabir G, Hanif MK, Hassan Z, Abbas G, Shah A. Assessment of genetic diversity of medicinal plants by RAPD markers. Zeitschrift Fur Arznei-& Gewurzpflanzen. 2019; 24(3): 128-133. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Hanif-99/publication/342410736_Original_contributions/links/5ef3010ca6fdcc158d260603/Original-contributions.pdf
  82. Khare CP. Berlin: Springer. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurveda and Other Traditional Usage.1991; 210–1
  83. Hussain M, Farooq U, Rashid M, Bakhsh H, Majeed A, Khan IA, Rana SL, Rehman MS, Aziz A. Antimicrobial activity of fresh latex, juice and extract of Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia thymifolia: An in vitro comparative study. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research. 2014; 4 (3): 546-53. http://ijps.aizeonpublishers.net/content/2014/3/ijps546-553.pdf
  84. Upadhyay B, Singh KP, Kumar A. Ethno-medicinal, phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Journal of Phytology. 2010; 2(4). (Retrieved from) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bhuvaneshwar-Upadhyay/publication/220033822_Ethno-Medicinal_Phytochemical_and_Antimicrobial_Studies_of_Euphorbia_tirucalli_L/links/5672de4008ae04d9b099b097/Ethno-Medicinal-Phytochemical-and-Antimicrobial-Studies-of-Euphorbia-tirucalli-L.pdf
  85. Araújo KMD, De Lima A, Silva JDN, Rodrigues LL, Amorim AG, Quelemes PV, Santos RCD, Rocha JA, Andrades ÉOD, Leite JRS, Mancini-Filho J. Identification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Antioxidants. 2014; 3(1): 159-175. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3010159
  86. Sudhakar M, Rao CV, Rao PM, Raju DB, & Venkateswarlu Y. Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Euphorbia hirta and Asystasia gangeticum. Fitoterapia. 2006; 77(5), 378–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2006.02.011
  87. Wal Ankita, Wal P, Gupta N, Vishnoi G, Srivastava RS. Medicinal value of Euphorbia tirucalli. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological. 2013; 31-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-8453.135843
  88. Salar RK, Sharma P, Purewal SS. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of stem extract of Euphorbia trigona Miller. Cell Med. 2015; 5(2): 14-1. https://doi.org/10.5667/tang.2015.0004
  89. Anju V, Rameshkumar KB. Phytochemical investigation of Euphorbia trigona. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2022; 99 (1):100253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100253

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.