Exploring Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Composition, and Antimicrobial Potential of Latex-Producing Plants in the Euphorbia Genus: A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2352Keywords:
Antimicrobial activity, Euphorbia sp., herbal drugs, latex, medicinal values, phytochemical composition, traditional useAbstract
The Euphorbia genus, ranking as the third largest among angiosperm plants, encompasses nearly 2026 species. The latex derived from these plants contains irritants to the skin and finds application in wart removal. Additionally, it serves as a source for crafting fish and arrow poisons. Literature substantiates the utilization of these plants in the treatment of diverse ailments including menstrual issues, diarrhea, colds, fevers, as well as an array of skin conditions such as warts, sores, boils, dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, and sunburn. Moreover, they contribute to wound healing. Certain species within the Euphorbia genus, classified under Euphorbiaceae, exhibit properties as anti-herpetic and antitumor agents against polio, rhinoviruses, and coxsackievirus. In the realm of Ayurveda, specific plant latex from select species is employed in the preparation of surgical threads for Kshara sutra therapy. This Ayurvedic approach serves as a minimally invasive para-surgical procedure in the management of anorectal piles or fistula. Remarkably, various di- and tri-terpenes obtained from the latex exhibit robust antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, the di-terpenoids sourced from Euphorbia species display anti-inflammatory properties along with noteworthy cytotoxic and anticancer activities. The focal objective of this review is to present a contemporary overview encompassing traditional applications, phytochemical constituents, and the antimicrobial potential of ten latex-producing plants within the Euphorbia genus.
Downloads
References
Kumar GP, Chaturvedi A. Ethnobotanical observations of Euphorbiaceae species from Vidarbha region, Maharashtra, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2010; (6): 4. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2010/iss6/4
Robert Nawrot. Advances in Botanical Research, Vol. 93, Latex, Laticifers and Their Molecular Components: From Functions to Possible Applications, ISBN: 978-0-08-102995-4, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2296(20)x0002-4
Ernst M, Grace OM, Saslis-Lagoudakis CH, Nilsson N, Simonsen HT, Rønsted N. Global medicinal uses of Euphorbia L.(Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015; 176: 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.025
Okoli RI, Turay AA, Mensah JK, Aigbe AO. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Four Herbs from Edo State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion,1(5): 2009.
Betancur-Galvis L, Morales G, Forero J, Roldan J. Cytotoxic and Antiviral Activities of Colombian Medicinal Plant Extracts of the Euphorbia genus. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2002; 97(4): 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762002000400017
Ogbulie JN, Ogueke CC, Okoli IC, Anyanwu BN. Antibacterial activities and toxicological potentials of crude ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2007; 6(13):11–16.
Zhao H, Sun L, Kong C, Mei W, Dai H, Xu F, Huang S. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of diterpenoids from the genus Euphorbia Linn. (2012–2021). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022; 115574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115574
Parekh J, Chanda SV. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2007; 31: 53-58. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/vol31/iss1/9
Pascal OA, Bertrand AEV, Esaïe T, Sylvie HAM, Eloi AY. A review of the ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the Euphorbia genus, The Pharma Innovation Journal.2017; 6(1): 34-39
Nashikkar N, Begde D, Bundale S, Pise M, Rudra J, Upadhyay. Inhibition of swarming motility, biofilm formation and virulence factor expression of urinary pathogens by Euphorbia trigona latex extracts. International Journal of Pharm Research. 2011; 2(3): 558-566
Gewali MB, Hattori M, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Namba T. Constituents of the latex of Euphorbia antiquorum. Phytochemistry. 1990; 29(5), 1625–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)80134-3
Van Sam H, Baas P, Kebler PJ. Traditional medicinal plants in Ben En national park, Vietnam. Blumea-Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 2008; 53(3): 569-601. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651908x607521
Hsieh WT, Lin HY, Chen JH, Lin WC, Kuo YH, Wood WG, Lu HF, Chung JG. Latex of Euphorbia antiquorum-induced S-phase arrest via active ATM kinase and MAPK pathways in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Environ. Toxicol. 2015;30: 1205–1215. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.21992
Savithramma N, Yugandhar P, Prasad KS, Ankanna S, Chetty KM. Ethnomedicinal studies on plants used by Yanadi tribe of Chandragiri reserve forest area, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of intercultural Ethnopharmacology.2016; 5(1): 49. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160122065531
Rao NB, Raju DC. Folk claims from Sugalis of Andhra Pradesh for the treatment of Paralysis. Ancient Science of Life. 1997; 17(2): 107. (Retrieved from) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3331097/pdf/ASL-17-107.pdf
González JA, García-Barriuso M, Amich F. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants traditionally used in the Arribes del Duero, western Spain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010; 131(2): 343-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.022
Özbilgin S, Ac?kara ÖB, Akkol EK, Süntar I, Kele? H, ??can GS. In vivo wound-healing activity of Euphorbia characias subsp. wulfenii: Isolation and quantification of quercetin glycosides as bioactive compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018; 224: 400-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.015
Falodun A, Okunrobo LO, Uzoamaka N. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory evaluation of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn (Euphorbiaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006; 5(6): 529-531. (Retrieved from) h ttps://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/137887
Falodun A, Agbakwuru EOP, Ukoh GC. Antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla linn(family-Euphorbiaceae). Biological Sciences-PJSIR. 2003; 46(6): 471-472
Olajumoke E, Ibrahim O, Akinwunmi A, Viola N. Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Euphorbia heterophylla L. in Sprague Dawley Rat. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research. 2016: 1(3):1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2016/29520
Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. 2006; 2(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-43
Raja RDA, Jeeva S, Prakash JW, Antonisamy JM, Irudayaraj V. Antibacterial activity of selected ethnomedicinal plants from South India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2011; 4(5): 375-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60107-7
Younus M, Hasan MM, Ali S, Saddq B, Sarwar G, Ullah MI, Maqsood A, Ahmar S, Mora-Poblete F, Hassan F, Chen JT. Extracts of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. showed both phytotoxic and insecticidal capacities against Lemna minor L. and Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa. Plos one. 2021; 16(4): 0250118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250118
De Britto AJ, Sujin RM, Mahesh R, Dharmar K. Ethnomedicinal wisdom of the Manavalakuruchi people in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. Int. Journal of Biological Technology. 2010; 1:25-30. (Retrieved from) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R-Mahesh-2/publication/267685027_Ethnomedicinal_wisdom_of_the_Manavalakuruchi_people_in_Kanyakumari_District_Tamil_Nadu/links/549533570cf2ec1337582efe/Ethnomedicinal-wisdom-of-the-Manavalakuruchi-people-in-Kanyakumari-District-Tamil-Nadu.pdf
Bhatia Harpreet, Sharma Yash Pal, Manhas RK, Kumar Kewal. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the villagers of district Udhampur, J&K, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2014; 151(2): 1005–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.017
Shanmugam S, Annadurai M, Rajendran K. Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure diarrhoea and dysentery in Pachalur hills of Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science.2011; 94-97. (Retrieved from) https://japsonline.com/abstract.php?article_id=219&sts=2
Joshi B. The Magical Herb “Euphorbia hirta L.” An Important Traditional Therapeutic Herb for Wart Disease among the Vangujjars of Forest near Kashipur, Uttarakhand. New York Science Journal. 2011; 4(2): 96-97. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=44951440f27550f5c65ba0ec11b128e8ff9cd3c2
Gaioni DT. Medical choices in a Philippine highland community. Ethnomedical and Biomedical dimensions of Bauko clinical reality. Anthropos. 2002; 97: 505-518. (Retrieved from) https://www.jstor.org/stable/40466049
Lai XZ, Yang YB, Shan XL. The investigation of Euphorbiaceous medicinal plants in southern China. Economic Botany. 2004;
: S307. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[s307: tioemp]2.0.co;2
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 2 nd ed., 1975; 3: 2199-2200
Mirgane RA. Snuhi (Euphorbia nerifolia Linn.) Upavisha–a review. 2021.
Bigoniya P, Rana A. A comprehensive phyto-pharmacological review of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2008; 2(4): 57.
Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae), Research note. 2003
Nadakarni KA. Indian MateriaMedica, Vol 1, Popular Prakashana Private Ltd. Ed.3rd, Re Reprint. 1995; 526
Yadav S, Arya V, Kumar S, Yadav M, Yadav JP. Ethnomedicinal flora of dosi hills of Mahendergarh district (Haryana), India. Annals of Biology. 2012; 28(2): 152-157.
Das S, Choudhury MD. Ethnomedicinal uses of some traditional medicinal plants found in Tripura, India. J ournal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(35), pp.4908-4914. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr10.539
Savithramma N, Sulochana C, Rao KN. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 113(1): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.004
Basumatary SK, Ahmed M, Deka SP. Some medicinal plant leaves used by Boro (tribal) people of Goalpara district, Assam. 2004. https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/9407/1/NPR%203%282%29%2088-90.pdf
Ravikanth V, Reddy VN, Rao TP, Diwan PV, Ramakrishna S. Venkateswarlu Y. Macrocyclic diterpenes from Euphorbia nivulia. Phytochemistry. 2002; 59(3): 331-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00461-7
Pullaiah T. Encyclopaedia of world medicinal plants (Vol. 1). Daya books. 2006. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/9407
Mahajan RT, Badgujar SB. Phytochemical investigations of some laticiferous plants belonging to Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Ethnobotanical leaflets. 2008; (1): 151. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2008/iss1/151/
Sikdar M, Dutta U. Traditional phytotherapy among the Nath people of Assam. Ethnomedizin. 2008; 2:39–45. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566772.2008/02.01.04
Khan RF, Yadav RP, Singh A. Screening of pharmacological and biological properties of a euphorbious plant, Euphorbia pulcherima: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 3(2): 12-15. https://doi.org/10.33545/27067009.2021.v3.i2a.29
de Araújo K, de Lima A, Silva J, Rodrigues L, Amorim A, Quelemes P, da Trindade R. Identification of Phenolic Compounds and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Antioxidants. 2014; 3(1): 159–175. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3010159
Khare CP. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage. 2004; 210–1
Mali PY, Panchal SS. A review on phyto-pharmacological potentials of Euphorbia thymifolia L. Ancient science of life. 2013; 32(3):165. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.123001
Gupta, B., Srivastava, R.S. and Goyal, R. (2007). Phcog Rev.: Plant Review Therapeutic Uses of Euphorbia thymifolia: A Review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 1(2). https://phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-1-2-299.pdf
Prasad SHKR, Swapna NL, Prasad M. Efficacy of Euphorbia tirucalli (L.) towards microbicidal activity against human pathogens. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2011; 2(1)
Rahman AHMM, Akter M. Taxonomy and medicinal uses of Euphorbiaceae (Spurge) family of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Research in Plant Sciences. 2013; 1(3):74-80. https://doi.org/10.12691/plant-1-3-5
Rahman S, Rahman S, Bhuiyan MSA, Rahman A, Mawla F, Debnath K, Mou SM, Bashar AA, Rahmatullah M. Traditional phytotherapy of folk and tribal medicinal practitioners in Bangladesh for treatment of elephantiasis. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2013; 7(3):143-148
Smita R, Sangeeta R, Kumar SS, Soumya S, Deepak P. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Semiliguda of Koraput District, Odisha, India. Research journal of recent sciences. 2012; 2277: 2502. http://www.isca.me/rjrs/archive/v2/i8/4.ISCA-RJRS-2013-005.pdf
Upadhyay B, Parveen Dhaker AK, Kumar A. Ethnomedicinal and Ethnopharmaco-statistical studies of Eastern Rajasthan, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010; 129(1):64-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.026
Vedavathy S, Sudhakar A, Mrdula V. Tribal medicinal plants of Chittoor. Ancient science of life. 1997; 16(4): 307. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22556807
Rampilla V, Mahammad K. Ethno-Medicinal plants in sacred groves in east Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India. European journal of medicinal plants, 2015; 9(4): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2015/18802
Kemboi D, Peter X, Langat M, Tembu J. A review of the ethnomedicinal uses, biological activities, and triterpenoids of Euphorbia species. Molecules. 2010; 25(17): 4019. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25174019
Pisano MB, Cosentino S, Viale S, Spanò D, Corona A, Esposito F, Tramontano E, Montoro P, Tuberoso CIG, Medda R, et al. Biological activities of aerial parts extracts of Euphorbia characias. BioMed Research International. 2016; 1538703. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1538703
da Silva UP, de Sousa BL, Agrizzi AP, Mantovani HC, Leite JPV, Varejão EVV. Extracts from Euphorbia heterophylla naturally grown in Brazil–Chemical constitution and bioactivities. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 142: 486-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.07.009
Rautela I, Joshi P, Thapliyal P, Pant M, Dheer P, Bisht S, Sinha VB, Sundriyal S, Sharma MD. Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Euphorbia Hirta and Euphorbia Milli for Therapeutic Potential Utilities. Plant Archives; 2020; 20(2): 3515-3522. https://www.plantarchives.org/20-2/3515-3522%20(6354).pdf
Sharif HB, Mukhtar MD, Mustapha Y, Lawal AO. Preliminary investigation of bioactive compounds and bioautographic studies of whole plant extract of Euphorbia pulcherrima on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/485469
Prasad K, Bisht G. Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Current Research in Chemistry. 2011; 3(2):98-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_68541
Balakrishnan NP, Chakrabarty T. The family Euphorbiaceae in India: a synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007
Hammadi R, Kúsz N, Dávid CZ, Behány Z, Papp L, Kemény L, Hohmann J, Lakatos L, Vasas A. (2021). Ingol and ingenol-type diterpenes from Euphorbia trigona Miller with keratinocyte inhibitory activity. Plants. 2021; 10(6):1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061206
Anjaneyulu V, Ravi K. Terpenoids from Euphorbia antiquorum. Phytochemistry. 1989; 28(6):1695-1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97827-0
Chen QX, Kubo I. Kinetics of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition by quercetin. J. Agric. Food Chemistry2002; 50: 4108–4112. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011378z
Valente C, Pedro M, Duarte A, Maria MSJN, Abreu PM, Ferreira MJU. Bioactive diterpenoids, a new jatrophane and two ent-abietanes, and other constituents from Euphorbia pubescens. Journal of Natuaral Products. 2004; 67: 902–904. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0400048.s001
Gill SE, Parks WC. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors: Regulators of wound healing. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biolology. 2008; 40:1334–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.024
Yu CC, Hsieh CR, Hsiao G, Chen PY, Chang ML, Yin HW, Lee TH, Lee CK. Regulated expressions of MMP-2, -9 by diterpenoids from Euphorbia formosanahayata. Molecules. 2012; 17: 2082–2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17022082
Ughachukwu PO, Ezenyeaku CCT, Ochiogu BC, Ezeagwuna DA, Anahalu IC. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of Euphorbia heterophylla. Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2014; 13:69-75. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-131146975
Ekundayo EO, Ekekwe JN. Antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia heterophylla. Journal of Microbiology Research. 2013; 7(44), pp.5097-5100. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2013.5850
da Silva Lima R, Ferreira SRS, Vitali L, Block JM. May the super fruit red guava and its processing waste be a potential ingredient in functional foods? Food Research International. 2019; 115: 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.053
Elshamy AI, Abd?ElGawad AM, El Gendy AENG, Assaeed AM. Chemical characterization of Euphorbia heterophylla L. essential oils and their antioxidant activity and allelopathic potential on Cenchrus echinatus L. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2019; 16(5): 1900051. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900051
Awaad AS, Alothman MR, Zain YM, Zain GM, Alqasoumi SI, Hassan DA. Comparative nutritional value and antimicrobial activities between three Euphorbia species growing in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017; 25: 1226–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.09.007
Jaiprakash B, Chandramohan, Reddy DN. Burn wound healing activity of Euphorbia hirta. Ancient Science of Life. 2006;15 (3&4): 01-03. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335215/pdf/ASL-25-16.pdf
Chanda, S. and Baravalia, Y. Screening of some plant extracts against some skin diseases caused by oxidative stress and microorganisms. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010; 9(21): 3210-3217. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/80596
Annapurna J, Chowdary IP, Lalitha G, Ramakrishna SV, Iyengar DS. Antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia nivulia leaf extract. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2004; 42(2): 91-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200490510658
Sumathi S, Malathy N, Dharani B, Sivaprabha J, Hamsa D, Radha P, Padma PR. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of latex of Euphorbia antiquorum. African Journal of. Microbiology Research. 5(27): 4753-6. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr11.043
Cachola ER. Phytochemical and microbiological analysis of" Karimbuaya", Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. In 29. Annual Convention of the Philippine Society for Microbiology, Inc., Laoag, Ilocos Norte (Philippines). 10-11 May, 2000
Swamy, K.M., Pokharen, N., Dahal, S. and Anuradha, M. (2011). Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of leaf extract of Euphorbia neriifolia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011; 5: 5785-5788. https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/2893622
Abdur Rauf, Naveed Muhammad. Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Euphorbia pulcherrima L. Wudpecker Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013; 2(2): 015 – 020
Ilyas S, Khan AA, Khan AM, Shabir G, Hanif MK, Hassan Z, Abbas G, Shah A. Assessment of genetic diversity of medicinal plants by RAPD markers. Zeitschrift Fur Arznei-& Gewurzpflanzen. 2019; 24(3): 128-133. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Hanif-99/publication/342410736_Original_contributions/links/5ef3010ca6fdcc158d260603/Original-contributions.pdf
Khare CP. Berlin: Springer. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurveda and Other Traditional Usage.1991; 210–1
Hussain M, Farooq U, Rashid M, Bakhsh H, Majeed A, Khan IA, Rana SL, Rehman MS, Aziz A. Antimicrobial activity of fresh latex, juice and extract of Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia thymifolia: An in vitro comparative study. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research. 2014; 4 (3): 546-53. http://ijps.aizeonpublishers.net/content/2014/3/ijps546-553.pdf
Upadhyay B, Singh KP, Kumar A. Ethno-medicinal, phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Journal of Phytology. 2010; 2(4). (Retrieved from) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bhuvaneshwar-Upadhyay/publication/220033822_Ethno-Medicinal_Phytochemical_and_Antimicrobial_Studies_of_Euphorbia_tirucalli_L/links/5672de4008ae04d9b099b097/Ethno-Medicinal-Phytochemical-and-Antimicrobial-Studies-of-Euphorbia-tirucalli-L.pdf
Araújo KMD, De Lima A, Silva JDN, Rodrigues LL, Amorim AG, Quelemes PV, Santos RCD, Rocha JA, Andrades ÉOD, Leite JRS, Mancini-Filho J. Identification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Antioxidants. 2014; 3(1): 159-175. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3010159
Sudhakar M, Rao CV, Rao PM, Raju DB, & Venkateswarlu Y. Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Euphorbia hirta and Asystasia gangeticum. Fitoterapia. 2006; 77(5), 378–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2006.02.011
Wal Ankita, Wal P, Gupta N, Vishnoi G, Srivastava RS. Medicinal value of Euphorbia tirucalli. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological. 2013; 31-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-8453.135843
Salar RK, Sharma P, Purewal SS. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of stem extract of Euphorbia trigona Miller. Cell Med. 2015; 5(2): 14-1. https://doi.org/10.5667/tang.2015.0004
Anju V, Rameshkumar KB. Phytochemical investigation of Euphorbia trigona. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2022; 99 (1):100253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100253
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 23-09-2023 (2)
- 10-09-2023 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ananya Mishra, Sagarika Parida
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
