The role of polyamines in plants: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2520Keywords:
polyamine, polyamine oxidase, growth, proliferationAbstract
Polyamines (PAs) are linear alkali nitrogenous with two, three or more amino groups that have a low molecular weight. PAs are created by organisms thru metabolism and can be found in nearly wholly cells. They are considered a unique type of plant stimulant because they acts significant roles in many kinds of plant growth and developmental stages as well as stress responses. More evidence suggests that the PA can be produced endogenously or exogenously applied to improve plant reproduction, productivity, and bear stress. While the mechanism of polyamines influencing plant growth and stress responses is still not clear. We are making an attempt to supply an inclusive review of the available literature that explained the association between PAs and flowering, stress responses and senescence. This review aimed at this is focused and abbreviates how PAs enhances and increase plant productivity and then serve as a foundation for forthcoming study on the mechanisms of PAs exploit in plant reproduction and growth.
Downloads
References
Vuosku J, Karppinen K, Muilu-Mäkelä R, Kusano T, Sagor GHM, Avia K. Scots pine aminopropyltransferases shed new light on evolution of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway in seed plants. Ann Bot. 2018;121:1243-56. https://doi: 0.1093/aob/mcy012.
Zahedi K, Barone S, Soleimani M. Polyamines and their metabolism: From the maintenance of physiological homeostasis to the mediation of disease. Med Sci. 2022;10:38. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci10030038.
Liu W, Tan M, Zhang C, Al E. Functional characterization of murB-potABCD operon for polyamine uptake and peptidoglycan synthesis in Streptococcus suis. Microbiol Res. 2017;207:177-87. https://doi:10.1016/j.micres.2017.11.008.
Mustafavi SH, Badi HN, Sekara A, Al E. Polyamines and their possible mechanisms involved in plant physiological processes and elicitation of secondary metabolites. Acta Physiol Plant. 2018;40:102. https://doi:10.1007/s11738-018-2671-2.
Chen D, Shaho Q, Yin L, Younis A. Polyamine function in plants: Metabolism, regulation on development and roles in abiotic stress responses. Plant Abiotic stress. 2018;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01945.
Reis RS, Vale EM, Heringer AS, Al E. Putrescine induces somatic embryo development and proteomic changes in embryogenic callus of sugarcane. J Proteomics. 2016;130:170-79. https://doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.029
Tiburcio AF, Alcazar R. Potential applications of polyamines in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1694:489-508. https://doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7398-9_40
Miyamoto M, Shimao S, Tong W, Motose H, Takahashi T. Effect of thermospermine on the growth and expression of polyamine-related genes in rice seedlings. Plants. 2019;269. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080269
Mohammadi H, Ghorbanpour M, Brestic M. Exogenous putrescine changes redox regulations and essential oil constituents in field-grown Thymus vulgaris L. under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Ind Crops Prod. 2018;122:119-32. https://doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.064
Xu L, Xing ST, Sun X. Effects of polyamines on hormones contents and the relationship with the flower bud differentiation in chrysanthemum. Plant Physiol. 2014;50:1195-202. https://doi:10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.2014.0212
de Oliveira LF, Elbl P, Navarro BV, Al E. Elucidation of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway during Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) seed development. Tree Physiol. 2016;37:116-30. https://doi:10.1093/treephys/tpw107
Anshika T, Sajad A, Goriparthi R, Anupam S, Suvin P, Henda M, Hanhong B. Revisiting the role of polyamines in plant growth and abiotic stress resilience: Mechanisms, crosstalk and future perspectives. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10847-3
Holbert CE, Foley JR, Yu A, Murray Stewart T, Phanstiel OIV, Oupicky D, Casero RA Jr. Polyamine-based nanostructures share polyamine transport mechanisms with native polyamines and their analogues: Significance for polyamine-targeted therapy. Med Sci. 2022;10:44. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci10030044
Ezekiel PR, Singh N, Sharma S, Kaur A . Beneficial phytochemicals in potato a review. Food Research International. 2013;50(2).487-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres. 2011.04.025
Kubís J, Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M. Polyamines induce adaptive responses in water deficit stressed cucumber roots. J Plant Res. 2014;127:151-58. https://doi:10.1007/s10265-013-0585-z
Li J, Hu L, Zhang L, Pan X, Hu X. Exogenous spermidine is enhancing tomato tolerance to salinity–alkalinity stress by regulating chloroplast antioxidant system and chlorophyll metabolism. BMC Plant Biol. 2015;15:303. https://doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0699-7
Dandan C, Qingsong S, Lianghong Y, Adnan Y, Bingsong Z. Polyamine function in plants: Metabolism, regulation on development and roles in abiotic stress responses. Front Plant Sci. 2019;9:1945. https://doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01945
Bograh A, Gingras Y, Tajmir RH, Carpentiev R. The effects of spermine and spermidine on the structure of photo system II proteins in relation to inhibition of electron transport. FEBS Lett. 1997;402(1):41-44. https://:doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01453-6
Takahashi Y, Tahara M, Yamada Y, Al E. Characterization of the polyamine biosynthetic pathways and salt stress response in Brachypodium distachyon. J Plant Growth Regul. 2017;37:625-34. https://doi:10.1007/s00344-017-9761-z
Del Duca S, Serafini-Fracassini D, Cai G. Senescence and programmed cell death in plants: polyamine action mediated by transglutaminase. Plant Polyamines in Stress and Development. 2014;98. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00120
Nishimurea K, Kashiwagi SK, Igarashi K. Decrease in polyamines with aging and their ingestion from food and drink. J Bioche. 2006;139:81-90. https://doi:10.1093/jb/mvj003
Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Polyamines: mysterious modulators of cellular functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;19;271(3):559-64. https://doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2601
Goni S, Pathak AK, Sharma RK, Rastogi A. Polyamines: As futuristic feed additives. Appro Poult Dairy and Vet Sci. 2018;4(5). https://doi:10.31031/APDV.2018.04.000600
Antognoni F, Fornale S, Grimmer C, Komor E, Bagni N. Long-distance translocation of polyamines in phloem and xylem of Ricinus communis L. plants. Planta. 1998;204(4):520-27. https://doi:10.1007/s004250050287
Tassoni A, Germanà MA, Bagni N. Free and conjugated polyamine content in Citrus sinensis Osbeck, cultivar Brasiliano NL. A navel orange, at deferent maturation stages. Food Chem. 2004;87:537-41. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.001
Shahid MA, Balal RM, Khan N, Rossi L, Rathinasabapathi B, Liu G, Khan J, Cámara-Zapata JM, Martínez-Nicolas JJ, Garcia-Sanchez F. Polyamines provide new insights into the biochemical basis of Cr-tolerance in Kinnow mandarin grafted on diploid and double-diploid rootstocks. Environ Exp Bot. 2018;156:248-60. https://doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.09.015
Yahia EM, Contreras M, Gonazalez-Aguilar G. Ascorbic acid content in relation to ascorbic acid oxidase activity and polyamine content in tomato and bell paper fruits during development, maturation and senescence. Lebensm Wiss Technol Food Sci Technol. 2001;34(7):452-57. https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.2001.0790
Xu C,Wu X, Zhang H. Impact of D-Arg on drought resistance and endogenous polyamines in mycorrhizal Pinus massoniana. J Nanjing Forestry Univ. 2009;33:019-023. https://doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2009.04.004
Cai Q, Zhang J, Guo C, Al E. Reviews of the physiological roles and molecular biology of polyamines in higher plants. J Fujian Educ Coll. 2006;7:118-24. https://doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9884.2006.10.039
Bruno MDala-Paula B, Maria de Fátima V Starling AC, M Beatriz AG. Vegetables consumed in Brazilian cuisine as sources of bioactive amines. Food Bioscience. 2021;40(6):100856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100856
Tatsuya S, Dhaka RB, Bernhard S, Johann V. Spermidine and other functional phytochemicals in soybean seeds: Spatial distribution as visualized by mass spectrometry imaging. Food Sci Nutr. 2019;8:675-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1356
Koc EC, Bagga S, Songstad DD, Betz SR, Kuehn GD, Phillips GC. Occurrence of uncommon polyamines in cultured tissues of maize. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology- Plant. 1998;34:252-55. https://doi:10.1104/pp.94.3.855
Eliassen KA, Reistad R, Risoen U, Ronning HF. Dietary polyamines. Food Chem. 2002;78:273-80. https://doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00405-8
Nishimura K, Shiina R, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Decrease in olyamines with aging and their ingestion from food and drink. J Biochem. 2006;139:81-90. https://doi:10.1093/jb/mvj003
Okamoto A, Sugi E, Koizumi Y, Yanadiga F, Udaka S. Polyamine content of ordinary foodstuffs and various fermented foods. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1997;61:1582-84. https://doi:10.1271/bbb.61.1582
Brian MD, Jeff SR. Determination of biogenic amines in alcoholic beverages by ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection and integrated pulsed amperometric detection. J chrom A. 2007;1155(1):22-30. https://doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.114
Byun BY, Bai X, Mah JH. Occurrence of biogenic amines in Doubanjiang and Tofu. Food Sci Biotech. 2013;22:55-62. https://doi:10.1007/s10068-013-0008-x
Kala?c P, Krízek M, Pelikánová T, Langová M, Veskrna O. Contentes of polyamines in selected foods. Food Chem. 2005;90:561-64. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem
Nishibori N, Fujihara S, Akatuki T. Amounts of polyamines in foods in Japan and intake by Japanese. Food Chem. 2007;100:491-97. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.070
Moret S, Smela D, Populin T, Conte L. A survey on free biogenic amine content of fresh and preserved vegetables. Food Chem. 2005;89:355-61. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.050
Ziegler W, Hahn M, Wallnöfer PR. Changes in biogenic amine contents during processing of several plant foods. Deut Lebensm Rundsch. 1994;90:108-12. https://doi:10.3390/food7120205
Kalac P, Svecová S, Pelikánová T. Levels of biogenic mines in typical vegetable products. Food Chem. 2002;77:349-51. https://doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00360-0
Cipolla BG, Havouis R, Moulinoux JP. Polyamine contents in current foods: A basis for polyamine reduced diet and a study of its long-term observance and tolerance in prostate carcinoma patients. Amino Acids. 2007;33:203-12. https://doi:10.1007/s00726-007-0524-1
Preti R, Rapa M, Vinci G. Effect of Steaming and boiling on the antioxidant properties and biogenic amines content in Green Bean (Phaeseolus vulgaris) varieties of different colours. J Food Qual. 2017;5329070. https://doi:10.1155/2017/5329070
Toro Funes N, Bosch Fusté J, Latorre Moratalla ML, Veciana Nogués MT, Vidal Carou MC. Biologically active amines in fermented and non-fermented commercial soybean products from the Spanish market. Food Chem. 2015;173:1119-24. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.118
Kabir A, Kumar GS. Binding of the biogenic polyamines to deoxyribonucleic acids of varying base composition: Base specificity and the associated energetics of the interaction. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e70510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070510
Sagar NA, Tarafdar S, Agarwa S, Tarafdar A, Sharma1 S. Polyamines: functions, metabolism and role in human disease management. Med Sci (Basel). 2021;9(2):44. https://doi:10.3390/medsci9020044
Koc EC, Bagga S, Songstad DD, Betz SR, Kuehn GD, Phillips GC. Occurrence of uncommon polyamines in cultured tissues of maize. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology- Plant. 1998;34:252-55. https://doi:10.1104/pp.94.3.855
Eliassen KA, Reistad R, Risoen U, Ronning HF. Dietary polyamines. Food Chem. 2002;78:273-80. https://doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00405-8
Xu C,Wu X, Zhang H. Impact of D-Arg on drought resistance and endogenous polyamines in mycorrhizal Pinus massoniana. J Nanjing Forestry Univ. 2009;33:019-023. https://doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2009.04.004
Pegg AE. Functions of polyamines in mammals. J Biol Chem. 2016;291:14904-912. https://doi:10.1074/jbc.R116.731661
Nishimura K, Shiina R, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Decrease in polyamines with aging and their ingestion from food and drink. J Biochem. 2006;139:81-90. https://doi:10.1093/jb/mvj003
Okamoto A, Sugi E, Koizumi Y, Yanadiga F, Udaka S. Polyamine content of ordinary foodstuffs and various fermented foods. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1997;61:1582-84. https://doi:10.1271/bbb.61.1582
Paolo P, Gabriella F, Denis B, Andrea T, Silvano C, Giovanna S. Determination of biogenic amines in fruit, vegetables and chocolate using ion chromatography with suppressed, conductivity and integrated pulsed amperometric detections. Appl Update. 2005;162:1-8. https://doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.065
Ouyang J, Song C, Chen D. Research progress on heat-tolerance mechanism and transports of polyamfines in plant. Mol Plant Breed. 2017;15:3286-94. https://doi:10.13271/j.mpb.015.003286
De Oliveira LF, Navarro BV, Cerruti G, Al E. Polyamines and amino acid related metabolism: the roles of arginine and ornithine are associated with the embryogenic potential. Plant Cell Physiol. 2018;59:1084-98. https://doi:10.1093/pcp/pcy049
Hanzawa Y, Takahashi T, Michael AJ, Burtin D, Long D, Pineiro M, Coupland G, Komeda Y. ACAULIS5, an Arabidopsis gene required for stem elongation, encodes a spermine synthase. EMBO J. 2000;19:4248-56. https://doi:10.1093/emboj/19.16.4248
Byun BY, Bai X, Mah JH. Occurrence of biogenic amines in Doubanjiang and Tofu. Food Sci Biotech. 2013;22:55-62. https://doi:10.1007/s10068-013-0008-x
Kalac P, Krízek M, Pelikánová T, Langová M, Veskrna O. Contents of polyamines in selected foods. Food Chem. 2005;90:561-64. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem
Nishibori N, Fujihara S, Akatuki T. Amounts of polyamines in foods in Japan and intake by Japanese. Food Chem. 2007;100:491-97. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.070
Moret S, Smela D, Populin T, Conte L. A survey on free biogenic amine content of fresh and preserved vegetables. Food Chem. 2005;89:355-61. https://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.050
Hao Y, Huang B, Jia D, Al E. Identification of seven polyamine oxidase genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and their expression profiles under physiological and various stress conditions. J Plant Physiol. 2018;228:1-11. https://doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2018.05.004
Liu T, Kim DW, Niitsu M, Al E. Polyamine oxidase 7 is a terminal catabolism-type enzyme in Oryza sativa and is specifically expressed in anthers. Plant Cell Physiol. 2014;55:1110-22. https://doi:10.1093/pcp/pcu047
Tassoni A, Buuren MV, Franceschetti M, Al E. Polyamine content and metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana and effect of spermidine on plant development. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2000;38:383-93. https://doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00757-9
Freitas VS, Miranda RDS, Costa JH, Al E. Ethylene triggers salt tolerance in maize genotypes by modulating polyamine catabolism enzymes associated with H2O2 production. Environ Exp Bot. 2017;145:75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.10.022
Sen S, Ghosh D, Mohapatra S. Modulation of polyamine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana by a drought mitigating Pseudomonas putida strain. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2018;129:180-88. https://doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.034
Baniasadi F, Saffari VR, Moud AAM. Physiological and growth responses of Calendula officinalis L. plants to the interaction effects of polyamines and salt stress. Sci Horticult. 2018;234:312-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.069
Pál M, Szalai G, Janda T. Speculation: polyamines are important in abiotic stress signaling. Plant Sci. 2015;237:16-23. https://doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.003
Agurla S, Gayatri G, Raghavendra AS. Polyamines increase nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana during stomatal closure. Protoplasma. 2017;255:153-62. https://doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1139-3
Bassard JE, Ullmann P, Bernier F, Al E. Phenolamides: bridging polyamines to the phenolic metabolism. Phytochemistry. 2010;71:1808-24. https://doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.08.003
Cai G, Sobieszczuknowicka E, Aloisi I, Al E. Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death. Amino Acids. 2015;47:27-44. https://doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1865-
Bachrach U, Abu-Elheiga L, Talmi M, Schnur LF, El-On J, Greenblatt CL. Polyamines and the growth of leishmanial parasites. Med Biol. 1981Dec;59(5-6):441-47. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci10020024
Guo J, Tian L, Sun XZ, Al E. Relationship between endogenous polyamines and floral bud differentiation in Chrysanthemum morifolium under short-day conditions. Wonye kwahak kisulchi. 2015;33:31-38. https://doi:10.7235/hort.2015.14043
Agudelo-Romero P, Bortolloti C, Pais MS, Al E. Study of polyamines during grape ripening indicate an important role of polyamine catabolism. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2013;67:105-19. https://doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.024
Cona A, Rea G, Angelini R, Al E. Functions of amine oxidases in plant development and defence. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;11:80-88. https://doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.12.009
Applewhite PB, Kaur-Sawhney R, Galston AW. A role for spermidine in the bolting and flowering of Arabidopsis. Physiol Plant. 2003;108:314-20. https://doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.108003314.x
Simões ADN, Diniz NB, Vieira MRDS, Al E. Impact of GA3 and spermine on postharvest quality of anthurium cut flowers (Anthurium andraeanum) cv. Arizona. Sci Horticult. 2018;241:178-86. https://doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.095
Tenriro S, Nunes PA, Viegas CA, Neves MS, Teixeira MC, Cbral MG, Sa-Correia I. AQR1 gene (ORF YNL065w) encodes a plasma membrane transporter of the major facilitator superfamily that confers resistance to short-chain monocarboxylic acids and quinidine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;292:741-48. https://doi/10.1006/bbrc.2002.6703
Ahmed S, Ariyaratne M, Patel J, Al E. Altered expression of polyamine transporters reveals a role for spermidine in the timing of flowering and other developmental response pathways. Plant Sci. 2017;258:146-55. https://doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.002
Takahashi T. Plant polyamines. Plants. 2020;9:511. https://doi:10.3390/plants9040511
Duan G, Huang Z, Lin H. The role of polyamines in the ontogeny of higher plants. Acta Agric Boreali Occidentalis Sinica. 2006;15:190-94. https://doi:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2006.02.050
Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E. Polyamine catabolism adds fuel to leaf senescence. Amino Acids. 2017;49:49-56. https://doi:10.1007/s00726-016-2377-y
Cai G, Sobieszczuknowicka E, Aloisi I, Al E. Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death. Amino Acids. 2015;47:27-44. https://doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1865-1
Nakanishi S, Cleveland JL. Polyamine homeostasis in development and disease. Med Sci. 2021;9:28. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci9020028
Khajuria A, Ohri P. Exogenously applied putrescine improves the physiological responses of tomato plant during nematode pathogenesis. Sci Hortic. 2018;230:35-42. https://doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.11.021
Anna F, Bekebrede JK, Walter JJ, Vincent CJ. The molecular and physiological effects of protein-derived polyamines in the intestine. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010197
Li Y, He J. Advance in metabolism and response to stress of polyamines in plant. Acta Agric Boreali Sinica. 2012;27:240-45. https://doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7091.2012.z1.048
Wu M, Yuan L. Research progress in the relationship between polyamine and plant resistance. J Anhui Agric Sci. 2008;36:3516-18. https://doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2008.09.020
Anwar R, Fatima Sh, Mattoo AK, K Handa A. Fruit architecture in polyamine-rich tomato germplasm is determined via a medley of cell cycle, cell expansion and fruit shape genes. Plants. 2019;8:387. https://doi:10.3390/plants8100387
Durmu N, Kadioglu A. Spermine and putrescine enhance oxidative stress tolerance in maize leaves. Acta Physiol Plant. 2005;27:515-22. https://doi:10.1007/s11738-005-0057-8
Mohammadi H, Ghorbanpour M, Brestic M. Exogenous putrescine changes redox regulations and essential oil constituents in field-grown Thymus vulgaris L. under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Ind Crops Prod. 2018;122:119-32. https://doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.064
Wu J, Shu S, Li C, Sun J, Guo S. Spermidine-mediated hydrogen peroxide signaling enhances the antioxidant capacity of salt-stressed cucumber roots. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2018;128:152-62. https://doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.002
Peynevandi KM, Razavi SM, Zahri S. The ameliorating effects of polyamine supplement on physiological and biochemical parameters of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under cold stress. Plant Prod Sci. 2018;21:123-31. https://doi:10.1080/1343943X.2018.1437756
Mar??a D Groppa, Mar??a L Tomaro, Mar??a P Benavides. Polyamines as protectors against cadmium or copper-induced oxidative damage in sunflower leaf discs. Plant Sci. 2001;161:481-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00432-0
Minocha R, Majumdar R, Minocha SC. Polyamines and abiotic stress in plants: A complex relationship. Front Plant Sci. 2014;5:175. https://doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00175
Saha J, Brauer EK, Sengupta A, Al E. Polyamines as redox homeostasis regulators during salt stress in plants. Front Environ Sci. 2015;3:21. https://doi:10.3389/fenvs.2015.00021
Cheng XQ, Zhu XF, Tian WG, Al E. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of polyamine oxidase genes in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2017;129:237-49. https://doi:10.1007/s11240-017-1172-0
Handa AK, Mattoo AK. Differential and functional interactions emphasize the multiple roles of polyamines in plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2010;48(7):540-46. https://doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.02.009
Srivastava A, Handa AK. Hormonal regulation of tomato fruit development: A molecular perspective. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2005;24(2):67-82. https://doi10.1093/jxb/eru347
Masson PH, Takahashi T, Angelini R. Editorial: molecular mechanisms underlying polyamine functions in plants Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:14. Published online 2017 Jan 24. https://doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00014
Ioannidis NE, Malliarakis DM, Torné MT, Santos M, Kotzabasis K. The over-expression of the plastidial transglutaminase from maize in Arabidopsis increases the activation threshold of photoprotection. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00635
Borja Belda P, Carla A, Esmeralda M, Juan C, Alejandro F. Relevance of the axis spermidine/eIF5A for plant growth and development. Front Plant Sci. 2016; https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00245
Nambeesan S, Datsenka T, Ferruzzi MG, Malladi A, Mattoo AK, Handa AK. Overexpression of yeast spermidine synthase impacts ripening, senescence and decay symptoms in tomato. Plant Journal. 2010;63(5):836-47. https://doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04286.x
Handa AK, Fatima T, Mattoo AK. Polyamines: Bio-molecules with diverse functions in plant and human health and disease. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2018;6:10-28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00010
Napieraj N, Janicka M, Reda M. Interactions of polyamines and phytohormones in plant response to abiotic stress. Plants. 2023;12(5):1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051159
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 07-10-2023 (2)
- 07-08-2023 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Aya Ihsan Rashan, Rana T. Altaee, Farah Sameer Salh, Omar Younis AL-Abbasy, Nashwan Al-Lehebe
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
