This is an outdated version published on 31-08-2023. Read the most recent version.

Forthcoming

Physiological and AI-based study of endophytes on medicinal plants: A mini review

Authors

Saloni Kunwar Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-4211
Aditya Joshi Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-8123
Prateek Gururani Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-377X
Deepa Pandey Department of Zoology, Govt. P. G. College Ranikhet, 263647, India https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2984-0911
Neha Pandey Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8584-0265

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2555

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, bacteria, bioactive compounds, Endophytes, fungus, medicinal plants

Abstract

Research on the natural resources found in medicinal plants and endophytes makes important contributions to a wide variety of fields, including drug development, agribusiness, biotechnology, and sustainable development. Endophytes are a group of microorganisms that can be discovered in the rhizosphere of plants being used in medical treatment. These microorganisms have the capability of producing a wide range of primary and secondary metabolites by utilizing a variety of distinct biosynthetic pathways. Several different technologies, such as genetic modification and artificial intelligence (AI), play a significant role in the acceleration of endophytic research. These methods aid in the discovery and synthesis of novel compounds with medicinal promise, the predictive analysis of bioactive compounds, the identification and classification of endophytes, and the optimization of potential bioactive compounds. In light of this, the current review focuses on providing a concise comprehension of the influence of bioactive compounds secreted by specific endophytes on medicinal plants through the application of significant technologies in the field of endophytic research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Jamwal VL, Gandhi SG. Endophytes as a source of High-value phytochemicals: Present scenario and future outlook. Endophytes Second. Metabolites Reference Ser. Phytochemistry. 2019; 571-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90484-9_14

Akula R, Ravishankar GA. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 2011;6(11):1720-31. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.11.17613

Singh M, Kumar A, Singh R, Pandey KD. Endophytic bacteria: a new source of bioactive compounds. 3 Biotech. 2017; 7:1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0942-z

Li J, Zhao GZ, Chen HH, Wang HB, Qin S, Zhu WY, Xu LH, Jiang CL, Li WJ. Antitumour and antimicrobial activities of endophytic streptomycetes from pharmaceutical plants in rainforest. Lett Appl Microbio. 2008; 47(6):574-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02470.x

Kusari S, Verma VC, Lamshoeft M, Spiteller M. An endophytic fungus from Azadirachtaindica A. Juss. that produces azadirachtin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012; 28(3):1287-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0876-2

Molina G, Pimentel MR, Bertucci TC, Pastore GM. Application of fungal endophytes in biotechnological processes. Chem Eng Trans. 2012;27:1-6. https://doi.org/10.3303cet/1227049

Pang Z, Chen J, Wang T, Gao C, Li Z, Guo L, Xu J, Cheng Y. Linking plant secondary metabolites and plant microbiomes: a review. Front Plant Sci. 2021;12:621276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.621276b

Isah T. Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production. Biol Res. 2019;52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3

Piasecka A, Jedrzejczak?Rey N, Bednarek P. Secondary metabolites in plant innate immunity: conserved function of divergent chemicals. New Phytolo. 2015; 206(3):948-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13325

Yang L, Wen KS, Ruan X, Zhao YX, Wei F, Wang Q. Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules. 2018; 23(4):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040762

Guerrieri A, Dong L, Bouwmeester HJ. Role and exploitation of underground chemical signaling in plants. Pest management science. 2019;75(9):2455-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5507

Vocciante M, Grifoni M, Fusini D, Petruzzelli G, Franchi E. The role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in mitigating plant’s environmental stresses. Appl Sci. 2022;12(3):1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031231

Liu K, Newman M, McInroy JA, Hu CH, Kloepper JW. Selection and assessment of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for biological control of multiple plant diseases. Phytopathology. 2017;107(8):928-36. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-17-0051-r.

Divekar PA, Narayana S, Divekar BA, Kumar R, Gadratagi BG, Ray A, Singh AK, Rani V, Singh V, Singh AK, Kumar A. Plant secondary metabolites as defense tools against herbivores for sustainable crop protection. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(5):2690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052690

Chen K, Gao C. TALENs: customizable molecular DNA scissors for genome engineering of plants. J Genet Genom. 2013; 40(6):271-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2013.03.009

Li D, Tang Y, Lin J, Cai W. Methods for genetic transformation of filamentous fungi. Microbial Cell Factories. 2017;16:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-017-0785-7

El-Sayed AS, Abdel-Ghany SE, Ali GS. Genome editing approaches: manipulating of lovastatin and taxol synthesis of filamentous fungi by CRISPR/Cas9 system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;101:3953-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8263-z

Gupta S, Bhatt P, Chaturvedi P. Determination and quantification of asiaticoside in endophytic fungus from Centellaasiatica (L.) Urban. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018; 34:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-018-2493-9

Deepika VB, Vohra M, Mishra S, Dorai K, Rai P, Satyamoorthy K, Murali TS. DNA demethylation overcomes attenuation of colchicine biosynthesis in an endophytic fungus Diaporthe. J Biotechnol. 2020; 323:33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.07.019.

Sarsaiya S, Jain A, Fan X, Jia Q, Xu Q, Shu F, Zhou Q, Shi J, Chen J. New insights into detection of a dendrobine compound from a novel endophytic Trichodermalongibrachiatum strain and its toxicity against phytopathogenic bacteria. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11:337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00337

Vigneshwari A, Rakk D, Németh A, Kocsubé S, Kiss N, Csupor D, Papp T, Škrbi? B, Vágvölgyi C, Szekeres A. Host metabolite producing endophytic fungi isolated from Hypericum perforatum. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217060. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217060

Xu XD, Liang WX, Yao L, Paek KY, Wang J, Gao WY. Production of ginsenoside by Chaetomium sp. and its effect on enhancing the contents of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng adventitious roots. Biochem Engin J. 2021;174:108100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2021.108100

Roat C, Saraf M. Isolation and characterization of t-resveratrol and ?-viniferin, a bioactive secondary metabolite of an endophytic fungus Aspergillus stellifer ab4, from Vitisvinifera. The J Microbiol BiotechnolFood Sci. 2020;19(4):708. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.4.708-713

Meshram V, Kapoor N, Dwibedi V, Srivastava A, Saxena S. Extracellular resveratrol producing endophytic fungus, Quambalaria cyanescens. S Afr J Bot. 2022;146:409-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.11.026

Cheng Y, Liu G, Li Z, Zhou Y, Gao N. Screening saikosaponin d (SSd)-producing endophytic fungi from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022; 38(12):242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03434-x

Gauchan DP, Vélëz H, Acharya A, Östman JR, Lundén K, Elfstrand M, García-Gil MR. Annulohypoxylon sp. strain MUS1, an endophytic fungus isolated from Taxus wallichiana Zucc., produces taxol and other bioactive metabolites. 3 Biotech. 2021;11:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02693-z

Parthasarathy R, Shanmuganathan R, Pugazhendhi A. Vinblastine production by the endophytic fungus Curvularia verruculosa from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus and its in vitro cytotoxicity against HeLa cell line. Analy Biochem. 2020;593:113530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2019.113530

Ptak A, Mora?ska E, Warcho? M, Gurgul A, Skrzypek E, Dziurka M, Laurain-Mattar D, Spina R, Jaglarz A, Simlat M. Endophytic bacteria from in vitro culture of Leucojumaestivum L. a new source of galanthamine and elicitor of alkaloid biosynthesis. Scienti Rep. 2022;12(1):13700. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17992-5

Sagita R, Quax WJ, Haslinger K. Current state and future directions of genetics and genomics of endophytic fungi for bioprospecting efforts. Front Bioengin Biotechno. 2021; 9:649906. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.649906

Busato S, Gordon M, Chaudhari M, Jensen I, Akyol T, Andersen S, Williams C. Compositionality, sparsity, spurious heterogeneity, and other data-driven challenges for machine learning algorithms within plant microbiome studies. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2023; 71:102326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102326

Mak KK, Pichika MR. Artificial intelligence in drug development: present status and future prospects. Drug Discovery Today. 2019; 24(3):773-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.014

Helmy M, Elhalis H, Yan L, Chow Y, Selvarajoo K. Perspective: multi-omics and machine learning help unleash the alternative food potential of microalgae. Advances in Nutrition. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2022.11.002

Kudjordjie EN, Sapkota R, Steffensen SK, Fomsgaard IS, Nicolaisen M. Maize synthesized benzoxazinoids affect the host-associated microbiome. Microbiome. 2019; 7(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0677-7

Maggini V, Mengoni A, Bogani P, Firenzuoli F, Fani R. Promoting model systems of microbiota–medicinal plant interactions. Trends Plant Sci. 2020; 25(3):223-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.013

Shunxing G, Qiuying W. Character and action of good strain on stimulating seed germination of Gastrodiaelata. Mycosystema. 2001;20(3):408-12.

Sherameti I, Shahollari B, Venus Y, Altschmied L, Varma A, Oelmuller R. The endophytic fungus Piriformosporaindica stimulates the expression of nitrate reductase and the starch-degrading enzyme glucan-water dikinase in tobacco and Arabidopsis roots through a homeodomain transcription factor that binds to a conserved motif in their promoters. J Biolo Chem. 2005; 280(28):26241-47. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M500447200

Qin S, Li J, Chen HH, Zhao GZ, Zhu WY, Jiang CL, Xu LH, Li WJ. Isolation, diversity, and antimicrobial activity of rare actinobacteria from medicinal plants of tropical rain forests in Xishuangbanna, China. Appl Environ Microbio. 2009; 75(19):6176-86. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01034-09

Zhang J, Wang C, Guo S, Chen J, Xiao P. Studies on the plant hormones produced by 5 species of endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants (Orchidacea). Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae. 1999;21(6):460-65.

Chen XM, Guo SX. Effects of four species of endophytic fungi on the growth and polysaccharide and alkaloid contents of Dendrobium nobile. China J Chinese Materia Med. 2005;30(4):253-57.

Abd_Allah EF, Hashem A, Alqarawi AA, Bahkali AH, Alwhibi MS. Enhancing growth performance and systemic acquired resistance of medicinal plant Sesbaniasesban (L.) Merr using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress. Saudi J of Biol Sci. 2015; 22(3):274-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.03.004

Waqas M, Khan AL, Kamran M, Hamayun M, Kang SM, Kim YH, Lee IJ. Endophytic fungi produce gibberellins and indoleacetic acid and promotes host-plant growth during stress. Molecules. 2012;17(9):10754-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170910754

Compant S, Mitter B, Colli-Mull JG, Gangl H, Sessitsch A. Endophytes of grapevine flowers, berries, and seeds: identification of cultivable bacteria, comparison with other plant parts, and visualization of niches of colonization. Microbial Ecol. 2011;62:188-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9883-y

Elmagzob AA, Ibrahim MM, Zhang GF. Seasonal diversity of endophytic bacteria associated with Cinnamomumcamphora (L.) Presl. Diversity. 2019;11(7):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11070112

Mocali S, Bertelli E, Di Cello F, Mengoni A, Sfalanga A, Viliani F, Caciotti A, Tegli S, Surico G, Fani R. Fluctuation of bacteria isolated from elm tissues during different seasons and from different plant organs. Res in Microbiology. 2003;154(2):105-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-2508(03)00031-7

Qin S, Miao Q, Feng WW, Wang Y, Zhu X, Xing K, Jiang JH. Biodiversity and plant growth promoting traits of culturable endophytic actinobacteria associated with Jatropha curcas L. growing in Panxi dry-hot valley soil. Appl Soil Ecol. 2015;93:47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.04.004

Borah A, Das R, Mazumdar R, Thakur D. Culturable endophytic bacteria of Camellia species endowed with plant growth promoting characteristics. J Appl Microbiol. 2019;127(3):825-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14356

Gao Y, Liu Q, Zang P, Li X, Ji Q, He Z, Zhao Y, Yang H, Zhao X, Zhang L. An endophytic bacterium isolated from Panax ginseng CA Meyer enhances growth, reduces morbidity, and stimulates ginsenoside biosynthesis. Phytochem Lett. 2015;11:132-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2014.12.007

Zhao L, Xu Y, Lai XH, Shan C, Deng Z, Ji Y. Screening and characterization of endophytic Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains from medicinal plant Lonicera japonica for use as potential plant growth promoters. Braz J Microbiol. 2015;46:977-89. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-838246420140024

Qi Y, Li X, Wang J, Wang C, Zhao S. Efficacy of plant growth-promoting bacteria Streptomyces werraensis F3 for chemical modifications of diseased soil of ginseng. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 2021; 31(2):219-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2020.1843598

Bhatti AA, Haq S, Bhat RA. Actinomycetes benefaction role in soil and plant health. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2017;111:458-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.036

Abdallah ME, Haroun SA, Gomah AA, El-Naggar NE, Badr HH. Application of actinomycetes as biocontrol agents in the management of onion bacterial rot diseases. Arch Phytopathol Pflanzenschutz 2013;46(15):1797-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.778451

Behie SW, Bonet B, Zacharia VM, McClung DJ, Traxler MF. Molecules to ecosystems: Actinomycete natural products in situ. Front in Microbiol. 2017;7:2149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02149

Abd-Alla MH, El-Sayed ES, Rasmey AH. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by Streptomyces atrovirens isolated from rhizospheric soil in Egypt. J Biol Earth Sci. 2013; 3(2):182-93.

Zhang C, Lu Y. Study on artificial intelligence: The state of the art and future prospects. Journal of Industrial Information Integration. 2021;23:100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100224

Duan L, Da Xu L. Business intelligence for enterprise systems: a survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2012;8(3):679-87. https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2012.2188804

Sarker IH. Machine learning: Algorithms, real-world applications and research directions. SN Computer Sci. 2021;2(3):160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00592-x

Ibrahim E, Fouad H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Qiu W, Yan C, Li B, Mo J, Chen J. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using endophytic bacteria and their role in inhibition of rice pathogenic bacteria and plant growth promotion. RSC Advances. 2019;9(50):29293-99. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04246f

Hassan SE. Plant growth-promoting activities for bacterial and fungal endophytes isolated from medicinal plant of Teucrium polium L. J Advanc Res. 2017;8(6):687-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.09.001

Vendan RT, Yu YJ, Lee SH, Rhee YH. Diversity of endophytic bacteria in ginseng and their potential for plant growth promotion. J Microbiol. 2010;48:559-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0082-1

Yang HR, Yuan J, Liu LH, Zhang W, Chen F, Dai CC. Endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens induced sesquiterpenoid accumulation mediated by gibberellic acid and jasmonic acid in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz plantlets. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2019; 138:445-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-019-01640-4

Fujioka T, Mori M, Kubota K, Oyama J, Yamaga E, Yashima Y, Katsuta L, Nomura K, Nara M, Oda G, Nakagawa T. The utility of deep learning in breast ultrasonic imaging: a review. Diagnostics. 2020;10(12):1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121055

Chen B. Wineinformatics: A New Data Science Application. Springer Nature; 2022 1-70p.

Kujawa S, Niedba?a G. Artificial neural networks in agriculture. Agriculture. 2021;11(6):497. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060497

Gupta A, Anpalagan A, Guan L, Khwaja AS. Deep learning for object detection and scene perception in self-driving cars: Survey, challenges, and open issues. Array. 2021;10:100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2021.100057

Agrawal A, Gans JS, Goldfarb A. Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence: Prediction versus judgment. Inform Econo Pol. 2019;47:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2019.05.001

Baclic O, Tunis M, Young K, Doan C, Swerdfeger H, Schonfeld J. Artificial intelligence in public health: Challenges and opportunities for public health made possible by advances in natural language processing. Can Communi Dis Rep. 2020;46(6):161. https://doi.org/10.14745%2Fccdr.v46i06a02

Bhatt D, Patel C, Talsania H, Patel J, Vaghela R, Pandya S, Modi K, Ghayvat H. CNN variants for computer vision: History, architecture, application, challenges, and future scope. Electronics. 2021;10(20):2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202470

Li Z, Chen Y, Chen H, Zhang X, Liu Y. Predicting the biosynthetic potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Panax ginseng with artificial intelligence. BMC Bioinformatics. 2021;2(1):1-14.

Zameer R, Tariq S, Noreen S, Sadaqat M, Azeem F. Role of Transcriptomics and Artificial Intelligence Approaches for the Selection of Bioactive Compounds. Drug Design Using Machine Learning. 2022; 10:283-317. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394167258.ch10

Said FM, Gan JY, Sulaiman J. Correlation between response surface methodology and artificial neural network in the prediction of bioactive compounds of unripe Musa acuminata peel. Engineering Sci Technol. 2020; 23(4):781-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.12.005

Tiwari P, Bae H. Endophytic fungi: key insights, emerging prospects, and challenges in natural product drug discovery. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(2), p.360. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020360

Aghdam SA, Brown AM. Deep learning approaches for natural product discovery from plant endophytic microbiomes. Environ Microbiome. 2021; 16(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-021-00375-0

Li G, Lin P, Wang K, Gu CC, Kusari S. Artificial intelligence-guided discovery of anticancer lead compounds from plants and associated microorganisms. Trends in Cancer. 2022; 8(1):65-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2021.10.002

Yang X, Wang Y, Byrne R, Schneider G, Yang S. Concepts of artificial intelligence for computer-assisted drug discovery. Chem Rev. 2019; 119(18):10520-94. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00728

Gupta A, Meshram V, Gupta M, Goyal S, Qureshi KA, Jaremko M, Shukla KK. Fungal Endophytes: Microfactories of Novel Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Interventions; A Comprehensive Review on the Biotechnological Developments in the Field of Fungal Endophytic Biology over the Last Decade. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(7):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13071038

Chen Y, Chen H, Zhang X, Liu Y. Optimization of bioactive compounds production by endophytic fungus Fusarium solani using artificial intelligence. J Biotechno. 2020; 310:57-65.

Li H, Dou M, Wang X, Guo N, Kou P, Jiao J, Fu Y. Optimization of cellulase production by a novel endophytic fungus Penicillium oxalicum R4 isolated from Taxus cuspidata. Sustainability. 2021;13(11):6006. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116006

Sahoo M, Dey S, Sahoo S, Das A, Ray A, Nayak S, Subudhi E. MLP (multi-layer perceptron) and RBF (radial basis function) neural network approach for estimating and optimizing 6-gingerol content in Zingiber officinale Rosc. in different agro-climatic conditions. Ind Crop Pro. 2023; 198:116658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116658

Zhang C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Huang H, He X. Identification of genes involved in the interaction between Colletotrichum tofieldiae and Camellia sinensis using machine learning algorithms. Genomics. 2020;112(6):4197-04.

YoosefzadehNajafabadi M, Hesami M, Eskandari M. Machine learning-assisted approaches in modernized plant breeding programs. Genes. 2023;14(4):777. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040777

Paul D, Sanap G, Shenoy S, Kalyane D, Kalia K, Tekade RK. Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development. Drug Discovery Today. 2021;26(1):80. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drudis.2020.10.010

Saldívar-González FI, Aldas-Bulos VD, Medina-Franco JL, Plisson F. Natural product drug discovery in the artificial intelligence era. Chem Sci. 2022;13(6):1526-46. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sc04471k

Askin S, Burkhalter D, Calado G, El Dakrouni S. Artificial Intelligence Applied to clinical trials: opportunities and challenges. Health and Techno. 2023;13(2):203-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-023-00738-2

Shankar A, Sharma KK. Fungal secondary metabolites in food and pharmaceuticals in the era of multi-omics. Appl Microbiol Biotechno. 2022;106(9-10):3465-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11945-8

Downloads

Published

31-08-2023

Versions

22-09-2023 (2)
31-08-2023 (1)

How to Cite

Kunwar S, Joshi A, Gururani P, Pandey D, Pandey N. Physiological and AI-based study of endophytes on medicinal plants: A mini review . Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2023 Aug. 31 [cited 2024 Dec. 22];. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/2555

Download Citation

Issue

Early Access

Section

Special issue on Mini Reviews

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright and Licence details of published articles

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

Open Access Policy

Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).