Nutritional and therapeutic potentials of Carica papaya Linn. seed: A comprehensive review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2843Keywords:
Carica papaya, nutritional value, antidiabetic, antihelminthic, nephroprotectiveAbstract
The health benefits and nutritional value of pawpaw or papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) are well established. The entire papaya plant—including the leaves, fruit, bark, root, juice, seeds and latex - is used for dietary, medicinal and other purposes. However, papaya seeds are the under-exploited part since they are typically seen as waste after the edible fruits have been processed and consumed. Hence, the aim of this review is to document the nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of Carica papaya seeds with a view of enhancing its prospect in drug development. The following title search criteria were used “Carica papaya” OR “Papaya” OR “Pawpaw OR C. papaya” AND “seed” OR “seed oil”; while “fruits OR leaves OR stem OR root OR juice OR latex” were excluded. The articles used for this research were limited to the original research articles and those written in English Language only. The seeds which are often seen as waste products offer countless possibilities for developing new nutritional supplements and medicines due to the huge vital micronutrients and a variety of secondary metabolites that have been reported to be embedded in them. Papaya seeds contain beneficial phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterols and tocopherols. These substances, have intriguing nutraceutical qualities and are important in the treatment and amelioration of several medical disorders. Benzyl glucosinolates, caricin, fatty acids, crude fibre, carpaine, glucotropaeolin, benzyl isothiocyanate, crude protein, benzyl thiourea, hentriacontane, ß-sitostrol and enzymes (myrosinase and papain) were discovered as nutritional components in papaya seeds. Papaya seeds may be used medicinally as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiulcerogenic, liver cirrhosis treatment and menstrual cycle modulation.
Downloads
References
Rosa DP, Evangelista RR, Machado AL, Sanches MA, Telis-Romero J. Water sorption properties of papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) formosa variety: An assessment under storage and drying conditions. LWT. 2021;138:110458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110458
Daagema AA, Orafa PN, Igbua FZ. Nutritional potentials and uses of pawpaw (Carica papaya): A review. Eur J Nutr Food Saf. 2020;12(3):52-66. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2020/v12i330209
Kumar S, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar V. Phytochemical, pharmacognostical and pharmacological activities of Carica papaya. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology. 2022;9(2):310-15. https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.9.2.27
Alhassan AJ. Antidiabetic properties of thirteen local medicinal plants in Nigeria, a review. World J Pharm Res. 2017;6(8):2170-89. https://doi:10.20959/wjpr20178-9055
Vij T, Prashar Y. A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2015;5(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60617-4
Amin AH, Bughdadi FA, Abo-Zaid MA, Ismail AH, El-Agamy SA, Alqahtani A et al. Immunomodulatory effect of papaya (Carica papaya) pulp and seed extracts as a potential natural treatment for bacterial stress. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2019;43(12):e13050. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13050
Raihana A, Marikkar JMN, Amin I, Shuhaimi M. A review on food values of selected tropical fruits’ seeds. Int J Food Prop. 2015;18(11):2380-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2014.980946
Bhatia A, Singh B, Arora R, Arora S. In vitro evaluation of the ?-glucosidase inhibitory potential of methanolic extracts of traditionally used antidiabetic plants. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):1-9. https://doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2482-z
Chai YH, Yusup S, Ruslan MSH. Review of bioactive compounds extracted from Carica papaya Linn. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2020;16(9):1287-98. https://doi:10.2174/1573401316999200727142506
Santana LF, Inada AC, Espirito Santo BLS do, Filiú WFO, Pott A, Alves FM et al. Nutraceutical potential of Carica papaya in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1608. https://doi:10.3390/nu11071608
Nita S, Setiawan A, Inggarsih R, Tantri U, Herdiana M. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed extract as male contraception via decreasing the quality of rat’s (Rattus norvegicus) sperm (Similarity). Bioscientia Medicina. 2019;4(1):19-28. https://doi:10.32539/bsm.v4i1.110
Memudu AE, Oluwole TJ. The contraceptive potential of Carica papaya seed on oestrus cycle, progesterone and histomorphology of the utero-ovarian tissue of adult wistar rats. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2020;25(1):34. https://doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20200023
Chota A, Sikasunge CS, Phiri AM, Musukwa MN, Haazele F, Phiri IK. A comparative study of the efficacy of piperazine and Carica papaya for the control of helminth parasites in village chickens in Zambia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2010;42(3):315-18. https://doi:10.1007/s11250-009-9432-6
Adebiyi A, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN. Effect of benzyl isothiocyanate on spontaneous and induced force of rat uterine contraction. Pharmacological Research. 2004 May 1;49(5):415-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2003.10.011
Lira EM, Simental SS, Juárez VM, Lira AQ, Martini JP. Proximate chemical, functional and texture characterization of papaya seed flour (Carica papaya) for the preparation of bread. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 2023;31:100675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100675
Mathew TJ, Ndamitso MM, Otori AA, Shaba EY, Inobeme A, Adamu A. Proximate and mineral compositions of seeds of some conventional and non-conventional fruits in Niger state, Nigeria. Academic Research International. 2014;5(2):113.
Marfo EK, Oke OL, Afolabi OA. Chemical composition of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds. Food Chemistry. 1986 Jan 1;22(4):259-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(86)90084-1
Senrayan J, Venkatachalam S. Solvent-assisted extraction of oil from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds: Evaluation of its physiochemical properties and fatty-acid composition. Separation Science and Technology. 2018 Nov 22;53(17):2852-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1480632
Olumide MD, Akintunde AO, Kolu P. Response of broiler chickens to substitution of vitamin-mineral premix with Carica papaya seed meal. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture. 2022 Sep 1;47(3):215-34. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.47.3.215-234
Wulansari DD, Wulandari DD, Risthanti RR, Kirtishanti A. Ameliorative effect of Carica papaya seed extract on diabetic rat model with muscle atrophy. Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana. 2019;2(4):208-15. https://doi:0.1007/s11356-021-14843-0
Dotto JM, Abihudi SA. Nutraceutical value of Carica papaya: A review. Sci Afr. 2021;13:e00933. https://doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00933
Morais DR, Rotta EM, Sargi SC, Bonafe EG, Suzuki RM, Souza NE et al. Proximate composition, mineral contents and fatty acid composition of the different parts and dried peels of tropical fruits cultivated in Brazil. J Braz Chem Soc. 2017;28(2):308-18. https://doi:0.5935/0103-5053.20160178
Anwar M, Rasul MG, Ashwath N, Nabi MD. The potential of utilising papaya seed oil and stone fruit kernel oil as non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production in Australia- A review. Energy Reports. 2019;5:280-97. https://doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2019.02.007
Asokan MA, Kamesh S, Khan W. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with papaya and watermelon seed oil bio-diesel/diesel blends. Energy. 2018 Feb 15;145:238-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.140
Tan C, Tan S, Tan S. Bioactive phytochemicals from papaya seed oil processing by-products. Bioactive Phytochemicals from Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-products. 2020;1(12):392-401. https://doi:0.1007/978-3-030-63961-7_17-1
Johnson OR, Samuel S, Elnathan WD, John MH. Biochemical effect of aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic rats. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2015;10:18-22. https://doi:10.9790/3008-10141822
Venkateshwarlu E, Dileep P, Sandhya P. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Carica papaya seeds on streptozotocin-induced type-II diabetic rats. J Adv Sci Res. 2013;4(2):38-41.
Agada R, Usman WA, Shehu S, Thagariki D. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Carica papaya seed on ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase enzymes. Heliyon. 2020;6(3):e03618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03618
Agada R, Thagriki D, Esther Lydia D, Khusro A, Alkahtani J, Al Shaqha MM et al. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of bioactive fractions of Carica papaya seeds extract. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2021;33(2):101342. https://doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101342
Pokhrel S, Karki P. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of extracts of leaves and seeds of Carica papaya. Nepal J Sci Technol. 2021;20(1):126-35. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.43362
Beejmohun V, Peytavy-Izard M, Mignon C, Muscente-Paque D, Deplanque X, Ripoll C et al. Acute effect of Ceylon cinnamon extract on postprandial glycemia: Alpha-amylase inhibition, starch tolerance test in rats and randomized crossover clinical trial in healthy volunteers. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):351. https://doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-351
Kanadi MA, Wudil AM, Alhassan AJ, Ngwen AL, Yaradua AI, Nasir A. Dose-dependent chemopreventive effect of methanol extract of Carica papaya seed on potassium bromate- induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019;2(1):1-12.htttps://doi:10.9734/ajbgmb/2019/v2i130051
Gheith I, El-Mahmoudy A. Novel and classical renal biomarkers as evidence for the nephroprotective effect of Carica papaya leaf extract. Bioscience Reports. 2018;38(5):BSR20181187. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20181187
Naggayi M, Mukiibi N, Iliya E. The protective effects of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(2):598-605. https://doi:0.4314/ahs.v15i2.37
Nale LP, More PR, More BK, Ghumare BC, Shendre SB, Mote CS. Protective effect of Carica papaya L. seed extract in gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2012;3(3):508-15. htpps://doi:0.4314/ahs.v15i2.37
Müller A, Barat S, Chen X, Bui KC, Bozko P, Malek NP, Plentz RR. Comparative study of antitumor effects of bromelain and papain in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. International Journal of Oncology. 2016;48(5):2025-34. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3411
Somanah J, Bourdon E, Bahorun T. Extracts of Mauritian Carica papaya (var. solo) protect SW872 and HepG2 cells against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. J Food Sci Technol. 2017;54(7):1917-27. htttps://doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2626-4
Salla S, Sunkara R, Ogutu S, Walker LT, Verghese M. Antioxidant activity of papaya seed extracts against H2O2 induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2016;66:293-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.09.008
Alotaibi KS, Li H, Rafi R, Siddiqui RA. Papaya black seeds have beneficial anticancer effects on PC-3 prostate cancer cells. J Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2017;3(8):161. https://doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2017.33
Hadadi SA, Li H, Rafie R, Kaseloo P, Witiak SM, Siddiqui RA. Anti-oxidation properties of leaves, skin, pulp and seeds extracts from green papaya and their anti-cancer activities in breast cancer cells. J Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2018;4(5):25. https://doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2018.22
Ameen SA, Azeez OM, Baba YA, Raji LO, Basiru A, Biobaku KT et al. Anthelmintic potency of Carica papaya seeds against gastro-intestinal helminths in red Sokoto goat. Ceylon Journal of Science. 2018;47(2):137. https://doi:10.4038/cjs.v47i2.7509
Okeniyi JAO, Ogunlesi TA, Oyelami OA, Adeyemi LA. Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: A pilot study. J Med Food. 2007;10(1):194-96. hpps://doi:0.1089/jmf.2005.065
Okewumi TA, Oyeyemi AW. Gastro-protective activity of aqueous Carica papaya seed extract on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in male rats. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012;11(34):8612-15. https://doi:10.5897/AJB12.034
Pinto LA, Cordeiro KW, Carrasco V, Carollo CA, Cardoso CA, Argadoña EJ et al. Antiulcerogenic activity of Carica papaya seed in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2015;388(3):305-17. https://doi:10.1007/s00210-014-1069-y
Raji Y., Raji AO, Oloyo AK. Impact of the chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed on oestrous cycle and fertility in female albino rats. J Med Sci. 2005;5(4):337-43. https://doi:10.3923/jms.2005.337.343
Julaeha E, Permatasari Y, Mayanti T, Diantini A. Antifertility compound from the seeds of Carica papaya. Procedia Chem. 2015;17:66-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2015.12.135
Wahfar YS, Lister IN, Fachrial E. Hepatoprotective effect of papaya seed ethanol extract on rifampicin isoniazid-induced rats. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;33(42B):78-83. https://doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i42B32428
Ebo OE, Ighodaro CN, Silas WJ, Aloamaka OE, Chime AO. Anti-hypercholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya in rats fed with thermoxidized palm oil diet. Am J Biomed Sci. 2021;13(1):44-50. https://doi:10.5099/aj210100044
Tan SA, Ramos S, Martín MA, Mateos R, Harvey M, Ramanathan S et al. Protective effects of papaya extracts on tert-butyl hydroperoxide mediated oxidative injury to human liver cells (An in-vitro study). Free Radicals and Antioxidants. 2012 Jul 1;2(3):10-19. https://doi.org/10.5530/ax.2012.3.2
Zhou K, Wang H, Mei W, Li X, Luo Y, Dai H. Antioxidant activity of papaya seed extracts. Molecules. 2011;16(8):6179-92. htttp://doi:10.3390/molecules16086179
Panzarini E, Dwikat M, Mariano S, Vergallo C, Dini L. Administration dependent antioxidant effect of Carica papaya seeds water extract. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014 Jan 1;2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/281508
Sagbo IJ, Afolayan AA, Bradley G. Antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical properties of two medicinal plants against the wound infecting bacteria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(9):817-25. https://doi:0.1016/j.apjtb.2017.08.009
Pathak N, Khan S, Bhargava A, Raghuram GV, Jain D, Panwar H et al. Cancer chemopreventive effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction isolated from papaya seeds. Nutrition and Cancer. 2014;66(5):857-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.904912
Ahmed MZ, Ramabhimalah S. Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in albino rats. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2012;5(1):173-77. https://doi:10.13005/bpj/340
Giangrieco I, Ciardiello MA, Tamburrini M, Tuppo L, Rafaiani C, Mari A, Alessandri C. Comparative analysis of the immune response and the clinical allergic reaction to papain-like cysteine proteases from fig, kiwifruit, papaya, pineapple and mites in an Italian population. Foods. 2023 Jul 27;12(15):2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12152852
Li T, Yan G, Bai Y, Wu M, Fang G, Zhang M et al. Papain bioinspired gold nanoparticles augmented the anticancer potency of 5-FU against lung cancer. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. 2020;15(1):109-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2020.1746767
Nakamura Y, Yoshimoto M, Murata Y, Shimoishi Y, Asai Y, Park EY et al. Papaya seed represents a rich source of biologically active isothiocyanate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2007;55(11):4407-13. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070159w
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 21-05-2024 (2)
- 11-05-2024 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Raphael Idowu Adeoye, Esther Temidayo Olopade , Ifeoluwa Oluwatosin Olayemi, Kunle Okaiyeto, Moses Olayemi Akiibinu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
