Evaluation of variability and principal component analysis in segregating populations of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

R Sangeetha Vishnupraba; PL Viswanathan; S Manonmani; L Rajendran; T Selvakumar

doi:10.14719/pst.4025

Authors

R Sangeetha Vishnupraba Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-9088
PL Viswanathan Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5806-5382
S Manonmani Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-3363
L Rajendran Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8840-7419
T Selvakumar Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8921-0183

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.4025

Keywords:

genetic advance, heritability, kurtosis, PCA biplot, skewness, variation

Abstract

Groundnut is a favourable and profitable crop for resource-poor farmers in Africa and Asia, both for edible oil production and direct consumption. There is significant potential to breed high-yielding, better-quality groundnut cultivars by generating new variations through artificial techniques. In this study, the F2 generations of the crosses CO 7 × Chico and ICGV 07222 × Chico was analysed to assess the variability created through artificial hybridization in groundnut. The various yield and yield-related traits were analysed to estimate genetic parameters, skewness, kurtosis and subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The variability study of the F2 population from both crosses revealed significant variations for the traits under study. The traits “days to accumulation of 25 flowers” and “shelling %” showed low GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) and PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation) in both populations. Most traits exhibited moderate to high heritability and genetic advance, whereas “days to accumulation of 25 flowers” and “maturity duration” had moderate heritability and low genetic advance. Only shelling % had low estimates of heritability and genetic advances.
Tests for skewness and kurtosis revealed that both F2 population did not follow a normal distribution. The traits “days to maturity”, “shelling %”, “kernel yield,” and “hundred kernel weight” displayed significant positive skewness. The traits “days to accumulation of 25 flowers”, “number of matured pods”, “height of main axis”, “shelling %”, “hundred pods” and “hundred kernel weight” and “pod yield” showed platy- kurtosis, while “Kernel yield” displayed lepto-kurtosis in both populations.
The first principal component explained 37 % and 32 % of the total variance in the 2 F2 populations respectively, with a focus on yield-related traits. The PCA biplot effectively clustered the genotypes based on the 10 different traits studied and clearly, grouped the population based on maturity duration. Thus, hybridization created significant variation in groundnut for all yield-related traits and yield, except for “days to maturity”. The traits require further enhancement using additional sources and could be improved through intense selection.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Shilman F, Brand Y, Brand A, Hedvat I, Hovav R. Identification and molecular characterization of homeologous ?9-stearoyl acyl carrier protein desaturase 3 genes from the allotetraploid peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 2011 Mar;29:232-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-010-0226-9

Sekhon KS, Ahuja KL, Sandhu RS, Bhatia IS. Variability in fatty acid composition in peanut I. Bunch group. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1972 Aug;23(8):919-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740230802

Young CT, Waller GR. Rapid oleic/linoleic microanalytical procedure for peanuts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1972 Nov;20(6):1116-18. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60184a009

Davis JP, Price K, Dean LL, Sweigart DS, Cottonaro J, Sanders TH. Peanut oil stability and physical properties across a range of industrially relevant oleic acid/linoleic acid ratios. Peanut Science. 2016;43(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-43.1.1

Akhtar S, Khalid N, Ahmed I, Shahzad A, Suleria HAR. Physicochemical characteristics, functional properties and nutritional benefits of peanut oil: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2014;54(12):1562-75. http://doi.org./10.1080/10408398.2011.644353

Pravst I, Žmitek K, Žmitek J. Coenzyme Q10 contents in foods and fortification strategies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2010;50(4):269-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390902773037

Upadhyaya HD, Reddy L, Gowda C, Singh S. Identification of diverse groundnut germplasm: sources of early maturity in a core collection. Field Crops Research. 2006; 97(2-3):261-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.10.010

Pallavi P, Singh A, Pandey KK. Estimation of heritability on pea (Pisum sativum L.). Biores. 2013;4:89-92.

Singh S, Singh AL, Kalpana S, Misra S. Genetic diversity for growth, yield and quality traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2010;15(3):267-71.

Hatem G, Zeidan J, Goossens M, Moreira C. Normality testing methods and the importance of skewness and kurtosis in statistical analysis. BAU Journal-Science and Technology. 2022;3(2):7. https://doi.org/10.54729/KTPE9512

Pereira JW, da Silva EC, da Luz LN, Nogueira RJ, Filho PD, de Lima LM, dos Santos RC. Cluster analysis to select peanut drought tolerance lines. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2015, Nov 1;9(11):1095-105. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.773645096590534

Johnson HW, Robinson HF, Comstock RE. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agronomy Journal. 1955;47:314-18. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1955.00021962004700070009x

Manivannan N. TNAUSTAT-statistical package. 2014. Retrived from https://sites.google.com/site/tnaustat.

Sivasubramaniam S, Madhava Menon P. Genotypic and phenotypic variability in rice. Madras Agri J. 1973;60:1093-96.

Shapiro SS, Wilk MB, Chen HJ. A comparative study of various tests for normality. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1968 Dec 1;63(324):1343-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480932

RStudio Team. RStudio Desktop IDE (Version 2023.06.0-421) PBC. 2023. https://posit.co/products/open-source/rstudio/

Allard RW. Principles of plant breeding. John Wiley and Sons; 1999 May 10.

Burton GW. Quantitative inheritance in grasses. Pro VI Int Grassland Congress I. 1952;277-83.

Kadam VK. Genetic diversity in summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.). Doctoral Dissertation, MPKV, Rahuri. International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies. 2016;2(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2015.00046.3

Vasanthi RP, Suneetha N, Sudhakar P. Genetic variability and correlation studies for morphological, yield and yield attributes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Legume Research- An International Journal. 2015;38(1):9-15. http://doi.org/10.5958/09760571.2015.00002.8

Parameshwarappa KG, Rani KK, Bentur MG. Genetic variability and character association in large seeded groundnut genotypes. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2005;18(2):329-33.

Maurya MK, Rai PK, Kumar A, Singh BA, Chaurasia AK. Study on genetic variability and seed quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2014 Jun;4(6):818-23.

Yadav SR, Rathod AH, Shinde AS, Patade SS, Patil CN, Vaghela PO. Genetic variability and divergence studies in groundnut (Arachis hypogea Linn.). International Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2014;10(2):691-94.

Rao VT, Venkanna V, Bhadru D, Bharathi D. Studies on variability, character association and path analysis on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience. 2014;2(2):194-97.

Nath UK, Alam MS. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of yield and related traits of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Biol Sci. 2002;2(11):762-64. http://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.762.764

Chavadhari RM, Kachhadia VH, Vachhani JH, Virani MB. Genetic variability studies in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2017;8(4):1288-92. http://doi.org/10.5958/0975-928X.2017.00184.3

Bhavya MR, Shanthala J, Savithramma DL, Syed Sab SS. Variability, heritability and association studies in F4 and F5 generation for traits related to water use efficiency and yield traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Archives. 2017;17(2):1353-60.

Hampannavar MR, Khan H, Temburne BV, Janila P, Amaregouda A. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis studies for yield and yield attributes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(1):870-74. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25233.48487

Savaliya JJ, Pansuriya AG, Sodavadiya PR, Leva RL. Evaluation of inter and intraspecific hybrid derivatives of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for yield and its components. Legume Research-An International Journal. 2009;32(2):129-32.

Shoba D, Manivannan N, Vindhiyavarman P. Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2009;1(1):74-77.

Yadlapalli S. Genetic variability and character association studies in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences. 2014;4(4):298-300.

Hiremath CP, Nadaf HL, Keerthi CM. Induced genetic variability and correlation studies for yield and its component traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2011;2(1):135-42.

John K, Vasanthi RP, Sireesha K, Krishna TG. Genetic variability studies in different advanced breeding genotypes of spanish bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogeae). International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Research. 2013;4(2):185-87.

Pooni HS, Jinks JL, Cornish MA. The causes and consequences of non-normality in predicting the properties of recombinant inbred lines. Heredity. 1977 Jun;38(3):329-38. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1977.95

Anderson TW. An introduction to multivariate analysis. Wiley Eastem Private Limited, 1972 New Delhi.

Morrison DE. Multivariate statistical methods. McGraw Hill Kogakusta Ltd. (2nd ed. 4th Print, 1978); 1982.

Iezzoni AF, Pritts MP. Applications of principal component analysis to horticultural research. HortScience. 1991 Apr 1;26(4):334-38. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.26.4.334

Mubai N, Sibiya J, Mwololo J, Musvosvi C, Charlie H, Munthali W, et al. Phenotypic correlation, path coefficient and multivariate analysis for yield and yield-associated traits in groundnut accessions. Cogent Food and Agriculture. 2020 Jan 1;6(1):1823591. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1823591

Niveditha PD, Sudharani M, Rajesh AP, Nirmala PJ. Genetic diversity based on cluster and principal component analysis for yield, yield components and quality traits in peanut stem necrosis tolerant groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. Journal of Research ANGRAU. 2016;44(3 and 4):6-12.

Makinde SC, Ariyo OJ. Multivariate analysis of genetic divergence in twenty-two genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. 2010 Jul;2(7):192-204.

Gokidi Y. Evaluation of a mini core set of germplasm in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). M. Sc.(Agri.) Thesis. 2005.

Upadhyaya HD. Phenotypic diversity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) core collection assessed by morphological and agronomical evaluations. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2003 Aug;50:539-50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023980713848

Upadhyaya HD, Bramel PJ, Ortiz R, Singh S. Developing a mini core of peanut for utilization of genetic resources. Crop Science. 2002 Nov;42(6):2150-56. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.2150