Silene conoidea L.: A Review on its Systematic, Ethnobotany and Phytochemical profile
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.4.571Keywords:
taxonomy, ethnobotany, biological activities, phytochemistryAbstract
Silene conoidea L. is a weed commonly grown in subtropical and temperate zone of western Eurasia, and some part of Himalaya. S. conoidea is a small herb height from 20 to 40cm mostly grow as weed in different crops like wheat, barley, mustard, roquette and lentil pea. This is the first attempt to gather utmost information about the species distribution, taxonomy, ethno-medicines, phytochemical analysis, biological activity etc. of Silene conoidea. The present review aim was to collect fragmented information about the species in addition to explore its therapeutic importance in future research opportunities. A total of 100 research articles were reviewed using different sources like; Scopus, web of science, Science direct, google scholar and PubMed. The species are used as multipurpose in different biological activities against microbes, bacteria and as insecticidal. Silene is also important due to high contents of various chemicals compounds. Chemical extracts contain flavones, glycosides, saponins, sterols and glycosides. A research study shows that S. conoidea can be used as an indicator species of gold. Traditional therapeutic values of the species for treating respiratory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anticancer are needed to be validated through more research. Ethno-pharmacological and clinical trial research can be subjected for future studies.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Perveen A, Qaiser M. Pollen flora of Pakistan-LI-Caryophyllaceae. P J Bot. 2006;38(4):901-915.
2. Chopin MJ, Bouillant M-L, Wagner H, Galle K. Endgültige struktur von schaftosid aus Silene schafta. Phytochemistry. 1974;13(11):2583-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86940-X
3. Saatov B. Usmanov, and NK Abubakirov. Khim Prir Soedin. 1979;793-97.
4. Khoshoo T, Bhatia S. Cytology of some Rubiaceae of the north-western Himalayas. Proceedings: Plant Sciences. 1963;58(1):36-44.
5. Goering K, Rao P. New Starches. VII. The Properties of the Starch from Silene conoidea. Starch?Stärke. 1969;21(9):228-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19690210903
6. Ali MS, Saleem M, Akhtar F, Jahangir M, Parvez M, Ahmad VU. Three p-cymene derivatives from Zataria multiflora. Phytochemistry. 1999;52(4):685-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00259-9
7. Ali H, Qaiser M. Contribution to the Red List of Pakistan: a case study of the narrow endemic Silene longisepala (Caryophyllaceae). Oryx 2011;45(4):522-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531000102X
8. Liu Y-J, Wang J-H, Ma Q-L, Zhang D-K. Floristic analysis of desert spermatophyte families in Gansu Province J. Hortic. Sci. 2008;5:007.
9. Mahomoodally MF, Dilmohamed S. Antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating activity of Vangueria madagascariensis leaves and ripe fruit pericarp against human pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016; 6(4):399-403.
10. Wang J-H, Luan F, He X-D, Wang Y, Li M-X. Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. J Tradit Complement Med 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001
11. Akhtar MS, Hossain MA, Said SA. Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial compound from the stem-bark of the traditionally used medicinal plant Adenium obesum. J Tradit Complement Med 2017;7(3):296-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.08.003
12. Nasir E, editor Flora of Pakistan. Agriculture Research Conference, 1981, Islamabad (Pakistan), 24-27 Oct 1981; 1981: PARC.
13. Bazzaz B, Haririzadeh G. Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharm Biol. 2003;41(8):573-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200390501488
14. Ahmad V, Ali Z, Ali M, Zahid M. Chemical constituents of Silene conoidea. Fitoterapia 1998;69(5):406-8.
15. R RAJBHANDARI K, SUZUKI M. Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae) in Nepal (I). Bulletin of the Tohoku University Museum 2008;8:9-28.
16. Khansari A, Khorasani N, Ramezani M, Esphandabad BS. Analysis of Plant Diversity of Iranian Oak Ecosystem Using Multivariate Statistical Methods (Case Study: Javanrod City-Kermanshah City). OJE. 2016;6(09):545. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2016.69052
17. Yavari A, Shahgolzari S. Floristic study of Khan-Gormaz protected area in Hamadan province, Iran. Int J Agric Biol. 2010;12:271-75.
18. Rajaei P, Maassoumi A, Mozaffarian V, Nejad Sattari T, Pourmirzaei A. Alpine flora of Hezar mountain (SE Iran). Rostaniha 2011;12(2):111-27.
19. Amiri F, Shariff ARBM. Application of geographic information systems in land-use suitability evaluation for beekeeping: A case study of Vahregan watershed (Iran). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2012;7(1):89-97. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1037
20. Oran SAS. Flora of Bader Al-Jadida County, western high mountains of Amman city/Jordan. Int. J. Herb. Med. 2015;3(4 Part A):49-59.
21. Ghazanfar SA. Cytological Studies in the Genus Silene L. New Phytol. 1983;93(1):123-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb02697.x
22. Roshan Sa, Heydari M. Flora, life form and chorological study of Quercus brantii habitat in Emamzadeh Abdullah woodland, Iran. Biodiversitas J Bio Div. 2014;15(2):245-50. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d150219
23. Mataji A, Daliri HK, Babaie S, Jafari S, Roshan SA. Flora diversity in burned forest areas in Dehdez, Iran. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Seria A-Forestry 2013;55(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2013-0005
24. Rechinger KH, Aellen P. Flora of lowland Iraq: JSTOR; 1964.
25. Ullah Jan H, Jan A, Khan Shinwari Z. Distribution of weeds in wheat fields of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2012;18(3):393-411.
26. Rawat DS, Kharwal AD. Ethnobotanical studies of weed flora in Shivalik Hills, Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J of Adv Res. 2014;2(5):218.
27. Ullah I, Wazir SM, Farooq A, Khan SU, Hussain Z. Identification of common weeds and its distribution pattern in wheat fields of FR Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2011;17(4):407-16.
28. Reddy SC, Krishna HP, Meena S, Bhardwaj R, Sharma K. Composition of life forms and biological spectrum along climatic gradient in Rajasthan, India. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 2011;1(7):1639-42.
29. Sher Z, Hussain F, Badshah L, Wahab M. Floristic composition, communities and ecological characteristics of weeds of wheat fields of Lahor, District Swabi, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2011;43(6):2817-20.
30. Ejtehadi H, Amini T, Kianmehr H, Assadi M. Floristical and chorological studies of vegetation in Myankaleh wildlife refuge, Mazandaran province, Iran. Iranian Int J Sci. 2003;4(2):107-20.
31. Sahreen S, Khan MA, Khan MR, Khan RA. Leaf epidermal anatomy of the genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae) from Pakistan. Biodivers Conserv. 2010;3(1):93-102.
32. Hoseini E, Ghahremaninejad F, Assadi M. The indumentum of vegetative and reproductive parts of annual Silene L. species (Caryophyllaceae) in Iran. P Bio Sci. 2016;6(1):107-16.
33. Ullah F, Papini A, Shah SN, Zaman W, Sohail A, Iqbal M. Seed micromorphology and its taxonomic evidence in subfamily Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae). Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(3):250-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23167
34. Ullah F, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Shah SN, Razzaq A, Sohail A, et al. A systematic approach to the investigation of foliar epidermal anatomy of subfamily Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae). Flora. 2018;246-247:61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2018.07.006
35. Ullah F, Zaman W, Papini A, Zafar M, Shah SN, Ahmad M, et al. Using multiple microscopic techniques for the comparative systematic of Spergula fallax and Spergula arvensis (Caryophyllaceae). Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(4):352-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23176
36. Ashfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Ullah F, et al. Foliar micromorphology of Convolvulaceous species with special emphasis on trichome diversity from the arid zone of Pakistan. Flora. 2019;255:110-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.04.007
37. Attar F, Esfandani-Bozchaloyi S, Mirtadzadini M, Ullah F, Zaman W. Foliar and stem epidermal anatomy of the tribe Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(6):786-802. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23223
38. Kandemir N, Çelik A, Ullah F, Shah SN, Zaman W. Foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics of taxa of Iris subg. Scorpiris Spach (Iridaceae) from Turkey. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(6):764-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23221
39. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Malik K, Rashid N, Ullah F, et al. A light and scanning electron microscopic diagnosis of leaf epidermal morphology and its systematic implications in Dryopteridaceae: Investigating 12 Pakistani taxa. Micron. 2018;111:36-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.008
40. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Razzaq A, Malik K, Rashid N, et al. Foliar epidermal micromorphology and its taxonomic implications in some selected species of Athyriaceae. Microsc Res Techniq. 2018;81(8):902-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23055
41. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah F, Zaman W, Malik K, et al. Taxonomic importance of spore morphology in Thelypteridaceae from Northern Pakistan. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(8):1326-33.
42. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah F, Zaman W, Mazumdar J, et al. Leaf micromorphological adaptations of resurrection ferns in Northern Pakistan. Flora. 2019;255:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.03.018
43. Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Celep F, Sultana S, et al. Taxonomic significance of foliar epidermal morphology in Lamiaceae from Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2019:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23316
44. Sahreen S, Khan MA, Meo AA, Jabeen A. Pollen morphologynof the genus Silene (Sileneae-Caryophyllaceae) from Pakistan. Biodivers. Conserv. 2008;1(2):74-85.
45. Pejhanmehr M, Edalatiyan MN. The importance of palynology in the taxonomy of genus Silene, based on pollen morphology.
46. Ullah F, Nasar Shah S, Zaman W, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Ayaz A, et al. Using palynomorphological characteristics for the identification of species of Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae): a systematic approach. Grana 2019;58(3):174-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2019.1569719
47. Ullah F, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Dilbar S, Shah SN, Sohail A, et al. Pollen morphology of subfamily Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae) and its taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Techniq. 2018;81(7):704-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23026
48. Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Begum N, et al. Taxonomic study of subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) by polynomorphological approach. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(7):1021-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23249
49. Esfandani-Bozchaloyi S, Zaman W. Taxonomic significance of macro and micro-morphology of Geranium L. species Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Microsc Res Techniq. 2018;81(12):1520-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23159
50. Bari EA. Cytological Studies in the Genus Silene L. New Phytol. 1973;72(4):833-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1973.tb02059.x
51. Badr A, MA H. Cytology and taxonomic relationships of some taxa in the genus Silene L. Cytologia 1987;52(1):63-8. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.52.63
52. Rani S. Exploration and evaluation of cytomorphological diversity in Polypetalae from district Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). PhD [dissertation]. Punjab: Punjabi University; 2012.
53. Rautenberg A, Filatov D, Svennblad B, Heidari N, Oxelman B. Conflicting phylogenetic signals in the SlX1/Y1 gene in Silene. BMC evolutionary biology. 2008;8(1):299. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-299
54. Schultes RE. The role of the ethnobotanist in the search for new medicinal plants. Lloydia 1962;25:257-66.
55. Shinwari S, Ahmad M, Luo Y, Zaman W. Quantitative analyses of medicinal plants consumption among the inhabitants of shangla-kohistan areas in Northern-Pakistan. P J Bot. 2017;49(2):725-34.
56. Zeb S, Zaman W, Zeb S, Ali S, Ullah F, Shakoor A. Pharmacology, Taxonomy and Phytochemistry of the genus Artemisia specifically from Pakistan: a comprehensive review. harm. Biomed. Res. 2017;4(4):1-12. https://doi.org/10.18502/pbr.v4i4.543
57. Ullah F, Shah S, Zaman W, Ali C, Gul S, Saqib S, et al. Traditional knowledge of medicinal herbs among indigenous communities in Maidan Valley, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2018;7:01-23.
58. Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Shah MH, Shah MM, Pervez A, Ahmad M. Ethnobotanical appraisal and cultural values of medicinally important wild edible vegetables of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-66
59. Rehman K, Khan MA, Ullah Z, Chaudhary HJ. An ethno botanical perspective of traditional medicinal plants from the Khattak tribe of Chonthra Karak, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;165:251-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.035
60. Ali H, Qaiser M. The ethnobotany of Chitral valley, Pakistan with particular reference to medicinal plants. Pak J Bot. 2009;41(4):2009-41.
61. Ahmad S, Ali A, Beg H, Dasti AA. Ethnobotanical studies on some medicinal plants of booni valley, district chitral pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2006;12(3):183-90.
62. Shinwari ZK, Malik S, Karim AM, Faisal R, Qaiser M. Biological activities of commonly used medicinal plants from Ghazi Brotha, Attock district. Pak J Bot. 2015;47(1):113-20.
63. Jabeen A, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ahmad F. Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah hills national park, Islamabad, Pakistan. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2009;8(5):763-84.
64. Shinwari MI, Khan MA. Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla hills national park, Islamabad. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;69(1):45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00135-X
65. Bahadur A. Ethno-Medicinal study of Merbazghaz Jahangir abad, Mardan, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. Int J Pharma Res Development. 2012;4(1):129-31.
66. Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, Esmaeili S. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141(1):80-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.004
67. Naveed S, Hussain F, Khattak I, Badshah L. Floristic Composition and Ecological Characteristics of Olea-Acacia Forest of Shamshokii District Karak. Global Journals Inc. 2012;12(8):31-6.
68. Haq F, Ahmad H, Alam M. Traditional uses of medicinal plants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment (District Battagram), Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(1):39-48.
69. Jan G, Jan FG, Hamayun M, Khan K, Khan A. Diversity and conservation status of vascular plants of Dir Kohistan valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 2014;5(1):164-72.
70. Chandra S, Rawat D. Medicinal plants of the family Caryophyllaceae: a review of ethno-medicinal uses and pharmacological properties. J. Integr. Med. 2015;4(3):123-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2015.06.004
71. Shah SM, Hussain F. Ethnomedicinal plant wealth of Mastuj valley, Hindukush range, District Chitral, Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2012;6(26):4328-37. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.527
72. Kumar S, Chand G, Sankhyan P, Chaudhari Manojkumar V, Gupta V, Keshari BB, et al. Herbal folk remedies for curing various ailments in Lug Valley of district Kullu, Himachal Pradesh (NW Himalaya). Int. j. Ayurvedic herb. Med. 2013;3(5):1308-14.
73. David M, Ain Qu, Ahmad M, Zaman W, Jahan S. A biochemical and histological approach to study antifertility effects of methanol leaf extract of Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. in adult male rats. Andrologia 2019;51(6):e13262. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13262
74. Zaman W, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Amina H, Lubna, Ullah F, et al. The quest for some novel antifertility herbals used as male contraceptives in district Shangla, Pakistan. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2019.05.017
75. Zaman W, Shah SN, Ullah F, Ayaz A, Ahmad M, Ali A. Systematic approach to the correct identification of Asplenium dalhousiae (Aspleniaceae) with their medicinal uses. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(4):459-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23189
76. Ali Z, Ahmad VU, Ali MS, Iqbal F, Zahid M, Alam N. Two new C-glycosylflavones from Silene conoidea. Natural Product Letters 1999;13(2):121-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639908048832
77. Zibareva L, Volodin V, Saatov Z, Savchenko T, Whiting P, Lafont R, et al. Distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the Caryophyllaceae. Phytochemistry 2003;64(2):499-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00376-5
78. Mamadalieva NZ, Lafont R, Wink M. Diversity of secondary metabolites in the genus Silene L.(Caryophyllaceae)-Structures, distribution, and biological properties. Diversity 2014;6(3):415-99. https://doi.org/10.3390/d6030415
79. Mamadalieva NZ. Phytoecdysteroids from Silene plants: distribution, diversity and biological (antitumour, antibacterial and antioxidant) activities. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas 2012;11(6):474-97.
80. Mehrabi B, Alimohamdai H, Farhadian Babadi M, Ghahremani Nejad F. Biogeochemical exploration in Sari Gunay gold deposit, Northwestern Iran. Geopersia 2016;6(2):223-32.
81. Abbasi AM, Iqbal J, Khan MA, Shah MH. Health risk assessment and multivariate apportionment of trace metals in wild leafy vegetables from Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. Ecotox Environ Safe. 2013;92:237-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.011
82. Zarins I, Daugavietis M, Halimona J. Biological activity of plant extracts and their application as ecologically harmless biopesticide. Scientific works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture. 2009;28(3):11.
83. Srujana TS, Babu KR, Rao BSS. Phytochemical investigation and biological activity of leaves extract of plant Boswellia serrata. The Pharma Innovation 2012;1(5):22-46.
84. Behzad S, Pirani A, Mosaddegh M. Cytotoxic activity of some medicinal plants from Hamedan district of Iran. IJPR. 2014;13(Suppl):199-205.
85. Datta AK, Mandal A, Ghosh BK, Saha A, Sengupta S, Paul R, et al. Meiotic novelty in Rhoeo spathacea var. bicolor (Swartz) Stearn (Commelinaceae). J. plant dev. sci. 2010;2(3&4):77-82.
86. Akgöz Y. The effects of Hypericum (Hypericacea) species on microorganisms: A review. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 6(7):390-399.
87. Gatti AB, Ferreira AG, Arduin M, Perez SCGdA. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Artistolochia esperanzae O. Kuntze on development of Sesamum indicum L. seedlings. Acta Bot Bras. 2010;24(2):454-61. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062010000200016
88. Bhatia R, Gill H, Mehra S. Allelopathic potential of some weeds on wheat. IJWS. 1982;14(2):108-14.
89. Wani BA, Wani NA. Weed flora infesting saffron (Crocus sativus L.) fields of Pampore, kashmir. Report and Opinion. 2011;3(1):61-64
90. Singh S, Malik R, Balyan R, Singh S. Distribution of weed flora of wheat in Haryana. Indian J Weed Sci. 1995;27(3-4):114-21.
91. Ullah F, Ullah A, Sohail A. Medicinal and ecological diversity of weeds in wheat crop at Lower Dir, Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2016;22(4):627-37.
92. Yin L, Cai Z, Zhong W. Changes in weed composition of winter wheat crops due to long-term fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2005;107(2):181-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.003
93. Kolar J, Mehra S. Changing scenario of weed flora in agroecosystems of Punjab. Ludhiana: Punjab Agricultural University; 1992. p. 252-62.
94. Turk M, Tawaha A. Weed control in cereals in Jordan. Crop Protection 2003;22(2):239-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00182-5
95. Liu X-f, Yang D-j, Li Y-t, Liang H-p, Zhen G-x. Analysis of Some Toxic Elements in Foods Produced in Shunyi District of Beijing [J]. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene 2008;2:016.
96. Joginder S, Sandhu S, Singla M. Ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hub.) on chick pea in Punjab. J Insect Sci. 1990;3(1):47-52.
97. Oran SA. A list of flowering wild plants in Tafila Province, Jordan. International journal of Biodiversity and conservation 2014;6(1):28-40. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2011.116
98. Shah SM, Ullah A, Hadi F. Ecological characteristics of weed flora in the wheat crop of Mastuj valley, District Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2014;20(4):479-87.
99. Khan M, Hussain F, Musharaf S. Preliminary floristic range of Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati Pakistan. Int. J. Biosci. 2011;1(6):88-99.
100. Singh T, Sandhu K, Bhatia R. Weed flora of wheat fields in the Punjab. I J of Weed Science 1993;25(1&2):17-21.
101. Akhtar N, Hussain F. Weeds of wheat fields of village Qambar, District Swat, Pakistan. Pak J Pl Sci. 2007;13(1):33-7.
102. Naeem S, Shad R, Sher M, editors. Correlation of soil macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients with weed flora of wheat under medium rainfall conditions. Fourth All Pakistan Weed Science Conference, Faisalabad (Pakistan), 26-27 Mar 1994; 1995: UAF.
103. Yu J-f, Wang J-x, Chen M-x, ZHU X-c. Studies on eco-economic thresholds of mixed-growing weeds in wheat fields. Plant Protection-Beijing- 2002;28(5):13-14.
104. Musharaf, K., Abdur, R., & Shahana, M. (2011). A fraction of angiosperms of Tehsil Banda Daud Shah district Karak Pakistan. JBES. 1(6), 128-154.
105. Qiang S. Multivariate analysis, description, and ecological interpretation of weed vegetation in the summer crop fields of Anhui Province, China. Integr Plant Biol. 2005;47(10):1193-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00131.x
106. Rawat D. Uphill journey of plants in the Himalaya. Curr. Sci. 2010;99(12):1644-5.
107. Abu-Irmaileh BE, Syouf M, Al-Fakhori S. 2, 4-D tolerant new weed species of Caryophyllaceae plant family. Crop Res. (0970-4884). 2015;49.
108. Jamshidi S, Ahmadifard S, editors. Estimating seed bank of weed in wheat-wheat and wheat-fallow rotations in rainfed winter wheat farms. Proceedings of International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal (ICAAA 2011); 2011.
109. Keshavarzi K. Distribution map of weeds in wheat dry land farms by geographical information system application (case study: Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad province, Iran). Agricultural Communications. 2015;3(4):16-22.
110. Kochar IK, Kumar M, Dhawan S. Association of weeds with major Rabi crops of district Sriganganagar. I J Weed Science 2009;41:220-21.
111. Ramachandra D, Ramamohan G, Bhan A, Suresh P. Weed management in cotton: The potential of GM crops. I J Weed Science 2016;48(2):136-43. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2016.00035.6
112. Qasem J. Chemical control of wild-oat (Avena sterilis L.) and other weeds in wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Jordan. Crop protection 2007;26(8):1315-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/esj.cropro.2006.11.006
113. Xian Y, Peicong G, Baoqing L. Effects of NK interaction on yield, quality and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of South China Agricultural University 1993.
114. Lian H, Liu T, Ma G-S, Liu F, Jin Y-Z. Effects of Combined Application of Nitrogen and Potassium on Morphological Indicators and Yield of Silene conoidea L. Northern Horticulture 2013;19:053.
2. Chopin MJ, Bouillant M-L, Wagner H, Galle K. Endgültige struktur von schaftosid aus Silene schafta. Phytochemistry. 1974;13(11):2583-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86940-X
3. Saatov B. Usmanov, and NK Abubakirov. Khim Prir Soedin. 1979;793-97.
4. Khoshoo T, Bhatia S. Cytology of some Rubiaceae of the north-western Himalayas. Proceedings: Plant Sciences. 1963;58(1):36-44.
5. Goering K, Rao P. New Starches. VII. The Properties of the Starch from Silene conoidea. Starch?Stärke. 1969;21(9):228-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19690210903
6. Ali MS, Saleem M, Akhtar F, Jahangir M, Parvez M, Ahmad VU. Three p-cymene derivatives from Zataria multiflora. Phytochemistry. 1999;52(4):685-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00259-9
7. Ali H, Qaiser M. Contribution to the Red List of Pakistan: a case study of the narrow endemic Silene longisepala (Caryophyllaceae). Oryx 2011;45(4):522-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531000102X
8. Liu Y-J, Wang J-H, Ma Q-L, Zhang D-K. Floristic analysis of desert spermatophyte families in Gansu Province J. Hortic. Sci. 2008;5:007.
9. Mahomoodally MF, Dilmohamed S. Antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating activity of Vangueria madagascariensis leaves and ripe fruit pericarp against human pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016; 6(4):399-403.
10. Wang J-H, Luan F, He X-D, Wang Y, Li M-X. Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. J Tradit Complement Med 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001
11. Akhtar MS, Hossain MA, Said SA. Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial compound from the stem-bark of the traditionally used medicinal plant Adenium obesum. J Tradit Complement Med 2017;7(3):296-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.08.003
12. Nasir E, editor Flora of Pakistan. Agriculture Research Conference, 1981, Islamabad (Pakistan), 24-27 Oct 1981; 1981: PARC.
13. Bazzaz B, Haririzadeh G. Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharm Biol. 2003;41(8):573-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200390501488
14. Ahmad V, Ali Z, Ali M, Zahid M. Chemical constituents of Silene conoidea. Fitoterapia 1998;69(5):406-8.
15. R RAJBHANDARI K, SUZUKI M. Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae) in Nepal (I). Bulletin of the Tohoku University Museum 2008;8:9-28.
16. Khansari A, Khorasani N, Ramezani M, Esphandabad BS. Analysis of Plant Diversity of Iranian Oak Ecosystem Using Multivariate Statistical Methods (Case Study: Javanrod City-Kermanshah City). OJE. 2016;6(09):545. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2016.69052
17. Yavari A, Shahgolzari S. Floristic study of Khan-Gormaz protected area in Hamadan province, Iran. Int J Agric Biol. 2010;12:271-75.
18. Rajaei P, Maassoumi A, Mozaffarian V, Nejad Sattari T, Pourmirzaei A. Alpine flora of Hezar mountain (SE Iran). Rostaniha 2011;12(2):111-27.
19. Amiri F, Shariff ARBM. Application of geographic information systems in land-use suitability evaluation for beekeeping: A case study of Vahregan watershed (Iran). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2012;7(1):89-97. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1037
20. Oran SAS. Flora of Bader Al-Jadida County, western high mountains of Amman city/Jordan. Int. J. Herb. Med. 2015;3(4 Part A):49-59.
21. Ghazanfar SA. Cytological Studies in the Genus Silene L. New Phytol. 1983;93(1):123-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb02697.x
22. Roshan Sa, Heydari M. Flora, life form and chorological study of Quercus brantii habitat in Emamzadeh Abdullah woodland, Iran. Biodiversitas J Bio Div. 2014;15(2):245-50. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d150219
23. Mataji A, Daliri HK, Babaie S, Jafari S, Roshan SA. Flora diversity in burned forest areas in Dehdez, Iran. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Seria A-Forestry 2013;55(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2013-0005
24. Rechinger KH, Aellen P. Flora of lowland Iraq: JSTOR; 1964.
25. Ullah Jan H, Jan A, Khan Shinwari Z. Distribution of weeds in wheat fields of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2012;18(3):393-411.
26. Rawat DS, Kharwal AD. Ethnobotanical studies of weed flora in Shivalik Hills, Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J of Adv Res. 2014;2(5):218.
27. Ullah I, Wazir SM, Farooq A, Khan SU, Hussain Z. Identification of common weeds and its distribution pattern in wheat fields of FR Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2011;17(4):407-16.
28. Reddy SC, Krishna HP, Meena S, Bhardwaj R, Sharma K. Composition of life forms and biological spectrum along climatic gradient in Rajasthan, India. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 2011;1(7):1639-42.
29. Sher Z, Hussain F, Badshah L, Wahab M. Floristic composition, communities and ecological characteristics of weeds of wheat fields of Lahor, District Swabi, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2011;43(6):2817-20.
30. Ejtehadi H, Amini T, Kianmehr H, Assadi M. Floristical and chorological studies of vegetation in Myankaleh wildlife refuge, Mazandaran province, Iran. Iranian Int J Sci. 2003;4(2):107-20.
31. Sahreen S, Khan MA, Khan MR, Khan RA. Leaf epidermal anatomy of the genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae) from Pakistan. Biodivers Conserv. 2010;3(1):93-102.
32. Hoseini E, Ghahremaninejad F, Assadi M. The indumentum of vegetative and reproductive parts of annual Silene L. species (Caryophyllaceae) in Iran. P Bio Sci. 2016;6(1):107-16.
33. Ullah F, Papini A, Shah SN, Zaman W, Sohail A, Iqbal M. Seed micromorphology and its taxonomic evidence in subfamily Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae). Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(3):250-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23167
34. Ullah F, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Shah SN, Razzaq A, Sohail A, et al. A systematic approach to the investigation of foliar epidermal anatomy of subfamily Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae). Flora. 2018;246-247:61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2018.07.006
35. Ullah F, Zaman W, Papini A, Zafar M, Shah SN, Ahmad M, et al. Using multiple microscopic techniques for the comparative systematic of Spergula fallax and Spergula arvensis (Caryophyllaceae). Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(4):352-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23176
36. Ashfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Ullah F, et al. Foliar micromorphology of Convolvulaceous species with special emphasis on trichome diversity from the arid zone of Pakistan. Flora. 2019;255:110-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.04.007
37. Attar F, Esfandani-Bozchaloyi S, Mirtadzadini M, Ullah F, Zaman W. Foliar and stem epidermal anatomy of the tribe Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(6):786-802. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23223
38. Kandemir N, Çelik A, Ullah F, Shah SN, Zaman W. Foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics of taxa of Iris subg. Scorpiris Spach (Iridaceae) from Turkey. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(6):764-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23221
39. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Malik K, Rashid N, Ullah F, et al. A light and scanning electron microscopic diagnosis of leaf epidermal morphology and its systematic implications in Dryopteridaceae: Investigating 12 Pakistani taxa. Micron. 2018;111:36-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.008
40. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Razzaq A, Malik K, Rashid N, et al. Foliar epidermal micromorphology and its taxonomic implications in some selected species of Athyriaceae. Microsc Res Techniq. 2018;81(8):902-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23055
41. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah F, Zaman W, Malik K, et al. Taxonomic importance of spore morphology in Thelypteridaceae from Northern Pakistan. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(8):1326-33.
42. Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah F, Zaman W, Mazumdar J, et al. Leaf micromorphological adaptations of resurrection ferns in Northern Pakistan. Flora. 2019;255:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.03.018
43. Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Celep F, Sultana S, et al. Taxonomic significance of foliar epidermal morphology in Lamiaceae from Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2019:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23316
44. Sahreen S, Khan MA, Meo AA, Jabeen A. Pollen morphologynof the genus Silene (Sileneae-Caryophyllaceae) from Pakistan. Biodivers. Conserv. 2008;1(2):74-85.
45. Pejhanmehr M, Edalatiyan MN. The importance of palynology in the taxonomy of genus Silene, based on pollen morphology.
46. Ullah F, Nasar Shah S, Zaman W, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Ayaz A, et al. Using palynomorphological characteristics for the identification of species of Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae): a systematic approach. Grana 2019;58(3):174-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2019.1569719
47. Ullah F, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Dilbar S, Shah SN, Sohail A, et al. Pollen morphology of subfamily Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae) and its taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Techniq. 2018;81(7):704-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23026
48. Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Begum N, et al. Taxonomic study of subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) by polynomorphological approach. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(7):1021-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23249
49. Esfandani-Bozchaloyi S, Zaman W. Taxonomic significance of macro and micro-morphology of Geranium L. species Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Microsc Res Techniq. 2018;81(12):1520-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23159
50. Bari EA. Cytological Studies in the Genus Silene L. New Phytol. 1973;72(4):833-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1973.tb02059.x
51. Badr A, MA H. Cytology and taxonomic relationships of some taxa in the genus Silene L. Cytologia 1987;52(1):63-8. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.52.63
52. Rani S. Exploration and evaluation of cytomorphological diversity in Polypetalae from district Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). PhD [dissertation]. Punjab: Punjabi University; 2012.
53. Rautenberg A, Filatov D, Svennblad B, Heidari N, Oxelman B. Conflicting phylogenetic signals in the SlX1/Y1 gene in Silene. BMC evolutionary biology. 2008;8(1):299. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-299
54. Schultes RE. The role of the ethnobotanist in the search for new medicinal plants. Lloydia 1962;25:257-66.
55. Shinwari S, Ahmad M, Luo Y, Zaman W. Quantitative analyses of medicinal plants consumption among the inhabitants of shangla-kohistan areas in Northern-Pakistan. P J Bot. 2017;49(2):725-34.
56. Zeb S, Zaman W, Zeb S, Ali S, Ullah F, Shakoor A. Pharmacology, Taxonomy and Phytochemistry of the genus Artemisia specifically from Pakistan: a comprehensive review. harm. Biomed. Res. 2017;4(4):1-12. https://doi.org/10.18502/pbr.v4i4.543
57. Ullah F, Shah S, Zaman W, Ali C, Gul S, Saqib S, et al. Traditional knowledge of medicinal herbs among indigenous communities in Maidan Valley, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2018;7:01-23.
58. Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Shah MH, Shah MM, Pervez A, Ahmad M. Ethnobotanical appraisal and cultural values of medicinally important wild edible vegetables of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-66
59. Rehman K, Khan MA, Ullah Z, Chaudhary HJ. An ethno botanical perspective of traditional medicinal plants from the Khattak tribe of Chonthra Karak, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;165:251-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.035
60. Ali H, Qaiser M. The ethnobotany of Chitral valley, Pakistan with particular reference to medicinal plants. Pak J Bot. 2009;41(4):2009-41.
61. Ahmad S, Ali A, Beg H, Dasti AA. Ethnobotanical studies on some medicinal plants of booni valley, district chitral pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2006;12(3):183-90.
62. Shinwari ZK, Malik S, Karim AM, Faisal R, Qaiser M. Biological activities of commonly used medicinal plants from Ghazi Brotha, Attock district. Pak J Bot. 2015;47(1):113-20.
63. Jabeen A, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ahmad F. Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah hills national park, Islamabad, Pakistan. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2009;8(5):763-84.
64. Shinwari MI, Khan MA. Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla hills national park, Islamabad. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;69(1):45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00135-X
65. Bahadur A. Ethno-Medicinal study of Merbazghaz Jahangir abad, Mardan, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. Int J Pharma Res Development. 2012;4(1):129-31.
66. Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, Esmaeili S. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141(1):80-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.004
67. Naveed S, Hussain F, Khattak I, Badshah L. Floristic Composition and Ecological Characteristics of Olea-Acacia Forest of Shamshokii District Karak. Global Journals Inc. 2012;12(8):31-6.
68. Haq F, Ahmad H, Alam M. Traditional uses of medicinal plants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment (District Battagram), Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(1):39-48.
69. Jan G, Jan FG, Hamayun M, Khan K, Khan A. Diversity and conservation status of vascular plants of Dir Kohistan valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 2014;5(1):164-72.
70. Chandra S, Rawat D. Medicinal plants of the family Caryophyllaceae: a review of ethno-medicinal uses and pharmacological properties. J. Integr. Med. 2015;4(3):123-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2015.06.004
71. Shah SM, Hussain F. Ethnomedicinal plant wealth of Mastuj valley, Hindukush range, District Chitral, Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2012;6(26):4328-37. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.527
72. Kumar S, Chand G, Sankhyan P, Chaudhari Manojkumar V, Gupta V, Keshari BB, et al. Herbal folk remedies for curing various ailments in Lug Valley of district Kullu, Himachal Pradesh (NW Himalaya). Int. j. Ayurvedic herb. Med. 2013;3(5):1308-14.
73. David M, Ain Qu, Ahmad M, Zaman W, Jahan S. A biochemical and histological approach to study antifertility effects of methanol leaf extract of Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. in adult male rats. Andrologia 2019;51(6):e13262. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13262
74. Zaman W, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Amina H, Lubna, Ullah F, et al. The quest for some novel antifertility herbals used as male contraceptives in district Shangla, Pakistan. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2019.05.017
75. Zaman W, Shah SN, Ullah F, Ayaz A, Ahmad M, Ali A. Systematic approach to the correct identification of Asplenium dalhousiae (Aspleniaceae) with their medicinal uses. Microsc Res Techniq. 2019;82(4):459-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23189
76. Ali Z, Ahmad VU, Ali MS, Iqbal F, Zahid M, Alam N. Two new C-glycosylflavones from Silene conoidea. Natural Product Letters 1999;13(2):121-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639908048832
77. Zibareva L, Volodin V, Saatov Z, Savchenko T, Whiting P, Lafont R, et al. Distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the Caryophyllaceae. Phytochemistry 2003;64(2):499-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00376-5
78. Mamadalieva NZ, Lafont R, Wink M. Diversity of secondary metabolites in the genus Silene L.(Caryophyllaceae)-Structures, distribution, and biological properties. Diversity 2014;6(3):415-99. https://doi.org/10.3390/d6030415
79. Mamadalieva NZ. Phytoecdysteroids from Silene plants: distribution, diversity and biological (antitumour, antibacterial and antioxidant) activities. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas 2012;11(6):474-97.
80. Mehrabi B, Alimohamdai H, Farhadian Babadi M, Ghahremani Nejad F. Biogeochemical exploration in Sari Gunay gold deposit, Northwestern Iran. Geopersia 2016;6(2):223-32.
81. Abbasi AM, Iqbal J, Khan MA, Shah MH. Health risk assessment and multivariate apportionment of trace metals in wild leafy vegetables from Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. Ecotox Environ Safe. 2013;92:237-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.011
82. Zarins I, Daugavietis M, Halimona J. Biological activity of plant extracts and their application as ecologically harmless biopesticide. Scientific works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture. 2009;28(3):11.
83. Srujana TS, Babu KR, Rao BSS. Phytochemical investigation and biological activity of leaves extract of plant Boswellia serrata. The Pharma Innovation 2012;1(5):22-46.
84. Behzad S, Pirani A, Mosaddegh M. Cytotoxic activity of some medicinal plants from Hamedan district of Iran. IJPR. 2014;13(Suppl):199-205.
85. Datta AK, Mandal A, Ghosh BK, Saha A, Sengupta S, Paul R, et al. Meiotic novelty in Rhoeo spathacea var. bicolor (Swartz) Stearn (Commelinaceae). J. plant dev. sci. 2010;2(3&4):77-82.
86. Akgöz Y. The effects of Hypericum (Hypericacea) species on microorganisms: A review. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 6(7):390-399.
87. Gatti AB, Ferreira AG, Arduin M, Perez SCGdA. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Artistolochia esperanzae O. Kuntze on development of Sesamum indicum L. seedlings. Acta Bot Bras. 2010;24(2):454-61. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062010000200016
88. Bhatia R, Gill H, Mehra S. Allelopathic potential of some weeds on wheat. IJWS. 1982;14(2):108-14.
89. Wani BA, Wani NA. Weed flora infesting saffron (Crocus sativus L.) fields of Pampore, kashmir. Report and Opinion. 2011;3(1):61-64
90. Singh S, Malik R, Balyan R, Singh S. Distribution of weed flora of wheat in Haryana. Indian J Weed Sci. 1995;27(3-4):114-21.
91. Ullah F, Ullah A, Sohail A. Medicinal and ecological diversity of weeds in wheat crop at Lower Dir, Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2016;22(4):627-37.
92. Yin L, Cai Z, Zhong W. Changes in weed composition of winter wheat crops due to long-term fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2005;107(2):181-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.003
93. Kolar J, Mehra S. Changing scenario of weed flora in agroecosystems of Punjab. Ludhiana: Punjab Agricultural University; 1992. p. 252-62.
94. Turk M, Tawaha A. Weed control in cereals in Jordan. Crop Protection 2003;22(2):239-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00182-5
95. Liu X-f, Yang D-j, Li Y-t, Liang H-p, Zhen G-x. Analysis of Some Toxic Elements in Foods Produced in Shunyi District of Beijing [J]. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene 2008;2:016.
96. Joginder S, Sandhu S, Singla M. Ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hub.) on chick pea in Punjab. J Insect Sci. 1990;3(1):47-52.
97. Oran SA. A list of flowering wild plants in Tafila Province, Jordan. International journal of Biodiversity and conservation 2014;6(1):28-40. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2011.116
98. Shah SM, Ullah A, Hadi F. Ecological characteristics of weed flora in the wheat crop of Mastuj valley, District Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2014;20(4):479-87.
99. Khan M, Hussain F, Musharaf S. Preliminary floristic range of Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati Pakistan. Int. J. Biosci. 2011;1(6):88-99.
100. Singh T, Sandhu K, Bhatia R. Weed flora of wheat fields in the Punjab. I J of Weed Science 1993;25(1&2):17-21.
101. Akhtar N, Hussain F. Weeds of wheat fields of village Qambar, District Swat, Pakistan. Pak J Pl Sci. 2007;13(1):33-7.
102. Naeem S, Shad R, Sher M, editors. Correlation of soil macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients with weed flora of wheat under medium rainfall conditions. Fourth All Pakistan Weed Science Conference, Faisalabad (Pakistan), 26-27 Mar 1994; 1995: UAF.
103. Yu J-f, Wang J-x, Chen M-x, ZHU X-c. Studies on eco-economic thresholds of mixed-growing weeds in wheat fields. Plant Protection-Beijing- 2002;28(5):13-14.
104. Musharaf, K., Abdur, R., & Shahana, M. (2011). A fraction of angiosperms of Tehsil Banda Daud Shah district Karak Pakistan. JBES. 1(6), 128-154.
105. Qiang S. Multivariate analysis, description, and ecological interpretation of weed vegetation in the summer crop fields of Anhui Province, China. Integr Plant Biol. 2005;47(10):1193-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00131.x
106. Rawat D. Uphill journey of plants in the Himalaya. Curr. Sci. 2010;99(12):1644-5.
107. Abu-Irmaileh BE, Syouf M, Al-Fakhori S. 2, 4-D tolerant new weed species of Caryophyllaceae plant family. Crop Res. (0970-4884). 2015;49.
108. Jamshidi S, Ahmadifard S, editors. Estimating seed bank of weed in wheat-wheat and wheat-fallow rotations in rainfed winter wheat farms. Proceedings of International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal (ICAAA 2011); 2011.
109. Keshavarzi K. Distribution map of weeds in wheat dry land farms by geographical information system application (case study: Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad province, Iran). Agricultural Communications. 2015;3(4):16-22.
110. Kochar IK, Kumar M, Dhawan S. Association of weeds with major Rabi crops of district Sriganganagar. I J Weed Science 2009;41:220-21.
111. Ramachandra D, Ramamohan G, Bhan A, Suresh P. Weed management in cotton: The potential of GM crops. I J Weed Science 2016;48(2):136-43. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2016.00035.6
112. Qasem J. Chemical control of wild-oat (Avena sterilis L.) and other weeds in wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Jordan. Crop protection 2007;26(8):1315-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/esj.cropro.2006.11.006
113. Xian Y, Peicong G, Baoqing L. Effects of NK interaction on yield, quality and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of South China Agricultural University 1993.
114. Lian H, Liu T, Ma G-S, Liu F, Jin Y-Z. Effects of Combined Application of Nitrogen and Potassium on Morphological Indicators and Yield of Silene conoidea L. Northern Horticulture 2013;19:053.
Downloads
Published
01-10-2019
How to Cite
1.
Ullah F, Ayaz A, Saqib S, Zaman W, Butt MA, Ullah A. Silene conoidea L.: A Review on its Systematic, Ethnobotany and Phytochemical profile. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2019 Oct. 1 [cited 2024 Dec. 22];6(4):373-82. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/571
Issue
Section
Mini Reviews
License
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
