Relative toxicity of subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1 and HD-73 against the larvae of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.6035Keywords:
Bacillus thuringiensis, biopesticides, cry toxins, Maruca vitrata, toxicityAbstract
The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a major insect pest of many edible legumes in various regions of America, Asia and Africa. The larvae cause serious damage to the reproductive parts of cowpea, pigeon pea and beans in India. Promotion and use of biopesticide containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is viewed as a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides. In this study, field populations of M. vitrata were collected from intensive legume-growing regions of India during years 2023 and 2024. A commercial formulation, Bt sub.sp. kurstaki HD-1 (Delfin®), along with reference strains of Bt sub.sp. kurstaki HD-1 and HD-73 were tested on the larvae of different M. vitrata populations collected across India to evaluate their relative effectiveness. The LC50 values ??estimated for Bt kurstaki HD-1 and Bt kurstaki HD-73 strains and a commercial formulation of Bt kurstaki HD-1 (Delfin®) against different field-collected populations of M. vitrata ranged from 1.097 to 1.829 ppm, 6.228 to 7.236 ppm and 2.894 to 4.930 ppm, respectively. The Bt kurstaki HD-1 strain harbouring multiple crystal proteins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2A, Cry2B) were relatively more toxic to the larvae of M. vitrata than Bt kurstaki HD-73 which harbours a single Cry toxin i.e., Cry1Ac.
Downloads
References
Zahid MA, Islam MM, Begum MR. Determination of economic injury levels of Maruca vitrata in mungbean. J Agric Rural Dev. 2008; 6(1):91-97. http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/jard
Srinivasan R, Tamò M, Malini P. Emergence of Maruca vitrata as a major pest of food legumes and evolution of management practices in Asia and Africa. Annu Rev Entomol. 2021; 66(1):141-61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-021220-084539
Mahalle RM, Taggar GK. Yield loss assessment and establishment of economic threshold level of Maruca vitrata in pigeonpea. J Food Legumes. 2018; 31(1):36-44. https://doi.org/10.59797/journaloffoodlegumes.v31i1.447
Khan S, Uddin MN, Rizwan M, Khan W, Farooq M, Shah AS, et al. Mechanism of insecticide resistance in insects/pests. Pol J Environ Stud. 2020; 29(3). https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/108513
Zhu F, Lavine L, O’Neal S, Lavine M, Foss C, Walsh D. Insecticide resistance and management strategies in urban ecosystems. Insects. 2016; 7(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7010002
Hernández-Fernández J. Bacillus thuringiensis: a natural tool in insect pest control. In The handbook of microbial bioresources. Wallingford UK: Cabi; 2016. p. 121-39.
Bravo A, Likitvivatanavong S, Gill SS, Soberón M. Bacillus thuringiensis: a story of a successful bioinsecticide. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2011; 41(7):423-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.02.006
Schnepf E, Crickmore N, Van Rie J, Lereclus D, Baum J, Feitelson J, Zeigler DR, Dean D. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998; 62(3):775-806. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.3.775-806.1998
Bravo A, Gill SS, Soberón M. Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control. Toxicon. 2007; 49(4): 425-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.022
Ahmed RN, Uddin MM, Haque MA, Ahmed KS. Evaluation of microbial pathogens for management of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata F. in Yard Long Bean Ecosystem. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol. 2020; 8(2):199-204. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v8i2.29589
Dulmage HT, Correa JA, Martinez AJ. Coprecipitation with lactose as a means of recovering the spore-crystal complex of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol. 1970; 15(1):15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(70)90093-5
Mohan M, Gujar GT. Local variation in susceptibility of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to insecticides and role of detoxification enzymes. Crop protection. 2003; 22(3): 495-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00201-6
Finney DJ. Probit analysis: a statistical treatment of the sigmoid response curve. Cambridge University Press;1952.
LeOra SO. Poloplus, a user’s guide to probit or logit analysis. LeOra Software, Berkeley, CA; 2003.
Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol.1925; 18(2):265-67.
Motulsky HJ. Prism 5 statistics guide. GraphPad Software. 2007;3 1(1):39-42.
Srinivasan R. Susceptibility of legume pod borer (LPB), Maruca vitrata to ?-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in Taiwan. J Invertebr Pathol. 2008;97(1):79-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2007.06.005.
Mohan M, Gujar GT. Susceptibility pattern and development of resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L, to Bacillus thuringiensis Berl var kurstaki in India. Pest Manag Sci.2000;56(2):189-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1526-4998(200002)56:2<189::AID-PS95>3.0.CO;2-T
Meng F, Wu K, Gao X, Peng Y, Guo Y. Geographic variation in susceptibility of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in China. J Econ Entomol.2003; 96(6):1838-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/96.6.1838
Chakroun M, Banyuls N, Bel Y, Escriche B, Ferré J. Bacterial vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip) from entomopathogenic bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev.2016;80(2):329-50. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00060-15
Yule S, Srinivasan R. Evaluation of bio-pesticides against legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in laboratory and field conditions in Thailand. J Asia Pac Entomol. 2013; 16(4):357-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013.05.001
Zhou Y, Huang C, Chen Y, Han L, Xie J, Chen X. Sensitivities of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) populations in different regions of China to four Bt Proteins. Agronomy.2023; 13(9): 2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092415
Tabashnik BE. Resistance risk assessment: realized heritability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol. 1992 ; 85(5):1551-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1551
Kumar P, Kamle M, Borah R, Mahato DK, Sharma B. Bacillus thuringiensis as microbial biopesticide: uses and application for sustainable agriculture. Egypt J Biol Pest Control. 2021; 31(1):95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00440-3

Downloads
Published
Versions
- 07-02-2025 (2)
- 04-02-2025 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 N Vijayakumari, M Shanthi, Nitta Anusha, M Murugan, S Paripoorani, S Varanavasiappan, M Jayakanthan, R Gandhi Gracy, M Mohan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).