Targeting rice root-knot nematode: A study of benzothiadiazole, fluopyram and fluensulfone
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.6767Keywords:
Fluopyram, in vitro and in silico analysis, Meloidogyne spp., nematicidal action, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN)Abstract
Understanding the management of the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is an essential component of rice. The study aimed to investigate the extent to which the nematicidal actions of 2,1,3- benzothiadiazole, fluopyram, fluensulfone and carbofuran against the rice root-knot nematode, M. graminicola could be determined using in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Among the tested compounds, fluopyram demonstrated the highest juvenile mortality rate (91.26%) and binding affinity (-8.3 kcal/mol) to the seven selected target proteins of M. graminicola, driven by significant hydrophobic, alkyl and H-bonding interactions. Comparative binding affinities were recorded for fluensulfone (-6.9 kcal/mol), carbofuran (-6.4 kcal/mol), 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (-5.0 kcal/mol) and untreated control. These findings have significant implications for agricultural practices, particularly in developing integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The high efficacy of fluopyram, as evidenced by its biochemical ligand-target protein interactions, suggests its potential as a key component in IPM programs. By integrating nematicidal treatments with other control measures such as crop rotation, resistant rice varieties and biological control agents, sustainable management of M. graminicola can be achieved by reducing dependency on chemical pesticides. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of using molecular insights to design targeted pest management solutions, paving the way for environmentally responsible and economically viable approaches to nematode control in rice cultivation.
Downloads
References
Hada A, Singh D, Satyanarayana KKVV, Chatterjee M, Phani V, Rao U. Effect of fluensulfone on different functional genes of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. J Nematol. 2021;53:e2021. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-073
Ji X, Zhang W, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang S, Qiao K. Evaluation of fluopyram for southern root-knot nematode management in tomato production in China. Crop Prot. 2019;122:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.04.028
Desaeger J, Wram C, Zasada I. New reduced-risk agricultural nematicides-rationale and review. J Nematol. 2020;52(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-091
Grabau ZJ, Sandoval-Ruiz R, Liu C. Fumigation using 1, 3-dichloropropene manages Meloidogyne enterolobii in sweetpotato more effectively than fluorinated nematicides. Plant Dis. 2024;108(7):2162–69. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-23-2726-re
Schleker AS, Rist M, Matera C, Damijonaitis A, Collienne U, Matsuoka K, et al. Mode of action of fluopyram in plant-parasitic nematodes. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):11954. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15782-7
Wram CL, Zasada IA. Short-term effects of sublethal doses of nematicides on Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopath. 2019;109(9):1605–13. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-18-0420-r
Wang GL, Chen X, Chang YN, Du D, Li Z, Xu XY. Synthesis of 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one derivatives containing spirocyclic indoline-2-one moieties and their nematicidal evaluation. Chin Chem Lett. 2015;26:1502–06. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2015.10.024
Whitehead AG, Hemming JR. A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Ann Appl Biol. 1965;55:25–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07864.x
Schneider P, Orelli O. Entomologisches praktikum [Entomological internship]. Verlag HR Sauerlander Co, Aarau, Switzerland. 1947;237.
Kundu A, Dutta A, Mandal A, Negi L, Malik M, Puramchatwad R, et al. A comprehensive in vitro and in silico analysis of nematicidal action of essential oils. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:614143. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.614143
Choi I, Kim J, Shin S, Park I. Nematicidal activity of monoterpenoids against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Russ J Nematol. 2007;15:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854107780739018
Cheng XA, Li X, Wang G, Zhang L, Zhao B. Semi-synthesis and characterization of some new matrine derivatives as insecticidal agents. Pest Manag Sci. 2020;76(8):2711–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5817
Chinnasri B, Sipes B. Effect of a systemic acquired resistance inducer on nematodes infecting pineapple. Acta Hortic. 2005;666:213–22. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.666.22
Haque Z, Khan MR. Organic management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola. In: Organic management. Sustainable management of nematodes in agriculture, vol 1. Springer, Cham; 2022. 247–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09943-4_10
Berliner J, Pokhare SS, Mishra C, Jena M, Singh ON. Screening of rice germplasm lines against rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. Oryza Int J Rice. 2014;51(2):177–78. https://doi.org/10.35709/ory.2022.59.3.15
Chen JS, Lin BR, Huang QL, Hu LL, Zhuo K, Liao JL. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgGPP, is secreted into host cells and undergoes glycosylation in concert with proteolysis to suppress plant defenses and promote parasitism. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(4):e1006301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006301
Naalden D, Haegeman A, de Almeida-Engler J, Eshetu BF, Bauters L, Gheysen G. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector Mg16820 is secreted in the apoplast and cytoplasm to suppress plant host defense responses. Mol Plant Pathol. 2018;19(11):2416–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12719
Tian Z, Wang Z, Munawar M, Zheng J. Identification and characterization of a novel protein disulfide isomerase gene (MgPDI2) from Meloidogyne graminicola. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249586
Chen J, Li Z, Lin B, Liao J, Zhuo K. A Meloidogyne graminicola pectate lyase is involved in virulence and activation of host defense responses. Front Plant Sci. 2021;12:651627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.651627
Filho RM, Martins LSS. In silico comparative analysis of tylenchid nematode pectate lyases. Genet Mol Res. 2016;15(3):gmr15038402. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15038402
Da Rocha M, Bournaud C, Dazenière J, Thorpe P, Bailly-Bechet M, Pellegrin C, et al. Genome expression dynamics reveal the parasitism regulatory landscape of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and a promoter motif associated with effector genes. Genes. 2021;12(5):771. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12050771.
Liang P, Shen S, Xu Q, Wang S, Jin S, Lu H, et al. Design, synthesis biological activity and docking of novel fluopyram derivatives containing guanidine group. Bioorg Med Chem. 2021;29:115846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115846
Dunbrack RL. Sequence comparison and protein structure prediction. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2006;16(3):374–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2006.05.006
Dallakyan S, Olson AJ. Small-molecule library screening by docking with PyRx. In: Hempel J, Williams C, Hong C, editors. Chemical biology. Methods mol biol. New York; 2015. 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7_19
Hopkins AL, Keserü GM, Leeson PD, Rees DC, Reynolds CH. The role of ligand efficiency metrics in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13(2):105–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4163
Jeschke P. Propesticides and their use as agrochemicals. Pest Manag Sci. 2016;72(2):210–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4170
Kandel SL, Smiley RW, Garland-Campbell K, Elling AA, Huggins D, Paulitz TC. Spatial distribution of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in a long-term no-till cropping system and their relationship with soil and landscape properties. Eur J Plant Pathol. 2018;150:1011–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1341-3
Hungenberg H, Fuersch H, Rieck H, Hellwege E. U.S. Patent application No. 15/167,114. 2016.
Amiri A, Mulvaney KA, Pandit LK, Angelis DR. First report of resistance to fluxapyroxad and fluopyram in Botrytis cinerea from commercial apple orchards in Washington state. Plant Dis. 2017;101(3):508. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-16-1384-pdn
Beeman AQ, Njus ZL, Pandey S, Tylka GL. The effects of ILeVO and VOTiVO on root penetration and behavior of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Plant Dis. 2019;103(3):392–97. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-18-0222-re
Faske TR, Brown K. Movement of seed-and soil-applied fluopyram in soil columns. J Nematol. 2019;51(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-045
Zhang Y, Xu J, Dong F, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. Response of microbial community to a new fungicide fluopyram in the silty-loam agricultural soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2014;108:273–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.018
Liu Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang S, Ji X, Qiao K. Oxidative stress, intestinal damage and cell apoptosis: Toxicity induced by fluopyram in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chemosphere. 2022;286:131830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131830
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 07-03-2025 (2)
- 28-02-2025 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 P Vetrivelakalai, A Arun, P G Kavitha, Senthilkumar T, P Senthilkumar, S Mathiyazhagan, L Rajendran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
