Phytochemical screening of two Ilam native plants Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. and Ziziphus spina-christi (Mill.) Georgi using HS-SPME and GC-MS spectroscopy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.714Keywords:
GC-MS, HS-SPME, chemical compounds, Ziziphus spina-christi, Ziziphus nummulariaAbstract
Essential oils are aromatic compounds widely used in the perfumery, pharmaceutical and food industries. There are several methods to extract essential oils and extracts. These methods include distillation, pressure or scraping, pressing and razor technique, headspace solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME), solvent extraction, extraction by bioactive hydrolyzing enzymes, and CO2 extraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the amounts of active ingredients of essential oils of medicinal plants Ziziphus nummularia and Ziziphus spina-christi by HS-SPME so that it can more easily move towards production of effective herbal remedies by identifying the main and active ingredients of the plants. The main chemical compound of Z. spina-christi essential oil was found to be trans-caryophyllene (17.31%), followed by alpha-pinene (15.50%), beta-caryophyllene (10.86%), and beta-pinene (7.32%). The main compound of Z. nummularia essential oil was tetradecane (16.76%), followed by hexadecane (9.35%), dl-limonene (5.75%), cyclohexan-1-ol, 3 meth (5.54%), trans-caryophyllene (5.47%), and beta-myrcene (5.28%). Chemical compounds of Ziziphus spina-christi included carbobicyclic or bicycleheptane, sesquiterpenes derived from germacrene, bicyclic monoterpenes, and monoterpenes, while the main compounds of Z. nummularia included monoterpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkane hydrocarbons, primary terpene compounds, and decarbonated alcohol. Identification of chemical and biological constituents of essential oils of medicinal plants is a valuable way to identify medicinal compounds that can be used to treat diseases by combining the traditional effects and the main compounds in the experimental pharmacy studies.
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References
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19. El-Kamali HH, Mahjoub SAT. Antibacterial activity of Francoeuria crispa, Pulicaria undulata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Cucurbita pepo against seven standard pathogenic bacteria. Ethnobot Leaflets. 2009;(6):6. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2009/iss6/6
20. Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Khan N, Shah MH. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important wild edible fruits species used by tribal communities of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 48:528–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.050
21. Bachaya HA, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Jabbar A. Anthelmintic activity of Ziziphus nummularia (bark) and Acacia nilotica (fruit) against Trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 123:325–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.043
22. Desai AG, Qazi GN, Ganju RK, El-Tamer M, Singh J, Saxena AK, et al. Medicinal plants and cancer chemoprevention. Curr Drug Metab. 2008;9:581–91. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920008785821657
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24. Goyal M, Ghosh M, Nagori BP, Sasmal D. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies of cyclopeptide alkaloid fraction of leaves of Ziziyphus nummularia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013; 20(4):365–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.032
25. Bodroth RP, Das M. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of ethanol and chloroform extract of Ziziphus nummularis Wt. & Arm. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012;11(21):4929–33
26. Yusufoglu HS. Topical anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of herbal gel of Ziziphus nummularia L. (F. Rhamnaceae) leaf extract. International Journal of Pharmacology. 2011; 7(8):862–67. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.862.867
27. Ray SD, Ray S, Zia-Ul-Haq M, De Feo V, Dewanjee S. Pharmacological basis of the use of the root bark of Ziziphus nummularia Aubrev. (Rhamnaceae) as anti-inflammatory agent. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015; 15(1):416.
28. Dureja AG, Dhiman K. Free radical scavenging potential and total phenolic and flavonoid content of Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus nummularia fruit extracts. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2012;6(3):187–92. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.104929
29. Rajasekaran S, Jaykar B, Anandan R, Aboobacker KP, Vannamalar S. Anti-diabetic activity of leaves of Ziziphus nummularia by dexamethasone induced diabetic rat model. International Journal of PharmTech Res. 2013; 5(2):844–51. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4134093
30. Heather Lord, Janusz Pawliszyn. Journal of Chromatography A. 2000; 885: 153.
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32. Shonouda M, Angeli S, Schutz S, Vidal S. Use of CLSA and SPME-headspace techniques followed by GC-MS analysis to extract and identify the floral odorants. Pak J BiolSci. 2008;11,1246-51. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1246.1251
33. Odeh I, AbuU-Lafi S, AL-Najjar I. Determination of Unifloral Honey Volatiles from Centaureaiberica and Ziziphus spina-christi by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Acta Chromatographica. 2014;26(3):485–93. https://doi.org/10.1556/AChrom.26.2014.3.7
34. Said A, Huefner A, Abu Tabl ES, Fawzy G. Isolation and identification of two new cyclic amino acids from the seeds of Ziziphus spina-christi L. Willd) by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC and GC-MS. IUFS J. Biol. 2010;69(1):13-23
35. Prajapati S, Singh S. Phytoconstituents of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. leaves extracts using GC-MS spectroscopy. Research & Reviews. 2019; 9(1):109–18
36. Alfarhan AH, Rajakrishnan R, Al-Shehri MA, Al-Tamimi AB, Al-Obaid S, Khalaf S. Analysis of the cuticular wax composition and ecophysiological studies in an arid plant - Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020 Jan 1;27(1):318-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.030
37. Duke J. Dr Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases. 2014. Available from: http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke. Accessed on 1 December 2019
38. Diezel W, Schulz E, Shanks M, Heise H. Plants oils: Topical application and anti-inflammatory effects (Croton oil test). Dermatologische Monatsschrift. 1993;179:173-76.
39. Letawe C, Boone M, Pierard GE. Digital image analysis of the effect of topically appliedlinoleic acid on acne microcomedones. Clinical and experimental Dermatology. 1998;23(2):56-58. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.1998.00315.x
40. Kagoura M, Matsui C, Morohashi M. Carcinogenicity study of phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2 hexadecen-1-ol) in ICR mice. J Investig Dermatol. 1993;101:460
41. Pal DK, Nandi M. CNS activities of Celesia coromandeliana Vahl. in mice. Acta Pol Pharm and Drug Res. 2005;62:355–61
2. Zangeneh MM, Ghaneialvar H, Akbaribazm M, Ghanimatdan M, Abbasi N, Goorani S, et al. Novel synthesis of Falcaria vulgaris leaf extract conjugated copper nanoparticles with potent cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and cutaneous wound healing activities under in vitro and in vivo condition. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2019;197:111556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111556
3. Moayeri A, Azimi M, Karimi E, Aidy A, Abbasi N. Attenuation of morphine withdrawal syndrome by Prosopis farcta extract and its bioactive component luteolin in comparison with clonidine in rats. Med Sci Monitor Basic Res. 2018;24(9):151-58. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR.909930
4. Bahmani M. A new method for promoting biologic synthesis and reducing the size of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Tio2 NPs) synthesized by Origanum vulgare. Plant Biotechnol Persa. 2019;1(1):10-12. http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-5-en.html
5. Bahmani M, Taherikalani M, Khaksarian M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Ashrafi B, Nazer M, et al. The synergistic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum and their active components carvacrol and hypericin against Staphylococcus aureus. Future Science OA. 2019;5(3):FSO371. https://doi.org/10.4155/fsoa-2018-0096
6. Abbasi N, Khosravi A, Aidy A, Shafiei M. Biphasic response to luteolin in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells under high glucose-induced oxidative stress. Iranian J Med Sci. 2016;41(2):118-25
7. Jabbari N, Gheibi P, Eftekhari Z. The therapeutic effects of isolated Eugenol of Syzygium aromaticum. Plant Biotechnol Persa. 2019;1(1):42-44. http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-14-en.html
8. Karimi E, Abbasi S, Abbasi N. Thymol polymeric nanoparticle synthesis and its effects on the toxicity of high glucose on OEC cells: Involvement of growth factors and integrin-linked kinase. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2019;13:2513-32. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S214454
9. Bahmani F, Kazemeini H, Hoseinzadeh-Chahkandak F, Farkhondeh T, Sedaghat M. Sedation with medicinal plants: A review of medicinal plants with sedative properties in Iranian ethno-botanical documents. Plant Biotechnol Persa. 2019;1(1):13-24. http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-11-en.html
10. Serna?Escolano V, Serrano M, Valero D, Rodríguez?López MI, Gabaldón JA, Castillo S, et al. Effect of Thymol and Carvacrol Encapsulated in Hp???Cyclodextrin by Two Inclusion Methods against Geotrichumcitri?aurantii. Food Microbiology & Safety. 2019;84(6):1513-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14670
11. Saied SA, Gebaur J, Hammer K, Buerkert A. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd: A multipurpose fruit tree. Genet Rosour Crop Evol. 2008; 55:929–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-007-9299-1
12. Kadioglu O, Jacob S, Bohnert S, Nass J, Saeed ME, Khalid H, et al. Evaluating ancient Egyptian prescriptions today: Anti-inflammatory activity of Ziziphus spina-christi. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(3):293–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.004
13. Jiang JG, Huang XJ, Chen J and Lin QS. Comparison of sedative and hypnotic effects of flavonoids, saponins and polysaccharids extract from semen Ziziphus jujube. Natural Product Research. 2007;21:310-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701192827
14. Amal H, Eman IA. Effect of Ziziphus leaves extract on mice suffering from ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Nature Sci. 2010;8:234–44
15. Kaur R, Kapoor K, Kaur H. Plants as a source of anticancer agents. J Nat Prod Plant Resour. 2011;1:119–24
16. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Omara EA, Abdel-Gali MM, Hassan NS, Nada SA, Saeed A, et al. A Ziziphus spina-christi extract protects against aflatoxin B1-Intitiated hepatic carcinogenicity. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2007;4:248–56
17. Shahat AA, Pieters L, Apers S, Nazeif NM, Abdel-Azim NS, Berghe DV, et al. Chemical and biological investigations on Ziziphus spina-christi L. Phytother Res. 2001;9:593–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.883
18. Abalaka M, Mann A, Adeyemo S. Studies on in-vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential and phytochemical screening of leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana L. and Ziziphus spina-christi L. compared with Ascorbic acid. J Med Genet Genomics. 2011;3(2):28-34
19. El-Kamali HH, Mahjoub SAT. Antibacterial activity of Francoeuria crispa, Pulicaria undulata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Cucurbita pepo against seven standard pathogenic bacteria. Ethnobot Leaflets. 2009;(6):6. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2009/iss6/6
20. Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Khan N, Shah MH. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important wild edible fruits species used by tribal communities of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 48:528–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.050
21. Bachaya HA, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Jabbar A. Anthelmintic activity of Ziziphus nummularia (bark) and Acacia nilotica (fruit) against Trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 123:325–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.043
22. Desai AG, Qazi GN, Ganju RK, El-Tamer M, Singh J, Saxena AK, et al. Medicinal plants and cancer chemoprevention. Curr Drug Metab. 2008;9:581–91. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920008785821657
23. Ullah M, Khan MU, Mahmood A, Malik RN, Hussain M, Wazir SM, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Wana district south Waziristan agency, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;150(3):918–24
24. Goyal M, Ghosh M, Nagori BP, Sasmal D. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies of cyclopeptide alkaloid fraction of leaves of Ziziyphus nummularia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013; 20(4):365–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.032
25. Bodroth RP, Das M. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of ethanol and chloroform extract of Ziziphus nummularis Wt. & Arm. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012;11(21):4929–33
26. Yusufoglu HS. Topical anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of herbal gel of Ziziphus nummularia L. (F. Rhamnaceae) leaf extract. International Journal of Pharmacology. 2011; 7(8):862–67. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.862.867
27. Ray SD, Ray S, Zia-Ul-Haq M, De Feo V, Dewanjee S. Pharmacological basis of the use of the root bark of Ziziphus nummularia Aubrev. (Rhamnaceae) as anti-inflammatory agent. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015; 15(1):416.
28. Dureja AG, Dhiman K. Free radical scavenging potential and total phenolic and flavonoid content of Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus nummularia fruit extracts. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2012;6(3):187–92. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.104929
29. Rajasekaran S, Jaykar B, Anandan R, Aboobacker KP, Vannamalar S. Anti-diabetic activity of leaves of Ziziphus nummularia by dexamethasone induced diabetic rat model. International Journal of PharmTech Res. 2013; 5(2):844–51. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4134093
30. Heather Lord, Janusz Pawliszyn. Journal of Chromatography A. 2000; 885: 153.
31. Bahmani M, Taherikalani M, Khaksarian M, Soroush S, Ashrafi B, Heydari R. Phytochemical profiles and antibacterial activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare and Hypericum perforatum and Carvacrol and Hypericin as a Promising Anti-Staphylococcus aureus. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2019;19(11):923-32. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666190121124317
32. Shonouda M, Angeli S, Schutz S, Vidal S. Use of CLSA and SPME-headspace techniques followed by GC-MS analysis to extract and identify the floral odorants. Pak J BiolSci. 2008;11,1246-51. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1246.1251
33. Odeh I, AbuU-Lafi S, AL-Najjar I. Determination of Unifloral Honey Volatiles from Centaureaiberica and Ziziphus spina-christi by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Acta Chromatographica. 2014;26(3):485–93. https://doi.org/10.1556/AChrom.26.2014.3.7
34. Said A, Huefner A, Abu Tabl ES, Fawzy G. Isolation and identification of two new cyclic amino acids from the seeds of Ziziphus spina-christi L. Willd) by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC and GC-MS. IUFS J. Biol. 2010;69(1):13-23
35. Prajapati S, Singh S. Phytoconstituents of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. leaves extracts using GC-MS spectroscopy. Research & Reviews. 2019; 9(1):109–18
36. Alfarhan AH, Rajakrishnan R, Al-Shehri MA, Al-Tamimi AB, Al-Obaid S, Khalaf S. Analysis of the cuticular wax composition and ecophysiological studies in an arid plant - Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020 Jan 1;27(1):318-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.030
37. Duke J. Dr Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases. 2014. Available from: http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke. Accessed on 1 December 2019
38. Diezel W, Schulz E, Shanks M, Heise H. Plants oils: Topical application and anti-inflammatory effects (Croton oil test). Dermatologische Monatsschrift. 1993;179:173-76.
39. Letawe C, Boone M, Pierard GE. Digital image analysis of the effect of topically appliedlinoleic acid on acne microcomedones. Clinical and experimental Dermatology. 1998;23(2):56-58. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.1998.00315.x
40. Kagoura M, Matsui C, Morohashi M. Carcinogenicity study of phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2 hexadecen-1-ol) in ICR mice. J Investig Dermatol. 1993;101:460
41. Pal DK, Nandi M. CNS activities of Celesia coromandeliana Vahl. in mice. Acta Pol Pharm and Drug Res. 2005;62:355–61
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06-05-2020
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Bahmani M, Jalilian A, Salimikia I, Shahsavari S, Abbasi N. Phytochemical screening of two Ilam native plants Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. and Ziziphus spina-christi (Mill.) Georgi using HS-SPME and GC-MS spectroscopy. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2020 May 6 [cited 2024 Nov. 4];7(2):275-80. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/714
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