Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Research Articles

Vol. 12 No. sp3 (2025): Advances in Plant Health Improvement for Sustainable Agriculture

Mycocidal effect of plant-based essential oil on rice brown spot / sesame leaf spot incited by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.8687
Submitted
4 April 2025
Published
07-09-2025

Abstract

The present research work was assumed to inspect the effect of essential oils used for biological management of sesame leaf spot / rice brown spot caused by B. oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker. The essential oils viz., cinnamon oil, clove oil, citronella oil, thyme oil and rosemary oil were examined in different concentrations against B. oryzae under in vitro conditions. The results revealed that, citronella oil was found to be more effective against brown spot pathogen and completely inhibited the mycelial growth even at 2 % concentration onwards. Whereas in field conditions, citronella oil @ 0.2 % showed minimum disease incidence which is statistically on par with the fungicide difenoconazole (0.2 %). GC - MS analysis was conducted to identify the chemical compounds present in citronella oil, revealing a total of 60 different compounds. Among them linalyl acetate, geraniol, eugenol and geranyl acetate were identified as antimicrobial secondary metabolites. FT-IR analysis exhibited a characteristic peak at 2924.40 cm-1, corresponding to C-H stretching, typically observed within the 2850-2950 cm-1 range. This indicates the aliphatic nature of the hydrocarbons present in citronella oil. Based on the metabolomic analysis, the bioactive compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons in citronella oil may contribute to suppressing rice brown spot or sesame leaf spot disease and enhancing biometric attributes.

References

  1. 1. Shivappa R, Navadagi DB, Baite MS, Yadav MK, Rathinam PS, Umapathy K, et al. Emerging Minor diseases of rice in India: Losses and management strategies. Integr Adv Rice Res. 2021;1-22. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99898
  2. 2. Government of India. Agricultural situation in India. 2023;6-8.
  3. 3. Silva LC, Einhardt AM, Brás VV, Oliveira LM, Chaves JAA, Pinto LFCC, et al. Rice resistance against Bipolaris oryzae infection is mediated by lower foliar potassium concentration. Plant Pathol. 2024;73(3):548-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13838
  4. 4. Roberto SR, Youssef K, Hashim AF, Ippolito A. Nano materials as alternative control means against postharvest diseases in fruit crops. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(12):1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9121752
  5. 5. Silverio MS, Del-Vechio-Vieira G, Printo MAO, Alves MS, Sousa OV. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Eremanthus erythropappus (DC) McLeisch (Asteraceae). Molecules. 2013;18(8):9785-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089785
  6. 6. Muthukumar A, Ganeshan S, Ramasamy N. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against seed borne fungi of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Environ Biol. 2016;37(Spec Issue):1429-36.
  7. 7. Chang Y, Harmon PF, Treadwell DD, Carrillo D, Sarkhosh A, Brecht JK. Biocontrol potential of essential oils in organic horticulture systems: from farm to fork. Front Nutr. 2021;8:805138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.805138
  8. 8. Devi KP, Nisha SA, Sakthivel R, Pandian SK. Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;130(1):107-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.025
  9. 9. Sinkar SR, Ade GV, Satpute SV. Plant-derived essential oils as an antifungal agents: an updated review. Int J Sci Eng. 2021;Spec Issue A11:273-87.
  10. 10. Vitoratos A, Bilalis D, Karkanis A, Efthimiadou A. Antifungal activity of plant essential oils against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum. Not Bot Horti Agrobo Cluj-Napoca. 2013;41(1):86-92. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118931
  11. 11. El-Mohamedy RSR. Plant essential oils for controlling plant pathogenic fungi. In: Choudhary D, Sharma A, Agarwal P, Varma A, Tuteja N, editors. Volatiles and food security. Singapore: Springer. 2017;181-98.
  12. 12. Mayee CD, Datar VV. Phytopathometry. Tech Bull I (Spec Bull 3). Parbhani: Marathwada Agric Univ. 1986; 218.
  13. 13. Vidhyasekaran P, Umapathy G, Gopalan M, Ramakrishnan G, Sivaprakasam K. Pest and Disease Surveillance. CPPS, TNAU, Coimbatore, 237p ;1989.
  14. 14. Baratta MT, Dorman HJD, Deans SG, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Ruberto G. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragr J. 1998;13(4):235-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(1998070)13:4<235::AID-FFJ733>3.0.CO;2-T
  15. 15. Sumathra S. Management of Brown leaf spot in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker by Bioprotectant, Plant activator and Seaweed extracts. Ph.D. Thesis. Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India ;2023.
  16. 16. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Steps to successful rice production. Los Baños, Philippines: IRRI. 2015.
  17. 17. Gomez KA, Gomez AA. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1984;680.
  18. 18. Nurmansyah, Idris H, Suryani E, Gustia H, Ramadhan AI. The effect of various essential oil and solvent additives on the botanical pesticide of Piper aduncum essential oil on formulation antifungal activity. Results Eng. 2022;16:100644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100644
  19. 19. Gwad MMA, El-Sayed ASA, Abdel-Fattah GM, Abdelmoteleb M, Abdel-Fattah GG. Potential fungicidal and antiaflatoxigenic effects of cinnamon essential oils on Aspergillus flavus inhabiting the stored wheat grains. BMC Plant Biol. 2024;24:394. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05065-w
  20. 20. Kritzinger Q, Aveling TAS, Marasas WFO. Effect of essential plant oils on storage fungi germination and emergence of cowpea seeds. Seed Sci Technol. 2002;30:60919.
  21. 21. Jain SK, Agrawal SC. Fungistatic activity of some perfumes against Oomycotic pathogens. Mycoses. 2002;45:88-90. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0507.2002.00730.x
  22. 22. He J, Wu D, Zhang Q, Chen H, Li H, Han Q, et al. Efficacy and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil on Inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum isolated from ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1288. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01288
  23. 23. Abdel-Fatah SS, El-Batal AI, El-Sherbiny GM, Khalaf MA, El-Sayed AS. Production, bioprocess optimization and γ-irradiation of Penicillium polonicum, as a new Taxol producing endophyte from Ginko biloba. Biotechnol Rep. 2021;30:e00623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00623
  24. 24. Mohamed AB, Aly MME, El-Sharkawy RMI. Antifungal activity of bioagents and plant extracts against certain fungal diseases of potatoes. J Phytopathol Pest Manag.2021;8(1):29-45.
  25. 25. Aravena R, Besoain X, Riquelme N, Salinas A, Valenzuela M, Oyanedel E, et al. Antifungal nanoformulation for biocontrol of tomato root and crown rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Antibiotics. 2021;10:1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091132
  26. 26. El-Shahir AA, El-Wakil DA, Latef AAHA, Youssef NH. Bioactive compounds and antifungal activity of leaves and fruits methanolic extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi L. Plants. 2022;11(6):746. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060746
  27. 27. Abeytilakarathna PD. Factors affect to stolon formation and tuberization in potato: a review. Agric Rev. 2022;43(1):91–7. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.R-187
  28. 28. Giri da Silva ME, Júlio AA, Souza GR, Venancio AN, Maronde DN, Conceição Santos MF, et al. Evaluation of the antifungal potential of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon winterianus) against the fungus Fusarium guttiforme. J Biol Act Prod Nat. 2024;14(4):455-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2024.2397382
  29. 29. Peixoto PM, Júlio AA, Jesus EG, Venancio AN, Parreira LA, Santos MFC, et al. Fungicide potential of citronella and tea tree essential oils against tomato cultivation‘s phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and analysis of their chemical composition by GC/MS. Nat Prod Res. 2023;38(4):667-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2023.2184358
  30. 30. Wang C, Fan Y. Eugenol enhances the resistance of tomato against tomato yellow leaf curl virus. J Sci Food Agric. 2013;94(4):677-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6304
  31. 31. Yang M, Dong H, Jiang J, Wang M. Synthesis and fungicidal activities of (Z/E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienamide and its 6,7-epoxy analogues. Molecules. 2015;20(12):21023-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219743
  32. 32. Khayyat SA, Sameeh MY. Bioactive epoxides and hydroperoxides derived from naturally monoterpene geranyl acetate. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(1):14-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.11.005
  33. 33. Tang X, Shao YL, Tang YJ, Zhou WW. Antifungal activity of essential oil compounds (geraniol and citral) and inhibitory mechanisms on grain pathogens (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus). Molecules. 2018;23(9):2108. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092108
  34. 34. Rajani P, Rajasekaran C, Vasanthakumari MM, Olsson SB, Ravikanth G, Shaanker RU. Inhibition of plant pathogenic fungi by endophytic Trichoderma spp. through mycoparasitism and volatile organic compounds. Microbiol Res.2021;242:126595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126595
  35. 35. Marimuthu S, Karthic C, Mostafa AA, Al-Enazi NM, Abdel-Raouf N, Sholkamy EN. . Antifungal activity of Streptomyces sp. SLR03 against tea fungal plant pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2020;32(8):3258-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.08.027
  36. 36. Geethalakshmi R, Sarada DVL. Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Trianthema decandra L. J Pharm Res. 2013;6(1):101-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2012.11.022
  37. 37. Didehdar M, Chegini Z, Shariati A. Eugenol: A novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of Candida species infection. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:872127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.872127
  38. 38. Khayyat S. Thermal, photo-oxidation and antimicrobial studies of linalyl acetate as a major ingredient of lavender essential oil, Arab J Chem. 2020;13(1):1575-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.12.008
  39. 39. Olivera M, Delgado N, Cádiz F, Riquelme N, Montenegro I, Seeger M, et al. Diffusible compounds produced by Hanseniaspora osmophila and Gluconobacter cerinus help to control the causal agents of gray rot and summer bunch rot of table grapes. Antibiotics. 2021;10(6):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060664
  40. 40. Awan ZA, Shoaib A, Schenk PM, Ahmad A, Alansi S, Paray BA. Antifungal potential of volatiles produced by Bacillus subtilis BS-01 against Alternaria solani in Solanum lycopersicum. Front Plant Sci. 2023;13:1089562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1089562
  41. 41. Bezerra CF, Júnior JGA, Honorato RL, dos Santos ATL, da Silva JCP, da Silva TG, et al. Antifungal effect of the liposome encapsulation of the trans- caryophylene and its association with fluconazole. Chem Biol Interact. 2023;373:110377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110377
  42. 42. Gong Y, Liu J, Xu M, Zhang C, Gao J, Li C, et al. Antifungal volatile organic compounds from Streptomyces setonii WY228 control black spot disease of sweet potato. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2022;88(6):e0231721. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02317-21
  43. 43. Abdel-Hafez SII, Abo-Elyousr KAM, Abdel-Rahim IR. Fungicidal activity of extracellular products of cyanobacteria against Alternaria porri. Eur J Phycol. 2015;50(2):239-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2015.1028105
  44. 44. Perera M, Wijayarathna D, Wijesundera S Chinthaka M, Seneviratne G, Jayasena S. Biofilm mediated synergistic degradation of hexadecane by a naturally formed community comprising Aspergillus flavus complex and Bacillus cereus group. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19:84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1460-4
  45. 45. Ahmad S, Akram M. Antifungal activity in the methanolic, aqueous and hexane extracts of Calligonum polygonoides. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2019;33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2058738418821275
  46. 46. Sharma N, Kamni, Singh VK, Kumar S, Lee Y, Rai PK, et al. Investigation of molecular and elemental changes in rice grains infected by false smut disease using FTIR, LIBS and WDXRF spectroscopic techniques. Appl Phys B. 2020;126:122. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00340-020-07475-8
  47. 47. Rajeswari R, Jeyaprakash K. Bioactive potential analysis of brown seaweed Sargassum wightii using UV-VIS and FT-IR. J Drug Deliv Ther.. 2019;9(1):150-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1.2199

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.