Population growth, climate change and resource limitations pose significant challenges to the global agriculture sector and new strategies are required to ensure sustainable food production. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach, particularly in those related to soil health and nutrient management. Traditional fertilizers encourage nutrient runoff, leaching and soil deterioration, which negatively impact the environment and the economy. Utilizing the special qualities of nanoparticles, nanostructures, nano-fertilizers and nano-carriers produced groundbreaking solutions, as small particles improve solubility, focus nutrient delivery and allow controlled release mechanisms, all of which increase nutrient absorption efficiency while reducing environmental impact. Use of nanotechnology in agriculture has generated a lot of attention because of its potential to improve agricultural yield and soil fertility. Chitosan-based nano-fertilizers and other nano-enabled soil additives have the potential to improve the soils’ structure and water-retention ability, which supports the adoption of sustainable agriculture. Nanotechnology offers revolutionary solutions for water shortages, soil deterioration and soil management, along with benefits. However, widespread adoption of nanotechnology in agriculture remains difficult. Ineffective nutrient delivery is caused by variations in soil properties, moisture content and agro-ecological conditions. Recent research and development efforts have been made to promote better, more dependable, environmentally friendly and sustainable farming practices, which might be promoted by integrating nanotechnology into agricultural practices.