Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Research Articles

Vol. 13 No. sp2 (2026): Recent Advances in Agriculture

Optimisation of phosphorus dose with beneficial microorganism application for enhancing growth, yield and economic efficiency in Raikia bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.11071
Submitted
3 August 2025
Published
20-06-2026

Abstract

Raikia, which is a pole type French bean native to southern Odisha and recently notified as IC 632961 by CHES (ICAR-IIHR), is rich in nutrients but is underutilised because of low agronomical research. Scientific information on optimising phosphorus fertilisation and beneficial microorganisms on improving the productivity and profitability of this indigenous legume is scarce. The present study was an attempt to identify appropriate levels of phosphorus, as well as biofertiliser combinations, to improve the growth, yield and economic returns of Raikia bean. A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2024-25 based on a factorial randomized block design, with 4 biofertiliser treatments that included no inoculation, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), Rhizobium and PSB and 3 phosphorus levels (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1). Growth parameters, yield attributes, pod yield and economic indices were assessed using the appropriate statistical analyses. The results revealed that Rhizobium inoculation significantly improved growth and yield characteristics especially when used in conjunction with higher levels of phosphorus. The greatest pod yield, gross and net returns were recorded with Rhizobium + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. However, the benefit - cost ratio was maximized under Rhizobium + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1, which indicates greater economic efficiency at a moderate dose of phosphorus. Multivariate analyses (MANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there was significant variability induced by the treatment and there were strong interrelationships among growth and yield traits and that Rhizobium combined with moderate to higher phosphorus levels are the most influential treatment combinations. The study concludes with the integration of Rhizobium inoculation with 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 providing an economically viable and sustainable nutrient management system for Raikia seedling cultivation and making a practical recommendation for farmers to use and encourage the use of this indigenous crop among other farmers.

References

  1. 1. Kaur P, Kaur L, Barwal P. Economic analysis of french beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Amritsar district of Punjab. Indian J Agric Mark. 2024;38(1):158–69.
  2. 2. Pramanik K, Sahu GS, Acharya GC, Tripathy P, Dash M, Kumar M, et al. DUS characterization and evaluation of untapped French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Int J Environ Clim Change. 2023;13(1):225-43. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i11893
  3. 3. Gopinath PP, Parsad R, Joseph B, Adarsh VS. GRAPES: General R Shiny based analysis platform empowered by statistics [computer software]. Version 1.0.0; 2020.
  4. 4. Pawar VA, Pawar PR, Bhosale AM, Chavan SV. Effect of Rhizobium on seed germination and growth of plants. J Acad Ind Res. 2014;3(2):84–8.
  5. 5. Pandove G, Kaur A, Ramya S. Insight of mechanism of action of plant growth promoting rhizobia in leguminous crops: a review. Asian J Dairy Food Res. 2022;41:1–11. https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.DR-1909
  6. 6. Abbasi H, Akhtar A, Sharf R. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a tool for sustainable agriculture. Am J Plant Nutr Fertil Technol. 2015;5(2):40–9. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpnft.2015.40.49
  7. 7. Zohmingliana M, Sharma YK, Gupta RC. Influence of phosphorus and bio-inoculants on performance of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Legume Res. 2018;41(4):594–7. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-3869
  8. 8. Meena JK, Chamola BP, Pant NC, Singh KK, Rana DK. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and growth performance of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under subtropical conditions of Garhwal Hills. Int J Chem Stud. 2018;6(2):3356–8.
  9. 9. Jena NK, Pattnaik AK, Mahapatra P, Nandi A, Panda J, Swain AA. Effect of macronutrients, micronutrients and Rhizobium on growth parameters in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2020;9(4):1005–13. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.119
  10. 10. Yadav AK, Naleeni R, Dashrath S. Effect of organic manures and biofertilisers on growth and yield parameters of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;8(2):271–4.
  11. 11. Sammauria R, Yadav RS, Nagar KC. Performance of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization and biofertilisers in Western Rajasthan. Indian J Agron. 2009;54(3):319–23. https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v54i3.4797
  12. 12. Shabana AI. Response of snap bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) to mycorrhizal fungi under different levels of phosphate. J Plant Prod. 2016;7(8):851–9. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2016.46196
  13. 13. Tairo EV, Ndakidemi PA. Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on growth and chlorophyll accumulation in soybean (Glycine max L.). Am J Plant Sci. 2013;4(12):2281–9. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.412282
  14. 14. Ayalew T, Yoseph T, Högy P, Cadisch G. Leaf growth, gas exchange and assimilation performance of cowpea varieties in response to Bradyrhizobium inoculation. Heliyon. 2022;8(1):e08746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08746
  15. 15. Yadav SK, Raverkar KP. Characterization of Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from French bean rhizosphere and their effect on French bean productivity. Agric Dev Asia Potential Use Nano Mater Nano Technol. 2021:1–21.
  16. 16. Borang B, Sharma YK. Response of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to phosphorus and sulphur in aluminium stress condition of Nagaland. Ann Plant Soil Res. 2020;22(3):315-9.
  17. 17. Watke AG, Kumar S, Prajapati NK, Swain B. Response of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilisers on growth, yield and quality of garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense L.) cv. Arka Ajit. Biochem Cell Arch. 2024;24(1):1878–82. https://doi.org/10.51470/BCA.2024.24.1-S.3757
  18. 18. Negi S, Bharat NK, Kumar M. Effect of seed biopriming with indigenous PGPR, Rhizobia and Trichoderma sp. on growth, seed yield and incidence of diseases in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Legume Res. 2021;44(5):593–601.
  19. 19. Sen R, Rahman MA, Hoque AK, Zaman S, Noor S. Response of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth and yield of French bean. Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res. 2010;45(2):169–72. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5716
  20. 20. HA E, Gabr SM, Radwan FI, Abo El-Ali RF. Differential effects of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their potential for stimulating plant growth and seed yield of common bean. Alex Sci Exch J. 2009;30:136–45. https://doi.org/10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2009.2482
  21. 21. Emam MSA, Abd El Rahman NG, Abdrabbo MAA. Evaluation of natural and chemical phosphorus fertilizers on plant growth and yield of some green beans cultivars. Ann Agric Sci Moshtohor. 2018;56(2):349–58. https://doi.org/10.21608/assjm.2018.116144
  22. 22. Shamad A, Maurya KR, Devi B, Singh M. Effect of phosphorus levels and Rhizobium culture on growth, yield and quality of early varieties of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;8(4):196–9.
  23. 23. Kumar R, Kumar M, Kumar D, Verma R. Response of bio-fertilizers, levels of nitrogen and different row spacings on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Soil Water Conserv. 2023;22(2):193–203. https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00026.7
  24. 24. Harireddy YV, Dawson J. Effect of biofertilisers and levels of vermicompost on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Pharma Innov J. 2021;10(6):985–8.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.