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Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 13 No. 3 (2026)

Physiological role of calcium and gibberellic acid in apple bitter pit development: A review

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.14218
Submitted
24 February 2026
Published
28-09-2026 — Updated on 30-09-2026
Versions

Abstract

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is globally an important temperate fruit crop with high economic and nutritional value. Besides, many health benefits that it carries along, it is widely appreciated for its refreshing taste and crispness. Despite its economic importance, apple production is constrained by several physiological disorders. Bitter pit (BP) encountered by young apple trees in their initial stages of fruit production is one among the most problematic disorders that apple grower’s face, affecting the appearance, taste, quality and marketability of the fruit. It manifests as brown sunken spots on the skin of the apple, making it unattractive and unsuitable for sale. Bitter pit is associated with abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperature, which disrupt nutrient uptake and allocation. These conditions lead to imbalances in mineral nutrition and hormonal regulation, particularly involving calcium (Ca²+) and gibberellic acid (GA). This review examines the roles of Ca²+ and GA in BP initiation, focusing on their interaction in regulating fruit physiology, with the aim of improving understanding for effective management strategies.

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