Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 13 No. 3 (2026)

Multi-hormonal crosstalk regulating seed dormancy, germination and plant growth: Integration of abscisic acid, gibberellins, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signalling

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.14655
Submitted
23 March 2026
Published
21-09-2026 — Updated on 30-09-2026
Versions

Abstract

Phytohormones are small molecules that act as signalling molecules in plant growth and development, seed dormancy, seed germination and environmental stress responses and they interact with one another through interconnected signalling pathways. Among these, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GA) have antagonistic functions in seed development and germination. Abscisic acid prevents seed germination and increases stress tolerance while GA stimulates embryo development, radicle emergence and seedling establishment. Besides their well-known roles in plant defence, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) are involved in the regulation of seed germination and early plant growth. In general, jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) inhibits germination, while its precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) promotes germination under certain physiological conditions. Likewise, the effects of SA on seed germination and stress responses depend on its concentration. These phytohormones participate in interconnected signalling pathways involving key regulators such as ABI5 (ABA insensitive 5), DELLA (aspartic acid-glutamic acid-leucine-leucine-alanine) proteins, jasmonate zim-domain (JAZ) repressors and non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1). Although the individual roles of ABA, GA, JA and SA have been described, their interconnected signalling networks and molecular interactions that regulate seed dormancy, germination and plant growth remain poorly understood. This review summarises the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the interactions and crosstalk among these phytohormones and emphasises the role of their coordinated interactions in the regulation of seed dormancy, germination and plant growth.

References

  1. 1. Nambara E, Nonogaki H. Seed biology in the 21st century: perspectives and new directions. Plant Cell Physiol. 2012;53(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr184
  2. 2. Bewley JD, Black M. Seeds: physiology of development and germination. New York: Plenum press: 1994.
  3. 3. Bewley JD. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell. 1997;9(7):1055. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.9.7.1055
  4. 4. Hansen DJ, Bellman SK, Sacher RM. Gibberellic acid-controlled sex expression of corn tassels. Crop Sci. 1976;16(3):371–4. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1976.0011183X001600030013x
  5. 5. Brian PW. Role of gibberellin-like hormones in regulation of plant growth and flowering. Nature. 1958;181(4616):1122–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811122a0
  6. 6. Oh E, Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, Bae G, Chung WI, Choi G. Light activates the degradation of PIL5 protein to promote seed germination through gibberellin in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2006;47(1):124–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02773.x
  7. 7. Wang LR, Yang XN, Gao YS, Zhang XY, Hu W, Zhou Z, et al. Investigating seed dormancy in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): understanding the physiological changes in embryo during after-ripening and germination. Plant Biol. 2019;21(5):911–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13005
  8. 8. Millar AA, Jacobsen JV, Ross JJ, Helliwell CA, Poole AT, Scofield G, et al. Seed dormancy and ABA metabolism in Arabidopsis and barley: the role of ABA 8′-hydroxylase. Plant J. 2006;45(6):942–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02659.x
  9. 9. Guo W, Cong Y, Hussain N, Wang Y, Liu Z, Jiang L, et al. The remodeling of seedling development in response to long-term magnesium toxicity and regulation by ABA-DELLA signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2014;55(10):1713–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcu102
  10. 10. Bethke PC, Gubler F, Jacobsen JV, Jones RL. Dormancy of Arabidopsis seeds and barley grains can be broken by nitric oxide. Planta. 2004;219(5):847–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1282-x
  11. 11. Lata C, Prasad M. Role of DREBs in regulation of abiotic stress responses in plants. J Exp Bot. 2011;62(14):4731–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err210
  12. 12. Postiglione AE, Muday GK. The role of ROS homeostasis in ABA-induced guard cell signaling. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00968
  13. 13. Dempsey DM, Shah J, Klessig DF. Salicylic acid and disease resistance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 1999;18(4):547–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689991309397
  14. 14. Rong D, Luo N, Mollet JC, Liu X, Yang Z. Salicylic acid regulates pollen tip growth through an NPR3/NPR4-independent pathway. Mol Plant. 2016;9(11):1478–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2016.07.010
  15. 15. Lee S, Park CM. Modulation of reactive oxygen species by salicylic acid in Arabidopsis seed germination under high salinity. Plant Signal Behav. 2010;5(12):1534–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.12.13159
  16. 16. Liu J, Li L, Yuan F, Chen M. Exogenous salicylic acid improves the germination of Limonium bicolor seeds under salt stress. Plant Signal Behav. 2019;14(10):e1644595. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2019.1644595
  17. 17. Liu Z, Ma C, Hou L, Wu X, Wang D, Zhang L, et al. Exogenous SA affects rice seed germination under salt stress by regulating Na+/K+ balance and endogenous GAs and ABA homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(6):3293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063293
  18. 18. Nile SH, Thiruvengadam M, Wang Y, Samynathan R, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, et al. Nano-priming as emerging seed priming technology for sustainable agriculture—recent developments and future perspectives. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022;20(1):254. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01423-8
  19. 19. Wang J, Wu D, Wang Y, Xie D. Jasmonate action in plant defense against insects. J Exp Bot. 2019;70(13):3391–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz174
  20. 20. Demole E, Lederer E, Mercier D. Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin. Helv Chim Acta. 1962;45(2):675–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19620450233
  21. 21. Wasternack C, Song S. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling by proteins activating and repressing transcription. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(6):1303–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw443
  22. 22. Stintzi A, Browse J. The Arabidopsis male-sterile mutant, opr3, lacks the 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase required for jasmonate synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(19):10625–30. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.190264497
  23. 23. Chehab EW, Kim S, Savchenko T, Kliebenstein D, Dehesh K, Braam J. Intronic T-DNA insertion renders Arabidopsis opr3 a conditional jasmonic acid-producing mutant. Plant Physiol. 2011;156(2):770–8. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.174169
  24. 24. Lian QL, Xin HB, Li XX, Zhong XH, Yin YL, Yi MF. Isolation, characterization and expression analysis of the genes GhAOS, GhAOC and GhOPR3: encoding the key enzymes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis in Gladiolus hybridus. Sci Hortic. 2013;154:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.02.004
  25. 25. Zhang YI, Turner JG. Wound-induced endogenous jasmonates stunt plant growth by inhibiting mitosis. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3699. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003699
  26. 26. Marin E, Nussaume L, Quesada A, Gonneau M, Sotta B, Hugueney P, et al. Molecular identification of zeaxanthin epoxidase of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, a gene involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis and corresponding to the ABA locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. EMBO J. 1996;15(10):2331–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00589.x
  27. 27. Schwartz SH, Qin X, Zeevaart JA. Elucidation of the indirect pathway of abscisic acid biosynthesis by mutants, genes and enzymes. Plant Physiol. 2003;131(4):1591–601. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.017921
  28. 28. Schwartz SH, Leon-Kloosterziel KM, Koornneef M, Zeevaart JA. Biochemical characterization of the aba2 and aba3 mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1997;114(1):161–6. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.1.161
  29. 29. Chater C, Peng K, Movahedi M, Dunn JA, Walker HJ, Liang YK, et al. Elevated CO2-induced responses in stomata require ABA and ABA signaling. Curr Biol. 2015;25(20):2709–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.013
  30. 30. Galpaz N, Wang Q, Menda N, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Abscisic acid deficiency in the tomato mutant high-pigment 3 leading to increased plastid number and higher fruit lycopene content. Plant J. 2008;53(5):717–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03362.x
  31. 31. Nurbekova Z, Srivastava S, Standing D, Kurmanbayeva A, Bekturova A, Soltabayeva A, et al. Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3, known to oxidize abscisic aldehyde to abscisic acid, protects leaves from aldehyde toxicity. Plant J. 2021;108(5):1439–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15521
  32. 32. Frey A, Godin B, Bonnet M, Sotta B, Marion-Poll A. Maternal synthesis of abscisic acid controls seed development and yield in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Planta. 2004;218(6):958–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1180-7
  33. 33. Kermode AR. Role of abscisic acid in seed dormancy. J Plant Growth Regul. 2005;24(4):319–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-005-0110-2
  34. 34. Richardson WC, Badrakh T, Roundy BA, Aanderud ZT, Petersen SL, Allen PS, et al. Influence of an abscisic acid (ABA) seed coating on seed germination rate and timing of bluebunch wheatgrass. Ecol Evol. 2019;9(13):7438–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5212
  35. 35. Yang J, Zhang W, Wang T, Xu J, Wang J, Huang J, et al. Enhancing sweet sorghum emergence and stress resilience in saline-alkaline soils through ABA seed priming: insights into hormonal and metabolic reprogramming. BMC Genomics. 2025;26(1):241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11420-4
  36. 36. Nautiyal PC, Sivasubramaniam K, Dadlani M. Seed dormancy and regulation of germination. In: Seed Science and Technology: Biology, Production, Quality. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. p. 39–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5888-5_3
  37. 37. Zhao FY, Cai FX, Gao HJ, Zhang SY, Wang K, Liu T, et al. ABA plays essential roles in regulating root growth by interacting with auxin and MAPK signaling pathways and cell-cycle machinery in rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regul. 2015;75(2):535–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-0017-7
  38. 38. Huang X, Zhang X, Gong Z, Yang S, Shi Y. ABI4 represses the expression of type-A ARRs to inhibit seed germination in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2017;89(2):354–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13389
  39. 39. Kocaman A. Effects of foliar application of abscisic acid on antioxidant content, phytohormones in strawberry shoots and translocation of various heavy metals. Sci Hortic. 2023;314:111943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111943
  40. 40. Frey A, Effroy D, Lefebvre V, Seo M, Perreau F, Berger A, et al. Epoxycarotenoid cleavage by NCED5 fine-tunes ABA accumulation and affects seed dormancy and drought tolerance with other NCED family members. Plant J. 2012;70(3):501–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04887.x
  41. 41. Takahashi N, Phinney BO, MacMillan J, editors. Gibberellins. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3002-1
  42. 42. Sun TP. Gibberellin metabolism, perception and signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book. 2008;6:e0103. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0103
  43. 43. Sun TP, Kamiya Y. The Arabidopsis GA1 locus encodes the cyclase ent-kaurene synthetase A of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Cell. 1994;6(10):1509–18. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.6.10.1509
  44. 44. Hedden P, Thomas SG. Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation. Biochem J. 2012;444(1):11–25. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20120245
  45. 45. Tuan PA, Kumar R, Rehal PK, Toora PK, Ayele BT. Molecular mechanisms underlying abscisic acid/gibberellin balance in the control of seed dormancy and germination in cereals. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00668
  46. 46. Potts WC, Reid JB, Murfet IC. Internode length in Pisum. I. The effect of the Le/le gene difference on endogenous gibberellin-like substances. Physiol Plant. 1982;55(3):323–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00299.x
  47. 47. Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi I, Murofushi N, Ota Y, Takahashi N. Fluctuation and localization of endogenous gibberellins in rice. Agric Biol Chem. 1988;52(5):1189–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1988.10868799
  48. 48. Hoad GV. Hormones in the phloem of higher plants. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029538
  49. 49. Hooley R. Gibberellins: perception, transduction and responses. Plant Mol Biol. 1994;26(5):1529–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00016489
  50. 50. Rademacher W. Gibberellin formation in microorganisms. Plant Growth Regul. 1994;15(3):303–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029903
  51. 51. Fukazawa J, Ohashi Y, Takahashi R, Nakai K, Takahashi Y. DELLA degradation by gibberellin promotes flowering via GAF1-TPR-dependent repression of floral repressors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2021;33(7):2258–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab102
  52. 52. Rai RK, Tripathi N, Gautam D, Singh P. Exogenous application of ethrel and gibberellic acid stimulates physiological growth of late planted sugarcane with short growth period in sub-tropical India. J Plant Growth Regul. 2017;36:472–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-016-9655-5
  53. 53. Maurya VK, Ranjan V, Gothandam KM, Pareek S. Exogenous gibberellic acid treatment extends green chili shelf life and maintain quality under modified atmosphere packaging. Sci Hortic. 2020;269:108934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108934
  54. 54. Prodhan MM, Sarker U, Hoque MA, Biswas MS, Ercisli S, Assouguem A, et al. Foliar application of GA3 stimulates seed production in cauliflower. Agronomy. 2022;12(6):1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061394
  55. 55. Vaistij FE, Gan Y, Penfield S, Gilday AD, Dave A, He Z, et al. Differential control of seed primary dormancy in Arabidopsis ecotypes by the transcription factor SPATULA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(26):10866–71. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301647110
  56. 56. Hayashi M, Nito K, Takei-Hoshi R, Yagi M, Kondo M, Suenaga A, et al. Ped3p is a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter that might supply substrates for fatty acid β-oxidation. Plant Cell Physiol. 2002;43(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf023
  57. 57. Sharma A, Kumar V, Yuan H, Kanwar MK, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK, et al. Jasmonic acid seed treatment stimulates insecticide detoxification in Brassica juncea L. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:1609. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01609
  58. 58. Hu S, Yang H, Gao H, Yan J, Xie D. Control of seed size by jasmonate. Sci China Life Sci. 2021;64(8):1215–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1899-8
  59. 59. Yin Y, Adachi Y, Nakamura Y, Munemasa S, Mori IC, Murata Y. Involvement of OST1 protein kinase and PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors in methyl jasmonate-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis guard cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 2016;57(8):1779–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcw102
  60. 60. Ahmad P, Rasool S, Gul A, Sheikh SA, Akram NA, Ashraf M, et al. Jasmonates: multifunctional roles in stress tolerance. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00813
  61. 61. Fang X, Xie Y, Yuan Y, Long Q, Zhang L, Abid G, et al. The role of salicylic acid in plant defense responses against biotic stresses. Plant Horm. 2025;1(1). https://doi.org/10.48130/ph-0025-0003
  62. 62. Seyfferth C, Tsuda K. Salicylic acid signal transduction: the initiation of biosynthesis, perception and transcriptional reprogramming. Front Plant Sci. 2014;5:697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00697
  63. 63. Yan M, Mao J, Wu T, Xiong T, Huang Q, Wu H, et al. Transcriptomic analysis of salicylic acid promoting seed germination of melon under salt stress. Horticulturae. 2023;9(3):375. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030375
  64. 64. Yun SH, Khan IU, Noh B, Noh YS. Genomic overview of INA-induced NPR1 targeting and transcriptional cascades in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024;52(7):3572–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae019
  65. 65. Chen H, Li M, Qi G, Zhao M, Liu L, Zhang J, et al. Two interacting transcriptional coactivators cooperatively control plant immune responses. Sci Adv. 2021;7(45):eabl7173. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl7173
  66. 66. Ali E, Hussain N, Shamsi IH, Jabeen Z, Siddiqui MH, Jiang LX. Role of jasmonic acid in improving tolerance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) to Cd toxicity. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2018;19(2):130–46. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1700191
  67. 67. Chen S, Pan Z, Zhao W, Zhou Y, Rui Y, Jiang C, et al. Engineering climate-resilient rice using a nanobiostimulant-based “stress training” strategy. ACS Nano. 2023;17(11):10760–73. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c02215
  68. 68. Liu X, Hou X. Antagonistic regulation of ABA and GA in metabolism and signalling pathways. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:251. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00251
  69. 69. Borsani O, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol. 2001;126(3):1024–30. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.126.3.1024
  70. 70. Rajjou L, Belghazi M, Huguet R, Robin C, Moreau A, Job C, et al. Proteomic investigation of the effect of salicylic acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense mechanisms. Plant Physiol. 2006;141(3):910–23. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.082057
  71. 71. Gharib FA, Hegazi AZ. Salicylic acid ameliorates germination, seedling growth, phytohormone and enzymes activity in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under cold stress. J Am Sci. 2010;6(10):675–83.
  72. 72. Anaya F, Fghire R, Wahbi S, Loutfi K. Influence of salicylic acid on seed germination of Vicia faba L. under salt stress. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2018;17(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.10.002
  73. 73. Uzunova AN, Popova LP. Effect of salicylic acid on leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure of barley plants. Photosynthetica. 2000;38(2):243–50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007226116925
  74. 74. Melotto M, Underwood W, Koczan J, Nomura K, He SY. Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion. Cell. 2006;126(5):969–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.054
  75. 75. MacGregor DR, Kendall SL, Florance H, Fedi F, Moore K, Paszkiewicz K, et al. Seed production temperature regulation of primary dormancy occurs through control of seed coat phenylpropanoid metabolism. New Phytol. 2015;205(2):642–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13090
  76. 76. Martín-Pizarro C, Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Meco V, Urrutia M, Pillet J, et al. The NAC transcription factor FaRIF controls fruit ripening in strawberry. Plant Cell. 2021;33(5):1574–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab070
  77. 77. Wang W, Chen Q, Xu S, Liu WC, Zhu X, Song CP. Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase E modulates ABA-controlled root growth and stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol. 2020;62(10):1518–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12925
  78. 78. Farooq MA, Ma W, Shen S, Gu A. Underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms for seed germination. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158502
  79. 79. Chen H, Tong J, Fu W, Liang Z, Ruan J, Yu Y, et al. The H3K27me3 demethylase relative of early flowering6 suppresses seed dormancy by inducing abscisic acid catabolism. Plant Physiol. 2020;184(4):1969–78. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.01255
  80. 80. Finkelstein R, Reeves W, Ariizumi T, Steber C. Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2008;59:387–415. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740
  81. 81. Qi P, Huai J, Gao N, Yao Y, Lin R. Phytochrome B integrates jasmonic acid and warm temperature signaling pathways to regulate cotyledon chloroplast development. Nat Commun. 2026;17(1):3711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70131-w
  82. 82. Qiu Y, Pasoreck EK, Yoo CY, He J, Wang H, Bajracharya A, et al. RCB initiates Arabidopsis thermomorphogenesis by stabilizing the thermoregulator PIF4 in the daytime. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2042. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22313-x
  83. 83. Pan J, Wang H, You Q, Cao R, Sun G, Yu D. Jasmonate-regulated seed germination and crosstalk with other phytohormones. J Exp Bot. 2023;74(4):1162–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac440
  84. 84. Rivas-San Vicente M, Plasencia J. Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and development. J Exp Bot. 2011;62(10):3321–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err031
  85. 85. Zhao H, Zhang Y, Zheng Y. Integration of ABA, GA and light signaling in seed germination through the regulation of ABI5. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:1000803. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1000803
  86. 86. Guo N, Tang S, Wang Y, Chen W, An R, Ren Z, et al. A mediator of OsbZIP46 deactivation and degradation negatively regulates seed dormancy in rice. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):1134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45402-z
  87. 87. He Y, Sun S, Zhao J, Huang Z, Peng L, Huang C, et al. UDP-glucosyltransferase OsUGT75A promotes submergence tolerance during rice seed germination. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38085-5
  88. 88. Nguyen T, Tuấn PA, Ayele BT. Jasmonate regulates seed dormancy in wheat via modulating the balance between gibberellin and abscisic acid. J Exp Bot. 2022;73(8):2434–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac041
  89. 89. Nakabayashi K, Fatelnig LMM, Walker M, Kennedy S, Hourston JE, Novák O, et al. Morphological dormancy, embryo growth and pericarp restraint during crop and wild Apiaceae mericarp germination in response to ambient temperature. Planta. 2025;262(6):142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-025-04850-7
  90. 90. Jiang Y, Liang G, Yang S, Yu D. Arabidopsis WRKY57 functions as a node of convergence for jasmonic acid- and auxin-mediated signaling in jasmonic acid-induced leaf senescence. Plant Cell. 2014;26(1):230–45. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.117838
  91. 91. Hou X, Ding L, Yu H. Crosstalk between GA and JA signaling mediates plant growth and defense. Plant Cell Rep. 2013;32(7):1067–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-013-1423-4
  92. 92. Alonso-Ramírez A, Rodríguez D, Reyes D, Jiménez JA, Nicolás G, López-Climent M, et al. Evidence for a role of gibberellins in salicylic acid-modulated early plant responses to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis seeds. Plant Physiol. 2009;150(3):1335–44. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.139352
  93. 93. Ding F, Fan X, Tian R, Wang M, Sun Z. Crosstalk of abscisic acid with other hormones and signaling molecules in tomato cold stress tolerance. Horticulturae. 2025;11(6):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060647
  94. 94. Tian H, Xu L, Li X, Zhang Y. Salicylic acid: The roles in plant immunity and crosstalk with other hormones. J Integr Plant Biol. 2025;67(3):773–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.13820
  95. 95. Manohar M, Wang D, Manosalva PM, Choi HW, Kombrink E, Klessig DF. Members of the abscisic acid co-receptor PP2C protein family mediate salicylic acid-abscisic acid crosstalk. Plant Direct. 2017;1(5):e00020. https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.20
  96. 96. Shani E, Hedden P, Sun TP. Highlights in gibberellin research: a tale of the dwarf and the slender. Plant Physiol. 2024;195(1):111–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae044
  97. 97. Carrera-Castaño G, Calleja-Cabrera J, Pernas M, Gómez L, Oñate-Sánchez L. An updated overview on the regulation of seed germination. Plants. 2020;9(6):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060703

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.