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Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 13 No. sp2 (2026): Recent Advances in Agriculture

Biostimulants in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under abiotic stress: Mechanistic insights, field performance and practical constraints

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.14936
Submitted
13 April 2026
Published
20-06-2026

Abstract

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally vital legume whose yield and nutritional quality are severely threatened by escalating abiotic stresses, particularly drought, soil salinity and extreme temperatures. To mitigate these challenges sustainably and reduce reliance on synthetic agrochemicals, plant biostimulants have emerged as effective, eco-friendly inputs, including microbial inoculants such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as non-microbial products like chitosan, seaweed extracts, protein hydrolysates and humic substances. Groundnut productivity is highly vulnerable to these constraints; terminal drought can cause yield losses of up to 85 %, while salinity and nutrient deficiencies contribute to reductions exceeding 40–50 %. This review critically synthesises groundnut-specific mechanistic insights. It highlights how biostimulants preserve biological nitrogen fixation within unique crack-entry nodules and modulate phytohormone signalling under stress. Additionally, they enhance antioxidant defence systems and promote osmolyte accumulation to maintain cellular turgor. These mechanisms translate into measurable benefits, including improvements in relative water content and chlorophyll retention exceeding 50 % under severe drought, along with enhanced nodulation and biomass. Furthermore, targeted applications can bypass key physiological bottlenecks; nanoscale formulations improve calcium availability in the geocarposphere to enhance pod filling, while biopolymer-based inputs regulate ionic balance and improve yield by approximately 25–30 % under combined stress. Despite these promising outcomes, formulation stability, genotype-dependent responses and inconsistent field performance remain major constraints. Establishing a function-based, stage-specific deployment framework is therefore essential to ensure reliable use of biostimulants in climate-resilient groundnut production.

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