Sustainable Management Strategies and Biological Control in Apple Orchards

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1547

Keywords:

Apple orchards, Biocontrol methods, Integrated Pest Management, Sustainable management

Abstract

Sustainable horticultural practices address the global issues of food security, pest and disease management, soil health, water pollution, depletion of biodiversity, etc. with environment–friendly approaches. Increasingly, the adoption of such strategies is benefitting agricultural production including that in orchards. Even though several Integrated Pest Management (IPM), disease, and weed management strategies have been in use for the control of pests, diseases, and weeds in apple orchards, they are still not the most favored methods of control. There are various economic and acceptance concerns regarding their use, particularly in developing nations. A more sustainable system for apple orchards management, thus, should be adopted.  

Here, we review various management methodologies, including the sustainable biocontrol methods, employed in the apple orchards. Reviewing these methods, we draw attention towards integrating sustainable IPM methodologies with biocontrol strategies like the use of pest-resistant cultivars, employing natural parasites and enemies of apple pests, use of agro-based pesticides, integration of technological advances that can provide real-time data to farmers and orchard scouting leading to the development of sustainable management of apple orchards. Such systems will not only reduce dependence on chemical control methods but will also minimize ecotoxicity. We also draw parallels from the biocontrol methods adopted in sustainable agri-production in other fruit orchards to suggest strategies that can be employed for sustainable apple production.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Sherwani A, Mukhtar M, Wani AA. Insect pests of apple and their management. Insect pest management of fruit crops. New Delhi: Biotech Books. 2016:295-306.

Sheikh SH, Tripathi AK. Socio-economic conditions of apple growers of Kashmir Valley: A case study of district Anantnag. International Journal of Educational Research and Technology. 2013;4(1):30-9.

Jayaraj R, Megha P, Sreedev P. Review article. Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment. Interdiscip Toxicol 9: 90-100. doi: 10.1515/intox-2016-0012https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0012

Zhou H, Yu Y, Tan X, Chen A, Feng J. Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards in China. Biological Control. 2014 Jan 1;68:47-56. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.009https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.009

Jaenicke H, Virchow D. The contribution of horticulture to sustainable development. InInternational Symposia on Tropical and Temperate Horticulture-ISTTH2016 1205 2016 Nov 20 (pp. 13-20). doi:10.17660/actahortic.2018.1https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1205.2

Padma T, Mir SA, Shantharajah SP. Intelligent decision support system for an integrated pest management in apple orchard. InIntelligent decision support systems for sustainable computing 2017 (pp. 225-245). Springer, Cham.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53153-3_12https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53153-3_12

Mouron P, Heijne B, Naef A, Strassemeyer J, Hayer F, Avilla J, Alaphilippe A, Höhn H, Hernandez J, Mack G, Gaillard G. Sustainability assessment of crop protection systems: SustainOS methodology and its application for apple orchards. Agricultural Systems. 2012 Nov 1;113:1-5. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.07.004https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.07.004

Bale JS, Van Lenteren JC, Bigler F. Biological control and sustainable food production. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2008 Feb 27;363(1492):761-76. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2182https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2182

Kellerhals M, Schütz S, Baumgartner I, Andreoli R, Gassmann J, Bolliger N, Schärer H, Ludwig M, Steinemann B. Broaden the genetic basis in apple breeding by using genetic resources. InProceedings of the 18th International Conference on Organic Fruit-Growing, Hohenheim, Germany 2018 Feb (pp. 19-21).

Hussain B, Buhroo AA, War AR, Sheerwani A. Insect-Pest Complex and Integrated Pest Management on Apple in Jammu and Kashmir, India. http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/10770

Bambawale OM, Sharma OP. IPM In India: Status and future thrust. Plant Pathology in India: Vision. 2011;2030(2011):212-5.

Khan AA, Wani AR, Zaki FA, Nehru RK, Pathania SS. Pests of apple. InPests and Their Management 2018 (pp. 457-490). Springer, Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8_14https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8_14

Khan AA. Exploitation of Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for Suppression of the San Jose Scale, Diaspidiotus perniciosu s (Comstock)(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Apple Orchards. Journal of biological control. 2010 Dec 13;24(4):369-72.

Sofi MA, Hussain B. Pest management strategy against black cap stage of San Jose Scale in apple orchards of Kashmir valley. Indian Journal of Entomology. 2008;70(4):398-9

Dhawan AK, Peshin R. Integrated pest management: concept, opportunities and challenges. InIntegrated pest management: innovation-development process 2009 (pp. 51-81). Springer, Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8992-3_12https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8992-3_12

Kacho NF, Hussain M, Hussain N, Hussain M, Asmat S. Comparative effect of synthetic and botanical insecticide against woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausamann) on apple in cold arid zone of Kargil, Ladakh, India.

Ahmad MJ, Mohiudin S, Manzar A, Sherwani A. Laboratory evaluation of anthocorid bug, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) against European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch infesting apple in. Journal of Entomology and Zoology studies. 2020;8(2):1750-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.entohttps://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento

Hussain B, War AR, Ganie SA, Bilal S. Monitoring and testing different doses of disparlure for Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata, in a temperate region of India (Kashmir Valley). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 2015 Jun;50(1):85-92. doi: 10.1556/038.50.2015.1.8https://doi.org/10.1556/038.50.2015.1.8

Hussain B, Ahmad B, Bilal S. Monitoring and mass trapping of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, by the use of pheromone baited traps in Kargil, Ladakh, India. International Journal of Fruit Science. 2015 Jan 2;15(1):1-9 doi:10.1080/15538362.2013.819207https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2013.819207

Sharma A, Kapoor R, Raina R, Thakur KS. Socio economic impact of use of pheromone traps against Indian Gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata on apple orchardists of Chamba district

Gupta R, Tara JS. Management of Apple Tree Borer, Aeolesthes Holosericea Fabricius on Apple Trees (Malus Domestica Borkh.) In Jammu Province, Jammu and Kashmir State, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2014;2(1):96-8.

ulah Rather S, Buhroo AA, Khanday AL. Occurrence of eulophid parasitoids on apple leaf miner Lyonetia clerkella Linn.(Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) in Kashmir.

Khanday AL, Buhroo AA, Singh S, Ranjith AP, Mazur S. Survey of predators associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) with redescription of Platysoma rimarium Erichson, 1834 from Kashmir, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 2018 Sep 1;11(3):353-60. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2018.07.004https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2018.07.004

Gupta BK, Mishra BP, Singh V, Patel D, Singh MP. Constraints Faced by Vegetable Growers in Adoption of IPM in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Extension Education. 2020 Oct;56(4):92-7.

Ranga Rao GV, Rao VR. Status of IPM in Indian agriculture: a need for better adoption. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 2010;38(2):115-21.

El-Metwally M, El-Ashry RM, El-Aal A. Effect of Chemical Nematicides, Chicken Manure and Biocontrol Agents as a Control Method for Certain Plant Parasitic Nematodes Infecting Orchards under Field Conditions in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology. 2019 Jan 1;10(1):1-6. doi:10.21608/jppp.2019.40550https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2019.40550

Shivkumara KT. Botanical insecticides; prospects and way forward in India: A review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology studies. 2019;7(3):206-11. doi:10.1007/s42360-019-00162-5https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-019-00162-5

Raghavendra KV, Gowthami R, Lepakshi NM, Dhananivetha M, Shashank R. Use of botanicals by farmers for integrated pest management of crops in Karnataka. Asian Agri-Hist. 2016 Jul 1;20(3):173-80.

Lengai GM, Muthomi JW, Mbega ER. Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Scientific African. 2020 Mar 1;7:e00239. doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239

Dara SK. The new integrated pest management paradigm for the modern age. Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 2019;10(1):12. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmz010https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmz010

Shafi SM, Sheikh MA, Nabi SU, Mir MA, Ahmad N, Mir JI, Raja WH, Rasool R, Masoodi KZ. An overview of apple scab, its cause and management strategies. EC Microbiology. 2019;15:0-1.

Rather TR, Bhat ZA, Pandit BA, Shiekh K, Malik AR, Ganai MA. Bioefficacy studies of new fungicide molecules (Proquinazid 20 EC) against powdery mildew of apple. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2019;8(1):1963-5.

Chauhan A, Ladon T, Verma P. Strategies for rootstock and varietal improvement in apple: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2020;9(5):2513-6.doi:10.22271/phytohttps://doi.org/10.22271/phyto

Srivastava JN, Singh AK, Sharma RK. Diseases of Apples and Their Management. In Diseases of Fruits and Vegetable Crops 2020 May 12 (pp. 19-39). Apple Academic Press.https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429322181-3

Wada M, Nishitani C, Komori S. Stable and efficient transformation of apple. Plant Biotechnology. 2020 Jun 25;37(2):163-70.doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0602ahttps://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0602a

Gessler C, Patocchi A, Sansavini S, Tartarini S, Gianfranceschi L. Venturia inaequalis resistance in apple. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2006 Dec 1;25(6):473-503. doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239

Holb IJ, Kunz S. Integrated control of apple scab and powdery mildew in an organic apple orchard by combining potassium carbonates with wettable sulfur, pruning, and cultivar susceptibility. Plant Disease. 2016 Sep 18;100(9):1894-905.doi:10.1094/PDIS-12-15-1416-REhttps://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-15-1416-RE

Moinina A, Lahlali R, MacLean D, Boulif M. Farmers' knowledge, perception and practices in apple pest management and climate change in the Fes-Meknes Region, Morocco. Horticulturae. 2018 Dec;4(4):42.doi:10.3390/horticulturae4040042https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4040042

Holb I, Heijne B, Tamm L. Organic apple disease management. Plant diseases management in organic agriculture. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. 2015. doi:10.1094/9780890544785.024https://doi.org/10.1094/9780890544785.024

Holb IJ. Apple powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera leucotricha: some aspects of disease management. International Journal of Horticultural Science. 2014 Apr 22;20(1-2):29-33.. doi:10.31421/IJHS/20/1-2/1113https://doi.org/10.31421/IJHS/20/1-2/1113

Bahadou SA, Ouijja A, Karfach A, Tahiri A, Lahlali R. New potential bacterial antagonists for the biocontrol of fire blight disease (Erwinia amylovora) in Morocco. Microbial pathogenesis. 2018 Apr 1;117:7-15. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.011https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.011

Schlathölter I, Jänsch M, Flachowsky H, Broggini GA, Hanke MV, Patocchi A. Generation of advanced fire blight-resistant apple (Malus× domestica) selections of the fifth generation within 7 years of applying the early flowering approach. Planta. 2018 Jun;247(6):1475-88. doi:10.1007/s00425-018-2876-zhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2876-z

Shetty MJ, Chandan K, Krishna HC, Aparna GS. Genetically modified crops: An overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(1):2405-10.

Hussain S, Sharma MK, Bashir D, Tundup P, Bangroo SA, Kumar A. Effect of orchard floor management practices on nutrient status in apple cv. Royal Delicious. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018;7(2):2771-92. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.702.338https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.702.338

Hussain S, Sharma MK, War AR, Hussain B. Weed management in apple cv. Royal Delicious by using different orchard floor management practices. International Journal of Fruit Science. 2020 Oct 1;20(4):891-921. doi:10.1080/15538362.2019.1700405https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1700405

Bond W, Turner RJ, Grundy AC. A review of non-chemical weed management. HDRA the organic organization. Ryton Organic Garden, UK. 2003.

Din S, Wani RA, Pandith AH, Majid I, Nisar S, Nisar F, Farooq T, Jan S, Qurat S, Angmoo T. Effect of weed management strategies on weed count and yield attributes of apple (Malus× Domestica) under high density orchard system. IJCS. 2020;8(4):1117-21. doi:10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4i.9753https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4i.9753

Paynter Q, Fowler SV, Hayes L, Hill RL. Factors affecting the cost of weed biocontrol programs in New Zealand. Biological control. 2015 Jan 1;80:119-27. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.10.008

Brown MW. Applying principles of community ecology to pest management in orchards. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 1999 Apr 1;73(2):103-6. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00018-3https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00018-3

LeRoux EJ. Biological control attempts on pome fruit (apple and pear) in North America, 1860-1970. The Canadian Entomologist. 1971 Jul;103(7):963-74. doi:10.4039/ent103963-7https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103963-7

Altieri MA, Schmidt LL. Cover crop manipulation in northern California orchards and vineyards: effects on arthropod communities. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture. 1985 Jan 1;3(1):1-24. doi:10.1080/01448765.1985.9754453https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1985.9754453

Stephens MJ, France CM, Wratten SD, Frampton C. Enhancing biological control of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by sowing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) in an orchard. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 1998 Dec 1;8(4):547-58. doi:10.1080/09583159830063https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159830063

Lewis T, Dibley GC. Air movement near windbreaks and a hypothesis of the mechanism of the accumulation of airborne insects. Annals of Applied Biology. 1970 Dec;66(3):477-84. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1970.tb04627.xhttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1970.tb04627.x

Tuovinen T. Influence of surrounding trees and bushes on the phytoseiid mite fauna on apple orchard trees in Finland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 1994 Aug 1;50(1):39-47. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(94)90123-6https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(94)90123-6

Rieux R, Simon S, Defrance H. Role of hedgerows and ground cover management on arthropod populations in pear orchards. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 1999 Apr 1;73(2):119-27. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00021-3https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00021-3

Miliczky ER, Horton DR. Densities of beneficial arthropods within pear and apple orchards affected by distance from adjacent native habitat and association of natural enemies with extra-orchard host plants. Biological Control. 2005 Jun 1;33(3):249-59 doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.03.002

Glover JD, Reganold JP, Andrews PK. Systematic method for rating soil quality of conventional, organic, and integrated apple orchards in Washington State. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2000 Aug 1;80(1-2):29-45. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00131-6https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00131-6

Mathews CR, Bottrell DG, Brown MW. A comparison of conventional and alternative understory management practices for apple production: multi-trophic effects. Applied Soil Ecology. 2002 Oct 1;21(3):221-31. doi:10.1016/s0929-1393(02)00105-1https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00105-1

Miñarro M, Dapena E. Effects of groundcover management on ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an apple orchard. Applied Soil Ecology. 2003 Jun 1;23(2):111-7. doi:10.1016/s0929-1393(03)00025-8https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(03)00025-8

Brown MW, Tworkoski T. Pest management benefits of compost mulch in apple orchards. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2004 Aug 1;103(3):465-72. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2003.11.006https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.11.006

Brown MW, Tworkoski T. Enhancing biocontrol in orchards by increasing food web biodiversity. Journal of fruit and ornamental plant research. 2006;14:19.

Preusch PL, Tworkoski TJ. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability and weed suppression from composted poultry litter applied as mulch in a peach orchard. HortScience. 2003 Oct 1;38(6):1108-11.https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.38.6.1108

Brown MW, Schmitt JJ. Seasonal and diurnal dynamics of beneficial insect populations in apple orchards under different management intensity. Environmental Entomology. 2001 Apr 1;30(2):415-24. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-30.2.415https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-30.2.415

Brown MW, Mathews CR. Conservation biological control of rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), in eastern North America. Environmental Entomology. 2014 Nov 3;36(5):1131-9. doi:10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[1131:CBCORA]2.0.CO;2https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[1131:CBCORA]2.0.CO;2

Brown MW, Mathews CR. Conservation biological control of spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on apple by providing natural alternative food resources. European Journal of Entomology. 2008 May 30;105(3):537. doi:10.14411/eje.2008.071https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2008.071

Brown MW. Sustainable biocontrol of apple insect pests. Pest Technol. 2008;2:98-103.

Dumont F, Réale D, Lucas É. Can isogroup selection of highly zoophagous lines of a zoophytophagous bug improve biocontrol of spider mites in apple orchards?. Insects. 2019 Sep;10(9):303. doi:10.3390/insects10090303https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090303

Song B, Han Z. Assessment of the biocontrol effects of three aromatic plants on multiple trophic levels of the arthropod community in an agroforestry ecosystem. Ecological Entomology. 2020 Aug;45(4):831-9. doi:10.1111/een.12858https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12858

Cai Z, Ouyang F, Zhang X, Chen J, Xiao Y, Ge F, Zhang J. Biological Control of Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Using Three Different Flowering Plants in Apple Orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2021 Jun;114(3):1128-37. doi:10.1093/jee/toab064https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab064

Kort IB, Moraza ML, Attia S, Mansour R, Kheder SB. Beneficial arthropods as potential biocontrol candidates of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) occurring in Tunisian citrus orchards. Biologia. 2020 Dec;75(12):2261-70. doi:10.2478/s11756-020-00487-xhttps://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-020-00487-x

Bourne A, Fountain MT, Wijnen H, Shaw B. Potential of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a biocontrol agent of the soft and stone fruit pest Drosophila suzukii. Pest management science. 2019 Dec;75(12):3340-5. doi:10.1002/ps.5459https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5459

Kienzle J, Bicking D, Rau AL, Zebitz CP. Combination strategy of biocontrol measures and antagonists for the control of leafrollers in organic apple orchards in Germany.

Pereira C, Costa P, Pinheiro L, Balcão VM, Almeida A. Kiwifruit bacterial canker: an integrative view focused on biocontrol strategies. Planta. 2021 Feb;253(2):1-20. doi:10.1007/s00425-020-03549-1https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03549-1

Deguine JP, Nguyen TN, Phuong DT, Wyckhuys K, Cao Van P. Using weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina, Hymenoptera) as biocontrol agents in fruit orchards in South Vietnam.

Gajski D, Pekár S. Assessment of the biocontrol potential of natural enemies against psyllid populations in a pear tree orchard during spring. Pest Management Science. 2021 May;77(5):2358-66. doi:10.1002/ps.6262https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6262

Oliveira H, Sarmento RD, Girardo AS, Alonzo C, Hernández G, Gutierrez G, Pinto IO. Biocontrol Potential of Neoseiulus californicus (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) Against Oligonychus punicae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Avocado. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2021 Jun;114(3):1104-10. doi: 10.1093/jee/toab029.https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab029

Poveda J, Roeschlin RA, Marano MR, Favaro MA. Microorganisms as biocontrol agents against bacterial citrus diseases. Biological Control. 2021 Jul 1;158:104602. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104602

Akbaba M, Ozaktan H. Evaluation of bacteriophages in the biocontrol of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolated from cankers on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) in Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 2021 Dec;31(1):1-1.doi:10.1186/s41938-021-00385-7https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00385-7

Gharsallah H, Ksentini I, Naayma S, Hadj Taieb K, Abdelhedi N, Schuster C, Triki MA, Ksantini M, Leclerque A. Identification of fungi in Tunisian olive orchards: characterization and biological control potential. BMC microbiology. 2020 Dec;20(1):1-3. doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01997-zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01997-z

Smaili MC, Boutaleb-Joutei A, Blenzar A. Beneficial insect community of Moroccan citrus groves: assessment of their potential to enhance biocontrol services. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 2020 Dec;30(1):1-5. doi:10.1186/s41938-020-00241-0https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00241-0

Liu Y, Wang W, Zhou Y, Yao S, Deng L, Zeng K. Isolation, identification and in vitro screening of Chongqing orangery yeasts for the biocontrol of Penicillium digitatum on citrus fruit. Biological Control. 2017 Jul 1;110:18-24. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.04.002https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.04.002

Tafifet L, Raio A, Holeva MC, Dikhai R, Kouskoussa CO, Cesbron S, Krimi Z. Molecular characterization of Algerian Erwinia amylovora strains by VNTR analysis and biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas brassicacearum antagonists. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2020 Mar;156(3):867-83. doi:10.1007/s10658-020-01938-6https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01938-6

Adhikari L, Tuladhar S, Hussain A, Aryal K. Are traditional food crops really 'future smart foods?'A sustainability perspective. Sustainability. 2019 Jan;11(19):5236.doi:10.3390/su11195236https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195236

Downloads

Published

22-03-2022 — Updated on 01-04-2022

Versions

How to Cite

1.
Pandit MA, Gulati S, Bhandari N, Tarkeshwar, Mehta PM, Katyal R, Rawat CD, Kaur J. Sustainable Management Strategies and Biological Control in Apple Orchards. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2022 Apr. 1 [cited 2024 Nov. 5];9(2):443-5. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/1547

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022)

Section

Review Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Manisha Arora Pandit, Saloni Gulati, Neeru Bhandari, Tarkeshwar, Poonam Mehta Mehta, Roma Katyal, Charu Dogra Rawat, Jasleen Kaur

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Most read articles by the same author(s)