This is an outdated version published on 18-05-2022. Read the most recent version.
Forthcoming

GC-MS profiling, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic assessments of extracts from microalgae Scenedesmus falcatus (KU.B1) and Chlorella sorokiniana (KU.B2)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1560

Keywords:

Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Alpha-amylase, Alpha-glucosidase, Microalgae

Abstract

Microalgae are a potentially valuable source in the food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors. While biological activities surveys have investigated the pharmaceutical properties of a few microalgae species, there are not many reports covering biological activity studies. This study was carried out to identify the metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and evaluate the anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic properties of green algae extracts, Chlorella sorokiniana (KU.B2) and Scenedesmus falcatus (KU.B1). A total of 51 different chemical constituents were detected and tentatively identified. The primary compounds in both microalgae extracts included (R)-2-hexanol (38.67% in C. sorokiniana and 23.53% in S. falcatus), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.58% in C. sorokiniana and 18.94% in S. falcatus) and octadecanoic acid (22.30% in C. sorokiniana and 32.67% in S. falcatus). According to the profiling results, the C. sorokiniana extract exhibited greater anti-oxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging (IC50 = 480.30 ±?14.85 µg ml-1), nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging (562.73 ±?3.52 µg mL-1) and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) of 58.51 ± 2.42 mgTE g-1. Comparatively, the C. sorokiniana extract had higher contents of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase (IC50 = 491.22 ± 78.41 and 2,817.00 ±143.04 µg mL-1, respectively) than the S. falcatus extract. This first report demonstrated anti-diabetic effect of both extracts on diabetic enzymes. The results confirm microalgae's anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic properties and suggest their potential benefits in cosmeceutical, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Sathasivam R, Ki JS. A review of the biological activities of microalgal carotenoids and their potential use in healthcare and cosmetic industries. Mar Drugs. 2018;16:26. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16010026

Wan XZ, Li TT, Zhong RT, Chen HB, Xia X, Gao LY et al. Anti-diabetic activity of PUFAs-rich extracts of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina platensis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;128:233-39. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.017

Halim R, Danquah MK, Webley PA. Extraction of oil from microalgae for biodiesel production: A review. Biotechnol Adv. 2012;30:709-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.001

Chakrabarti S, Guha S, Majumder K. Food-derived bioactive peptides in human health: a challenges and opportunities. Nutrients 2018;10:1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111738

Jerez-Martel I, García-Poza S, Rodríguez-Martel G, Rico M, Afonso-Olivares C, Gómez-Pinchett JL. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of crude extracts from microalgae and cyanobacteria strains. J Food Qual. 2017;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2924508

Xu SY, Huang X, Cheong KL. Recent advances in marine algae polysaccharides: isolation, structure, and activities. Mar. Drugs. 2017;15:388. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15120388

Hosseini TA, Shariati M. Dunaliella biotechnology: methods and applications. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;107:14-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04153.x

Al-Saif SS, Abdel-Raouf N, El-Wazanani HA, Aref IA. Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of red sea, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2014;21:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.06.001

Bhagavathy S, Sumathi P, Bell IJS. Green algae Chlorococcum humicola-a new source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1:S1-S7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60111-1

Choo WT, Teoh ML, Phang SM, Convey P, Yap WH, Goh BH et al. Microalgae as potential anti-inflammatory natural product against human inflammatory skin diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11: 1086. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01086

Wang HM, Pan JL, Chen CY, Chiu CC, Yang MH, Chang HW et al. Identification of anti-lung cancer extract from Chlorella vulgaris C-C by antioxidant property using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Proc Biochem. 2010;45:1865-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.023

Assunção MFG, Amaral R, Martins BC, Ferreira DJ, Ressurreição S, Santos DS et al. Screening microalgae as potential sources of antioxidants. J Appl Phycol. 2017;29:865-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0980-7

Zhao C, Yang C, Wai STC, Zhang Y, Portillo M, Paoli P et al. Regulation of glucose metabolism by bioactive phytochemicals for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;59:830-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1501658

DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32 Suppl. 2009;2:157-63. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S302

Emily J, Leroith D, Karnieli E. Insulin resistance in obesity as the underlying cause for the metabolic syndrome. Mt Sinai J Med. 2010;77:511-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/msj.20212

Migdal C, Serres M. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Méd sci. 2011;27:405-12. https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2011274017

Suksungworn R, Duangsrisai S. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from the Rubiaceae family in Thailand. Plant Science Today. 2021;8:24-31. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.882

Suksungworn R, Andrade PB, Oliveira AP, Valentao P, Duangsrisai S, Gomes NGM. Inhibition of proinflammatory enzymes and attenuation of il-6 in lps-challenged raw 264.7 macrophages substantiates the ethnomedicinal use of the herbal drug Homalium bhamoense Cubitt and W.W.Sm. IntJ Mol Sci. 2020;21: 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072421

Salman KA, Ashraf S. Reactive oxygen species: a link between chronic inflammation and cancer. Asia Pacific J Mol Biol & Biotechnol. 2015;21:42-49.

Roy N, Laskar RA, Sk I, Kumari D, Ghosh T, Begum NA. A detailed study on the antioxidant activity of the stem bark of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., an Indian medicinal plant. Food Chem. 2011;126:1115-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.143

Dall TM, Yang W, Halder P, Pang B, Massoudi M, Wintfeld N, Semilla AP, Franz J, Hogan PF. The economic burden of elevated blood glucose levels in 2012: diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus, and prediabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:3173-79. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1036

Verspohl EJ. Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Pharmacol Rev. 2012;64:188-237. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003319

Hinnen DA. Therapeutic options for the management of postprandial glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin. J Clin Diabetes. 2015;33:175-80. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.33.4.175

Ofosu FK, Elahi F, Daliri EB, Chelliah R, Ham HJ, Kim JH et al. Phenolic profile, antioxidant and antidiabetic potential exerted by millet grain varieties. Antioxidants. 2020;9:254. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030254

Nair SS, Kavrekar V, Mishra A. In-vitro studies on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of selected plant extractso. European J Experimen Bio. 2013;3:128-32.

Hamed I. The evolution and versatility of microalgal biotechnology: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016;15:1104-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12227

Hartweg J, Perera R, Montori V, Dinneen S, Neil HA, Farmer JA. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;23:CD003205. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003205.pub2

Levasseur W, Perre P, Pozzobon V. A review of high value-added molecules production by microalgae in light of the classification. Biotechnol Adv. 2020;41:1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107545

Lauritano C, Andersen JH, Hansen E, Albrigtsen M, Escalera L, Esposito F et al. Bioactivity Screening of Microalgae for Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anticancer, Anti-Diabetes and Antibacterial Activities. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2016;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00068

Patil L, Kaliwal BB. Microalga Scenedesmus bajacalifornicus BBKLP-07, a new source of bioactive compounds with in vitro pharmacological applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2019;42:979-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-019-02099-5

Pantami HA, Ahamad Bustamam MS, Lee SY, Ismail IS, Mohd Faudzi SM, Nakakuni M, Shaari K. Comprehensive GCMS and LC-MS/MS Metabolite Profiling of Chlorella vulgaris. Mar. Drugs. 2020;18: 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18070367

Dolganyuk V, Belova D, Babich O, Prosekov A, Ivanova S, Katserov D et al. Microalgae: A promising source of valuable bioproducts. Biomolecules. 2020; 10:1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10081153

Napolitano G, Fasciolo G, Salbitani G, Venditti P. Chlorella sorokiniana Dietary supplementation increases antioxidant capacities and reduces ROS release in mitochondria of hyperthyroid rat liver. Antioxidants. 2020;9(9):883. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090883

El-Fayoumy EA, Shanab SMM, Gaballa HS, Tantawy MA, Shalaby EA. Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of crude extract and different fractions of Chlorella vulgaris axenic culture grown under various concentrations of copper ions. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03194-x

Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F. Potential of Chlorella as a dietary supplement to promote human health. nutrients. 2020;12:2524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092524

Miranda MS, Sato S, Mancini-Filho J. Antioxidant activity of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris cultured on special conditions. Boll Chim Farm. 2001;140:165-68.

Afify AEMR, El Baroty GS, El Baz FK, Abd El Baky HH, Murad SA. Scenedesmus obliquus: Antioxidant and antiviral activity of proteins hydrolyzed by three enzymes. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2018;16:399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.01.002

Zaharieva MM, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Rusinova-Videva S, Ilieva Y, Brachkova A, Balabanova V et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae in the context of integral biorefinery concept. Molecules. 2022;27(2):519. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020519

Qi, J., Kim, S.M. ?-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of lutein and zeaxanthin purified from green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea. J Ocean Univ. China.2018;17:983-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3465-2

Kaeoboon, S, Suksungworn, R, Sanevas N. Toxicity response of Chlorella microalgae to glyphosate herbicide exposure based on biomass, pigment contents and photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Science Today. 2021;8:293-300. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.2.1068

Benning C, Somerville RC. Isolation and genetic complementation of a sulfolipid-deficient mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol. 1992;174:2352-60. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.7.2352-2360.1992

Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958;181:1199-1200. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/1811199a0

Ferreres F, Andrade C, Gomes NGM, Andrade PB, Gil-Izquierdo A, Pereira DM et al. Valorisation of kitul, an overlooked food plant: Phenolic profiling of fruits and inflorescences and assessment of their effects on diabetes-related targets. Food Chem. 2021;342: 128323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128323

Santos AB, Fernandes AS, Wagner R, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ. Biogeneration of volatile organic compounds produced by Phormidium autumnale in heterotrophic bioreactor. J Appl Phycol. 2016;28:1561-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0740-0

Jacob-Lopes E, Franco TT. From oil refinery to microalgal biorefinery. J CO2 Utilization. 2013;2:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2013.06.001

Wathnani AH, Ara I, Tahmaz RR, AI-Dayel HT, Bakir AM. Bioactivity of natural compounds isolated from cyanobacteria and green algae against human pathogenic bacteria and yeast. J Medicinal Plants Res. 2012;6:3425-33. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr11.1746

Nascimento TC, Nass PP, Fernandes AS, Vieira KR, Wagner R, Jacob-Lopes E et al. Exploratory data of the microalgae compounds for food purposes. Data in Brief. 2020;29: 105182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105182

Hong JW, Jo SW, Kim OH, Jeong MR, Kim H, Park KM et al. Characterization of a korean domestic cyanobacterium Limnothrix sp. KNUA012 for biofuel feedstock. J Life Sci. 2016;26:460-67. https://doi.org/10.5352/jls.2016.26.4.460

Yun HS, Kim YS, Yoon HS. Characterization of Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris fatty acid components under a wide range of light intensity and growth temperature for their use as biological resources. Heliyon. 2020;6: e04447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04447

Patterson WG. The effect of culture conditions on the hydrocarbon content of Chlorella vulgaris. J Phycol. 1967;3:22-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1967.tb04623.x

Kalhor XA, Movafeghi A, Mohammadi-Nassab AD, Abedi E, Bahrami A. Potential of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris for biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons. Mar Pollut Bull. 2017;123:286-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.045

Jamil TS, Abdel Aty AM, Ghafar Hany HA, Abdo SM. Separation and identification of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds from Scenedesmus obliquusand three cyanobacterial species. Desalination Water Treat. 2014;57: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.972987

Habibi Z, Imanpour NJ, Ramezanpour Z. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of microalgae Scenedesmus dimorphus extracts against bacterial strains. Caspian J Environ Sci. 2018;16:25-36. https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2018.2779

Lee GK, Shibamoto T. Antioxidant properties of aroma compounds isolated from soybeans and mung beans. J Agr Food Chem. 2000:48:42090-44293. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000442u

Escarcega HG, Sánchez-Chávez E, Alvarez PS, Caballero SM, Parra SJM, Flores-Córdova MA et al. Determination of antioxidant phenolic, nutritional quality and volatiles in pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) cultivated in Mexico. Int J Food Prop. 2020;23:979-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1760879

Kulapichitr F, Borompichaichartkul C, Pratontep S, Lopetcharat K, Boonbumrung S, Suppavorasatit I. Differences in volatile compounds and antioxidant activity of ripe and unripe green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L. ‘Catimor’). Acta Horticulturae. 2017;261-68. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1179.41

Elagbar ZA, Naik RR, Shakya AK, Bardaweel SK. Fatty acids analysis, antioxidant and biological activity of fixed oil of Annona muricata L. seeds. J Chem. 2016;1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6948098

Karimi E, Jaafar ZH, Ghasemzadeh A, Ebrahimi M. Fatty acid composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the microwave aqueous extract of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. Biol Res. 2015;48: 9 https://doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-48-9

Saeidi K, Alirezalu A, Akbari Z. Evaluation of chemical constitute, fatty acids and antioxidant activity of the fruit and seed of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) grown wild in Iran. Natural Prod Res. 2016;30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1057728

Sabudak T, Ozturk M, Goren AC, Kolak U, Topcu G. Fatty acids and other lipid composition of five Trifolium species with antioxidant activity. Pharm Biol. 2009;47: 137-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802439343

Zadeh HE, Khodadadi M, Asadi F, Koohi MK, Eslami M, Hasani-Dizaj S et al. The antioxidant activity of palmitoleic acid on the oxidative stress parameters of palmitic acid in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Annals Military Health Sci Res. 2016;14: e11467. https://doi.org/10.5812/amh.11467

Wang ZJ, Liang CL, Li GM, Yu CY, Yin M. Stearic acid protects primary cultured cortical neurons against oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol Sinica. 2007;28:315-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00512.x

Bharti SK, Krishnan S, Kumar A, Kumar A. Antidiabetic phytoconstituents and their mode of action on metabolic pathways. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2018;9: 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018818755019

Chelladurai, MRG, Chinnachamy C. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects of aqueous stem extract of Salacia oblonga and its GC-MS analysis. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2018;54: e17151. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902018000117151

Wang Y, Liu F, Liang Z. Nutritional composition, ?-Glucosidase Inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Ophiopogon japonicus tubers. J Chem. 2015;1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/893074

Balongun O, Oladosu I, Akinnusi A, Zhiqiang L. Fatty acids composition, ?-glucosidase inhibitory potential and cytotoxicity activity of Oncoba spinosa Forssk. Appl Chem. 2013;59:15630-641.

Ahmad Z, Zamhuri KF, Yaacob A, Siong CH, Selvarajah M, Ismail A, Nazrul HM. In vitro anti-diabetic activities and chemical analysis of polypeptide-k and oil isolated from seeds of Momordica charantia (bitter gourd). Molecules. 2012;17:9631-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089631

George OL, Radha RH, Somasekriah VB. In vitro anti-diabetic activity and GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds present the methanol extract of Kalanchoe pinnata Indian J Chem. 2018;57: 1213-21.

Olasehinde TA, Odjadjare EC, Mabinya LV, Olaniran AO, Okoh AI. Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella minutissima exhibit antioxidant potentials, inhibit cholinesterases and modulate disaggregation of ?-amyloid fibrils. Electronic J Biotechnol. 2019;40:460-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.03.008

Petruk G, Gifuni I, Illiano A, Roxo M, Pinto G, Amoresano A et al. Simultaneous production of antioxidants and starch from the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana. Algal Res. 2018;34:164-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.012

Napolitano G, Fasciolo G, Salbitani G, Venditti P. Chlorella sorokiniana dietary supplementation increases antioxidant capacities and reduces ROS release in mitochondria of hyperthyroid rat liver. Antioxidants. 2020;9:883. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090883

Salbitani G, Vona V, Bottone C, Petriccione M, Carfagna S. Sulfur deprivation results in oxidative perturbation in Chlorella sorokiniana (211/8k). Plant and Cell Physiol. 2015;56: 897-905. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcv015

Published

18-05-2022

Versions

How to Cite

1.
Songserm R, Kaeoboon S, Suksungworn R, Duangsrisai S, Sanevas N. GC-MS profiling, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic assessments of extracts from microalgae Scenedesmus falcatus (KU.B1) and Chlorella sorokiniana (KU.B2) . Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2022 May 18 [cited 2024 Nov. 4];. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/1560

Issue

Section

Research Articles

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.