Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 13 No. sp5 (2026): Recent Advances in Agriculture

Cyclocybe aegerita (syn. Agrocybe aegerita)-Black poplar mushroom: Cultivation biology, nutritional profiling and bioactive potential for sustainable commercial production

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.16511
Submitted
3 July 2026
Published
21-09-2026

Abstract

Cyclocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini, previously reported as Agrocybe aegerita and Agrocybe cylindracea is an edible and medicinal mushroom species with high farming potential, nutritional and bioactive value, with the emergence of several works on its production, cultivation and nutritional benefits. This review highlights its taxonomy, cultivation needs, substrates, nutrient composition and its key bioactive compounds as well as reported nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. Based on the literature reviewed, mycelial growth was found to be best at pH 5.5–7.0 and 25–28 °C, while the initiation and fruiting of primordia appear to be best at lower temperatures of 15–20 °C and under high relative humidity levels with controlled light and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Typical values of biological efficiency are 32–68 %, while
optimised strain-substrate combinations are greater than 100 % and up to 179–194 % in some studies. Based on the nutritional studies carried out, the mushroom is a source of protein, dietary fibre, minerals, phenolics, unsaturated fatty acids and the identified bio actives in the mushroom are polysaccharides, lectins, terpenoids, steroids, peptides, ergosterol derivatives, ergothioneine and glutathione. Activities that have been reported through experimentation consist of antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-tumour, anti-microbial, anti-quorum sensing, anti-biofilm and immunomodulatory, with most of the pharmacological evidence being pre-clinical. The integration of cultivation and bioactivity data allows the identification of the most suitable production conditions, the identification of points of consensus and divergence
in the literature and the identification of priorities for future improvements of strains, substrates and for the translation of bioactive compounds.

References

  1. 1. TorrestGómez M. Human medicinal mushroom use. In: Therapeutic mushrooms for diabetes mellitus. Apple Academic Press; 2023. p. 35–66. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003332046-3
  2. 2. Singh A, Saini RK, Kumar A, Chawla P, Kaushik R. Mushrooms as nutritional powerhouses: A review of their bioactive compounds, health benefits and value-added products. Foods. 2025;14(5):741. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050741
  3. 3. Winkelman M. Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions. Journal of Psychedelic Studies. 2019;3(2):43–62. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024
  4. 4. Uhart M, Piscera JM, Albertó E. Utilization of new naturally occurring strains and supplementation to improve the biological efficiency of the edible mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2008;35(6):595–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0321-1
  5. 5. Stamets P. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. Ten Speed Press; 2011.
  6. 6. Li Z, ZhouY, Zhao G, Xu C, PanJ, Li H, et al. Impacts of yield, nutritional value and amino acid contents during short-term composting for the substrate for Agrocybe aegerita. Horticulturae. 2024;10(3):234. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030234
  7. 7. Kües U, Liu Y. Fruiting body production in basidiomycetes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2000;54(2):141–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530000396
  8. 8. Mwangi RW, Macharia JM, Wagara IN, Bence RL. The antioxidant potential of different edible and medicinal mushrooms. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022;147:112621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112621
  9. 9. Petrović J, GlamočlijaJ, Danijel DM, Ana D, StevaL, Slađana PS, et al. Comparative chemical analysis and bioactive properties of aqueous and glucan-rich extracts of three widely appreciated mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus (JE Lange) Imbach, Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murill and Agrocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17(9):1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091153
  10. 10. Yong T, Chen S, Xie Y, Shuai O, Li X, Chen D, et al. Hypouricemic effects of extracts from Agrocybe aegerita on hyperuricemia mice and virtual prediction of bioactives by molecular docking. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018;9:498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00498
  11. 11. Landi N, PacificoS, Ragucci S, Di Giuseppe AMA, Iannuzzi F, ZarrelliA, et al. Pioppino mushroom in southern Italy: An undervalued source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2017;97(15):5388–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8428
  12. 12. Ngai PHK, Zhao Z, Ng TB. Agrocybin, an antifungal peptide from the edible mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Peptides. 2005;26(2):191–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2004.09.011
  13. 13. Lo KM, Cheung PCK. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the fruiting bodies of Agrocybe aegerita var. alba. Food Chemistry. 2005;89(4):533–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.006
  14. 14. Nadar SS, Rao P, Rathod VK. Enzyme assisted extraction of biomolecules as an approach to novel extraction technology: A review. Food Research International. 2018;108:309–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.006
  15. 15. Niveiro N, Uhart M, Albertó E. Revision of the genera Agrocybe and Cyclocybe (Strophariaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Argentina. Rodriguésia. 2020;71:e02272018. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202071038
  16. 16. Li J, Yang W, Ren J, Cao B, Zhu X, Lin L, et al. A new species Agrocybe striatipes, also a newly commercially cultivated mushroom with highly nutritional and healthy values. Journal of Fungi. 2023;9(3):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030383
  17. 17. Jasińska A, Siwulski M, Sobieralski K. Mycelium growth and yielding of black poplar mushroom-Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing. on different substrates. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A. 2012;2(9):1040–7.
  18. 18. Sharma VP, Sharma SR, Satish Kumar SK. Physiological requirements and cultivation of Agrocybe aegerita. 2004.
  19. 19. Solomko EF, Lomberg ML. Effect of cultural conditions on mycelial growth and fruiting of Agrocybe aegerita. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2007;9(3/4):352.
  20. 20. Dulay RMR, Cabrera EC, Kalaw SP, Reyes RG, Hou CT. Nutritional requirements for mycelial growth of three Lentinus species from the Philippines. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2020;23:101506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101506
  21. 21. Dulay RMR, Cabrera EC, Kalaw SP, Reyes RG. Optimization of submerged culture conditions for mycelial biomass production of fourteen Lentinus isolates from Luzon Island, Philippines. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2021;38:102226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102226
  22. 22. Bilay VT, Solomko EF, Buchalo AS, editors. Growth of edible and medicinal mushrooms on commercial agar. 2000.
  23. 23. Sakthivel K, Prakasam V, Thiribhuvanamala G, Madhavan S. Nutritional, temperature and pH requirements for the mycelial growth of black poplar mushroom, Agrocybe aegerita. Madras Agricultural Journal. 2023;99(10–12):1.
  24. 24. Song AiRong SA, Liu TongBao LT. Effects of KH2PO4 on submerged culture of Agrocybe aegerita under different pH values. 2004.
  25. 25. Wachowicz E, Woroncow L. Comprehensive model of processes proceeding at a mushroom-growing celler. Technical Sciences. 2010;13:30–9. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10022-010-0004-9
  26. 26. Kalaw SP, Alfonso DO, Dulay RMR, De Leon AM, Undan JQ, Undan JR, et al. Optimization of culture conditions for secondary mycelial growth of wild macrofungi from selected areas in Central Luzon, Philippines. Curr Res Environ Appl Mycol. 2016;6(4):277–87. https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/6/4/5
  27. 27. Munshi NA, Dar GH, Ghani MY, Kauser S, Mughal N. Button mushroom cultivation. Communication and Publication Centre SKUAST-K. 2010;1:1–33.
  28. 28. Zervakis G, Philippoussis A, Ioannidou S, Diamantopoulou P. Mycelium growth kinetics and optimal temperature conditions for the cultivation of edible mushroom species on lignocellulosic substrates. Folia Microbiologica. 2001;46(3):231–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02818539
  29. 29. Jasińska A, Siwulski M, Sobieralski K, Majtkowski W, Rogalski J, Ohga S. Comparative study of mycelial growth and carpophore yield of Agrocybe aegrerita (Brig.) Sing. on selected agricultural and textile industry wastes as a cultivation substrate. 2014. https://doi.org/10.5109/1434373
  30. 30. Jasińska A, Siwulski M. Impact of substrate supplemented with CaCO3 on mycelial growth, yield, morphological features and storability of fruiting bodies of black poplar mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea (DC.) Marie. International Journal of Horticultural Science. 2021;27:76–86. https://doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/27/2021/5432
  31. 31. Bandura I, Kulyk AS, Makohon SV, Tsyz OM, Khareba OV, Khareba VV, et al. Qualitative characteristics of the fungus Cyclocybe aegerita strains 2229, 2230, 2231 IBK under industrial cultivation conditions. Plant and Soil Science. 2021;12(3):85–99. https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.03.085
  32. 32. Sood B, Sh K. Assessing the potential of lignocellulosic agro-wastes for high yield of Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Singer under Punjab climatic conditions. International Journal of Science and Nature. 2016;7(1):104–11.
  33. 33. Sharma V, Sharma S, Kumar S. Cultivation of least-exploited commercial mushrooms. Mushroom Biology and Biotechnology. 2007;213:167.
  34. 34. Rezaeian SH, Pourianfar HR, Shahtahmasbi SH. Cultivation of black poplar mushroom, Cyclocybe aegerita, on woody and non-woody lignocellulosic substrates with a high biological efficiency. Asian Journal of Mycology. 2022;5(1):31–9. https://doi.org/10.5943/ajom/5/1/3
  35. 35. Philippoussis A, Zervakis G, Diamantopoulou P. Bioconversion of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes through the cultivation of the edible mushrooms Agrocybe aegerita, Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus spp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001;17(2):191–200. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016685530312
  36. 36. Shim SM, Kim SB, Kim HY, Rho HS, Lee HS, Lee MW, et al. Genes expressed during fruiting body formation of Agrocybe cylindracea. Mycobiology. 2006;34(4):209–13. https://doi.org/10.4489/MYCO.2006.34.4.209
  37. 37. Kleofas V, Sommer L, Fraatz MA, Zorn H, Rühl M. Fruiting body production and aroma profile analysis of Agrocybe aegerita cultivated on different substrates. Natural Resources. 2014;5(6):233. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.56022
  38. 38. Nicolini L, Von Hunolstein C, Carilli A. Solid state fermentation of orange peel and grape stalks by Pleurotus ostreatus, Agrocybe aegerita and Armillariella mellea. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1987;26(1):95–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282155
  39. 39. Muthu N, Shanmugasundaram K. Proximate and mineral compositions of edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2016;5(1):116.
  40. 40. Sharma VP, Sharma SR. Molecular identification and cultivation of the black poplar culinary-medicinal mushroom Agrocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Singer (Agaricomycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2009;11(1). https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i1.100
  41. 41. Sadegh SH, Ramezan D, Pirnia M, Aran M, Sarani S. Evaluation of yield and total polysaccharide amounts of the basidiocarp of Iranian isolates of Agrocybe aegerita and Hypsizygus ulmarius mushroom produced on various substrates. Journal of Microbial Biology. 12(45):1–17.
  42. 42. Gąsecka M, Mleczek M, Siwulski M, Niedzielski P, Kozak L. Phenolic and flavonoid content in Hericium erinaceus, Ganoderma lucidum and Agrocybe aegerita under selenium addition. Acta Alimentaria. 2016;45(2):300–8. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2016.45.2.18
  43. 43. Sarker NC, Shaheen M, Amin SMR, Khan AS. Domestication and cultivation of Agrocybe aegerita on straw and sawdust substrate. Bangladesh J Mushroom. 2008;2:73–9.
  44. 44. Isikhuemhen OS, Mikiashvili NA, Kelkar V. Application of solid waste from anaerobic digestion of poultry litter in Agrocybe aegerita cultivation: Mushroom production, lignocellulolytic enzymes activity and substrate utilization. Biodegradation. 2009;20(3):351–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-008-9226-y
  45. 45. Zhao ZG, Gong ZJ, Chen H. Agrocybe aegerita and Auricularia auricula fruit body yields on cultivation substrates containing different amounts of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrate. Acta Edulis Fungi. 2009;16(3):36–8.
  46. 46. Hằng NTB. A study of the influence of the medium on the growth, development and biological efficiency of Agrocybe aegerita in Da Nang City. Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ-Đại học Đà Nẵng. 2016:146–50.
  47. 47. Kalac P. Mineral composition and radioactivity of edible mushrooms. Academic Press; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817565-1.00005-4
  48. 48. Bauer Petrovska B, Kulevanova S, Jordanoski B, Stefov V. Investigation of dietary fibre in some edible mushrooms from Macedonia. Nutrition & Food Science. 2001;31(5):242–6. https://doi.org/10.1108/00346650110396664
  49. 49. Seo SY, Ahn MS, Choi SR, Song EJ, Choi MK, Kim YS. Analysis of nutritional compositions and biological activity of Agrocybe aegerita. Journal of Mushroom. 2011;9(3):116–22.
  50. 50. Petrović J, Glamočlija J, Stojković D, Ćirić A, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR, et al. Nutritional value, chemical composition, antioxidant activity and enrichment of cream cheese with chestnut mushroom Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;52(10):6711–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1783-6
  51. 51. Konuk M, Afyon A, Yagiz D. Minor element and heavy metal contents of wild growing and edible mushrooms from western Black Sea region of Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2007;16(11A):1359.
  52. 52. Du B, Zhu F, Xu B. An insight into the anti-inflammatory properties of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Journal of Functional Foods. 2018;47:334–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.003
  53. 53. Kalač P. A review of chemical composition and nutritional value of wild-growing and cultivated mushrooms. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2013;93(2):209–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5960
  54. 54. Zhu F, Du B, Bian Z, Xu B. Beta-glucans from edible and medicinal mushrooms: Characteristics, physicochemical and biological activities. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2015;41:165–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.01.019
  55. 55. Song R, Liang T, Shen Q, Liu J, Lu Y, Tang C, et al. The optimization of production and characterization of antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysates of Agrocybe aegerita. LWT. 2020;134:109987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109987
  56. 56. Jing H, Li J, Zhang J, Wang W, Li S, Ren Z, et al. The antioxidative and anti-aging effects of acidic-and alkalic-extractable mycelium polysaccharides by Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018;106:1270–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.138
  57. 57. Petrović J, Glamočlija J, Stojković D, Nikolić M, Ćirić A, Fernandes A, et al. Bioactive composition, antimicrobial activities and the influence of Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing on certain quorum-sensing-regulated functions and biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Food & Function. 2014;5(12):3296–303. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4FO00819G
  58. 58. Bains A, Chawla P, Inbaraj BS. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activity of edible mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita). Foods. 2023;12(19):3562. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193562
  59. 59. Berne S, Križaj I, Pohleven F, Turk T, Maček P, Sepčić K. Pleurotus and Agrocybe hemolysins, new proteins hypothetically involved in fungal fruiting. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects. 2002;1570(3):153–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00190-3
  60. 60. Sun H, Zhao CG, Tong X, Qi YP. A lectin with mycelia differentiation and antiphytovirus activities from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. BMB Reports. 2003;36(2):214–22. https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2003.36.2.214
  61. 61. Zhao C, Sun H, Tong X, Qi Y. An antitumour lectin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Biochemical Journal. 2003;374(2):321–7. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20030300
  62. 62. Ma L, Xu B, Huang M, Sun L, Yang Q, Chen Y, et al. Adjuvant effects mediated by the carbohydrate recognition domain of Agrocybe aegerita lectin interacting with avian influenza H9N2 viral surface glycosylated proteins. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B. 2017;18(8):653–61. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1600106
  63. 63. Citores L, Ragucci S, Ferreras JM, Di Maro A, Iglesias R. Ageritin, a ribotoxin from poplar mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) with defensive and antiproliferative activities. ACS Chemical Biology. 2019;14(6):1319–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.9b00291
  64. 64. Ragucci S, Landi N, Russo R, Valletta M, Citores L, Iglesias R, et al. Effect of an additional N-terminal methionyl residue on enzymatic and antifungal activities of Ageritin purified from Agrocybe aegerita fruiting bodies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020;155:1226–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.090
  65. 65. Baglivo I, Ragucci S, D'Incecco P, Landi N, Russo R, Faoro F, et al. Gene organization, expression and localization of ribotoxin-like protein ageritin in fruiting body and mycelium of Agrocybe aegerita. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(19):7158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197158
  66. 66. Ragucci S, Landi N, Russo R, Valletta M, Pedone PV, Chambery A, et al. Ageritin from pioppino mushroom: The prototype of ribotoxin-like proteins, a novel family of specific ribonucleases in edible mushrooms. Toxins. 2021;13(4):263. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040263
  67. 67. Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang B, Cai Y, Zhang M, Guo X, et al. A novel selenium nanocomposite modified by AANL inhibits tumor growth by upregulating CLK2 in lung cancer. Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;148:107459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107459
  68. 68. Toumi ME, KebailiFF, Rebai R, Derardja I, ToumiM, Calogero GS, et al. Purification and biochemical characterization of novel galectin from the black poplar medicinal mushroom Cyclocybe cylindracea (Agaricomycetes) strain MEST42 from Algeria. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2024;26(2). https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023051925
  69. 69. Zhang Y, Mills GL, Nair MG. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the fruiting body of an edible mushroom, Agrocybe aegerita. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(5):386–90. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00272
  70. 70. Kalaras MD, Richie JP, Calcagnotto A, Beelman RB. Mushrooms: A rich source of the antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione. Food Chemistry. 2017;233:429–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.109
  71. 71. Diyabalanage T, Mulabagal V, Mills G, DeWitt DL, Nair MG. Health-beneficial qualities of the edible mushroom, Agrocybe aegerita. Food Chemistry. 2008;108(1):97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.049
  72. 72. Liang Y, Liu HH, Chen YJ, Sun H. Antitumor activity of the protein and small molecule component fractions from Agrocybe aegerita through enhancement of cytokine production. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2014;17(4):439–46. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.2846
  73. 73. Chen Y, Jiang S, Jin Y, Yin Y, Yu G, Lan X, et al. Purification and characterization of an antitumor protein with deoxyribonuclease activity from edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2012;56(11):1729–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200316
  74. 74. Qi C, Li DF, Feng L, Hou Y, Sun H, Wang DC, et al. Biochemical and structural characterization of a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 from Agrocybe aegeria reveals Ube2w family-specific properties. Scientific Reports. 2015;5(1):16056. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16056
  75. 75. Li G, Liu X, Cong S, Deng Y, Zheng X. A novel serine protease with anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities from the fruiting bodies of mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021;168:631–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.118
  76. 76. Rosdan Bushra SM, Nurul AA. Bioactive mushroom polysaccharides: The structure, characterization and biological functions. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 2022;45(13–16):174–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2023.2182317
  77. 77. Hyder MS, Dutta SD. Mushroom-derived polysaccharides as antitumor and anticancer agent: A concise review. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2021;35:102085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102085
  78. 78. Ren L, Perera C, Hemar Y. Antitumor activity of mushroom polysaccharides: A review. Food & Function. 2012;3(11):1118–30. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo10279j
  79. 79. Jing H, Zhang Q, Liu M, Zhang J, Zhang C, Li S, et al. Polysaccharides with antioxidative and antiaging activities from enzymatic-extractable mycelium by Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018(1):1584647. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1584647
  80. 80. Ji Y, Zheng MF, Ye SG, Wu XB, Chen JY. Agrocybe aegerita polysaccharide combined with chemotherapy improves tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ levels in rat esophageal carcinoma. Diseases of the Esophagus. 2013;26(8):859–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01397.x
  81. 81. Liu X, Liu D, Chen Y, Zhong R, Gao L, Yang C, et al. Physicochemical characterization of a polysaccharide from Agrocybe aegirita and its anti-ageing activity. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2020;236:116056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116056
  82. 82. Motoshima RA, RosaTdF, Mendes LdC, da Silva EV, Viana SRF, do Amaral BS, et al. Inhibition of Leishmania amazonensis arginase by fucogalactan isolated from Agrocybe aegerita mushroom. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2018;201:532–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.109
  83. 83. Singh RS, Bhari R, Kaur HP. Mushroom lectins: Current status and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2010;30(2):99–126. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388550903365048
  84. 84. Singh SS, Wang H, Chan YS, Pan W, Dan X, Yin CM, et al. Lectins from edible mushrooms. Molecules. 2014;20(1):446–69. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20010446
  85. 85. Rodrigues ML. Themultifunctional fungalergosterol. mBio. 2018;9(5):10–1128. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01755-18
  86. 86. Kawagishi H, Akachi T, Ogawa T, Masuda K, Yamaguchi K, Yazawa K, et al. Chaxine A, an osteoclast-forming suppressing substance, from the mushroom Agrocybe chaxingu. Heterocycles. 2007;69(1):253–8.
  87. https://doi.org/10.3987/COM-06-S(O)25
  88. 87. Choi JH, Ogawa A, Abe N, Masuda K, Koyama T, Yazawa K, et al. Chaxines B, C, D and E from the edible mushroom Agrocybe chaxingu. Tetrahedron. 2009;65(47):9850–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.064
  89. 88. Yajima A, Kagohara Y, Shikai K, Katsuta R, Nukada T. Synthesis of two osteoclast-forming suppressors, demethylincisterol A3 and chaxine A. Tetrahedron. 2012;68(6):1729–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.057
  90. 89. Chen M, Wang KL, Liu M, She ZG, Wang CY. Bioactive steroid derivatives and butyrolactone derivatives from a Gorgonian-derived Aspergillus sp. fungus. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2015;12(9):1398–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201400321
  91. 90. Orban A, Hennicke F, Rühl M. Volatilomes of Cyclocybe aegerita during different stages of monokaryotic and dikaryotic fruiting. Biological Chemistry. 2020;401(8):995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0392
  92. 91. Zhang C, Chen X, Orban A, Shukal S, Birk F, Too HP, et al. Agrocybe aegerita serves as a gateway for identifying sesquiterpene biosynthetic enzymes in higher fungi. ACS Chemical Biology. 2020;15(5):1268–77. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.0c00155
  93. 92. Surup F, Hennicke F, Sella N, Stroot M, Bernecker S, Pfütze S, et al. New terpenoids from the fermentation broth of the edible mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2019;15(1):1000–7. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.98
  94. 93. Yang F, Fu A, Meng H, Liu Y, Bi S. Non-volatile taste active compounds and umami evaluation of Agrocybe aegerita hydrolysates derived using different enzymes. Food Bioscience. 2024;58:103772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.103772
  95. 94. Wang WK, Zhu Y, Tang Y, Lu N, Song JL, Yuan WD, et al. Non-volatile taste components of different cultivated mushrooms at mycelia, primordium and fruit body cultivation stages. International Journal of Food Properties. 2016;19(9):1938–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2015.1089891
  96. 95. Pereira DM, ValentãoP, Andrade PB. Organic acids of plants and mushrooms: Are they antioxidants. Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology. 2009;3:103–13.
  97. 96. Mau J. The umami taste of edible and medicinal mushrooms. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2005;7(1/2):119. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v7.i12.120
  98. 97. Rašeta M, Berežni S, Bauer R, Krstic S. Mycochemical profile and biological activity of edible mushroom species Cyclocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini 2014. Planta Medica. 2022;88(15):P–205. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759181
  99. 98. Du B, Peng F, Xie Y, Wang H, Wu J, Liu C, et al. Optimization extraction and antioxidant activity of crude polysaccharide from chestnut mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) by accelerated solvent extraction combined with response surface methodology (ASE-RSM). Molecules. 2022;27(8):2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082380
  100. 99. Liu X, Wu L, Tong A, Zhen H, Han D, Yuan H, et al. Anti-aging effect of Agrocybe aegerita polysaccharide through regulation of oxidative stress and gut microbiota. Foods. 2022;11(23):3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233783
  101. 100. Liu X, Feng Y, Zhen H, Zhao L, Wu H, Liu B, et al. Agrocybe aegerita polysaccharide combined with Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 attenuates aging-related oxidative stress and restores gut microbiota. Foods. 2023;12(24):4381. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12244381
  102. 101. Chen BoWen CB, Zhang XiaoLin ZX, Sun XiaoRui SX, Luo Yan LY, Du HongXia DH, Meng JunLong MJ, et al. Extraction, characterization, stability and antioxidative capacity of Agrocybe aegerita melanin. 2017.
  103. 102. Yang Q, Yin Y, Pan Y, Ye X, Xu B, Yu W, et al. Anti-metastatic activity of Agrocybe aegerita galectin (AAL) in a mouse model of breast cancer lung metastasis. Journal of Functional Foods. 2018;41:163–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.058
  104. 103. Jiang S, Chen Y, Wang M, Yin Y, Pan Y, Gu B, et al. A novel lectin from Agrocybe aegerita shows high binding selectivity for terminal N-acetylglucosamine. Biochemical Journal. 2012;443(2):369–78. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20112061
  105. 104. Wang Z, Chen K, Zhang K, He K, Zhang D, Guo X, et al. Agrocybe cylindracea fucoglucogalactan induced lysosome-mediated apoptosis of colorectal cancer cell through H3K27ac-regulated cathepsin D. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2023;319:121208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121208
  106. 105. Li Y, Li Y, Xia J, Yang Q, Chen Y, Sun H. 3'-Sulfo-TF antigen determined by GAL3ST2/ST3GAL1 is essential for antitumor activity of fungal galectin AAL/AAGL. ACS Omega. 2021;6(27):17379–90. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c01544
  107. 106. Ragucci S, Castaldi S, Landi N, Isticato R, Di Maro A. Antifungal activity of ageritin, a ribotoxin-like protein from Cyclocybe aegerita edible mushroom, against phytopathogenic fungi. Toxins. 2023;15(9):578. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15090578
  108. 107. Koshino H, Lee IK, Kim JP, Kim WG, Uzawa J, Yoo ID. Agrocybenine, novel class alkaloid from the Korean mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Tetrahedron Letters. 1996;37(26):4549–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(96)00900-8
  109. 108. Fernandez Espinar MT, Labarère J. Cloning and sequencing of the Aa-Pri1 gene specifically expressed during fruiting initiation in the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita and analysis of the predicted amino-acid sequence. Current Genetics. 1997;32(6):420–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002940050297
  110. 109. Panevska A, Hodnik V, Skočaj M, Novak M, Modic Š, Pavlic I, et al. Pore-forming protein complexes from Pleurotus mushrooms kill western corn rootworm and Colorado potato beetle through targeting membrane ceramide phosphoethanolamine. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):5073. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41450-4
  111. 110. Frangež R, Šuput D, Molgó J, Benoit E. Ostreolysin a/pleurotolysin b and equinatoxins: Structure, function and pathophysiological effects of these pore-forming proteins. Toxins. 2017;9(4):128. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9040128
  112. 111. Jin Y, Che T, Yin Y, Yu G, Yang Q, Liu W, et al. Lethal protein in mass consumption edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita linked to strong hepatic toxicity. Toxicon. 2014;90:273–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.066
  113. 112. Zhang L, Yan M, Liu C. A comprehensive review of secondary metabolites from the genus Agrocybe: Biological activities and pharmacological implications. Mycology. 2024;15(2):162–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2023.2292994
  114. 113. Yang C, Yang J, Zhou Y, Ou Y, Wang Z, Qi W, et al. Biochemical characterization and bacterial diversity of Agrocybe aegerita during postharvest storage. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2025;16:1596093. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1596093
  115. 114. Data Insights Market. Comprehensive insights into Agrocybe aegerita: Trends and growth projections 2025–2033. 2025. https://www.datainsightsmarket.com/reports/agrocybe-aegerita-395631
  116. 115. Choi IY, Choi JN, Sharma PK, Lee WH. Isolation and identification of mushroom pathogens from Agrocybe aegerita. Mycobiology. 2010;38(4):310–5. https://doi.org/10.4489/MYCO.2010.38.4.310
  117. 116. Gea FJ, Navarro MJ, Santos M, Diánez F, Carrasco J. Control of fungal diseases in mushroom crops while dealing with fungicide resistance: A review. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030585
  118. 117. Gajanayake AJ, Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Luangharn T, Liyanage WKK, Caige L, et al. Fungal threats to global mushroom cultivation: Diseases, competitor molds and management strategies-a review. Mycosphere. 2025;16(1):3130–76. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/16/1/22
  119. 118. Grimm D, Wösten HAB. Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2018;102(18):7795–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9226-8
  120. 119. Viriato V, Carvalho SADd, Santoro BdL, Bonfim FPG. A business model for circular bioeconomy: Edible mushroom production and its alignment with the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Recycling. 2024;9(4):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9040068

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.