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Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 13 No. sp5 (2026): Recent Advances in Agriculture

Soil-pharmaceutical residue interactions: Understanding sorption and desorption mechanisms for effective risk assessment and mitigation

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.16589
Submitted
6 July 2026
Published
31-08-2026

Abstract

Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly recognised as persistent environmental contaminants, with soils acting as both sinks and secondary sources following their entry through wastewater irrigation, biosolid application and improper disposal. Pharmacological properties and soil characteristics interact in shaping the environmental fate of these compounds and the mechanisms governing sorption and desorption largely determine their mobility, persistence and bioavailability in soil systems. Compound-specific characteristics such as ionisation state, hydrophobicity, molecular structure and functional groups, together with soil properties including pH, organic matter content, texture, mineralogy, cation exchange capacity, moisture, ionic strength and redox conditions, strongly influence pharmaceutical behaviour in soils. Partial and hysteretic release can prolong environmental persistence and expose soil microorganisms and plants to sustained low-dose contamination, even where substantial retention initially limits transport. Such exposure has been linked to shifts in microbial community structure, suppression of key soil enzymes, disrupted nutrient cycling and accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes, threatening soil fertility and health. Uptake and translocation of residues into edible crops further raise concerns for food safety and human health. Critically, current risk assessment frameworks remain limited because they inadequately account for chemical mixtures, transformation products and integrated soil-plant-microbial interactions, a gap compounded by the scarcity of long-term, field-scale data and studies addressing combined effects of co-occurring pollutants. This review synthesises recent evidence on soil-pharmaceutical interactions to address that gap and highlights the need for integrated mitigation strategies including soil amendments, microbial degradation, phytoremediation and improved wastewater treatment for the long-term management of pharmaceutically contaminated soils.

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