Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Review Articles

Vol. 13 No. sp5 (2026): Recent Advances in Agriculture

The shared vulnerability network of biothreats: A coupled framework linking feeding biology, plant immunity, vector competence and insecticide resistance in sap-sucking insects under climate change

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.17032
Submitted
26 July 2026
Published
28-09-2026

Abstract

Sap-sucking insect pests, including whiteflies, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, planthoppers and psyllids, are conventionally investigated as separate biological and management problems, with feeding injury, virus transmission and insecticide resistance typically addressed by different research communities. This review argues that such separation reflects disciplinary organisation rather than the underlying biology of these insects. Using whitefly-centred evidence and extending the synthesis comparatively to other major sap-sucking taxa, we demonstrate that four processes traditionally considered independent-phloem-feeding physiology, plant immune signalling, virus vector competence and insecticide resistance evolution-converge on a limited set of shared physiological currencies, including osmoregulatory and detoxification systems, obligate and facultative endosymbionts and the duration of sustained phloem ingestion. Because these physiological currencies are shared, interventions or environmental changes affecting one process can propagate across the others, generating system-wide consequences. We formalise these interactions as the shared vulnerability network (SVN), a conceptual framework in which feeding biology, plant immunity, vector competence and resistance evolution form four interconnected interfaces collectively modulated by climate change. Using this framework, we synthesise the primary literature on sap-sucking insect diversity, host plant resistance (HPR), virus transmission biology, insecticide resistance evolution, RNA interference and other precision-management technologies while explicitly distinguishing well-established knowledge from emerging, field-unvalidated approaches. Finally, we identify specific, testable research priorities that arise directly from the framework and argue that durable, climate-resilient pest management requires evaluating interventions for their consequences across the entire coupled system rather than their effectiveness against a single life stage, physiological process or biochemical target in isolation.

References

  1. 1. Douglas A. Phloem-sap feeding by animals: problems and solutions. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(4):747–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj067
  2. 2. Nault LR. Arthropod transmission of plant viruses: a new synthesis. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1997;90(5):521–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/90.5.521
  3. 3. Li Y, Mbata GN, Punnuri S, Simmons AM, Shapiro-Ilan DI. Bemisia tabaci on vegetables in the southern United States: incidence, impact and management. Insects. 2021;12(3):198. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12030198
  4. 4. Bass C, Denholm I, Williamson MS, Nauen R. The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2015;121:78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.04.004
  5. 5. Feyereisen R. Insect CYP genes and P450 enzymes. In: Gilbert LI, editor. Insect Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012. p. 236–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384747-8.10008-X
  6. 6. Hansen AK, Moran NA. The impact of microbial symbionts on host plant utilization by herbivorous insects. Mol Ecol. 2014;23(6):1473–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12421
  7. 7. Li X, Schuler MA, Berenbaum MR. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics. Annu Rev Entomol. 2007;52(1):231–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091307
  8. 8. Smith CM. Plant Resistance to Arthropods: Molecular and Conventional Approaches. Dordrecht: Springer; 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3702-3
  9. 9. Ghanim M. A review of the mechanisms and components that determine the transmission efficiency of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Geminiviridae; Begomovirus) by its whitefly vector. Virus Res. 2014;186:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.022
  10. 10. Brumin M, Kontsedalov S, Ghanim M. Rickettsia influences thermotolerance in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci B biotype. Insect Sci. 2011;18(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01396.x
  11. 11. Pan H, Chu D, Ge D, Wang S, Wu Q, Xie W, et al. Further spread of and domination by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype Q on field crops in China. J Econ Entomol. 2011;104(3):978–85. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC11009
  12. 12. Deutsch CA, Tewksbury JJ, Tigchelaar M, Battisti DS, Merrill SC, Huey RB, et al. Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate. Science. 2018;361(6405):916–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3466
  13. 13. Ziska LH. Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and plant biology: the overlooked paradigm. DNA Cell Biol. 2008;27(4):165–72. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2007.0726
  14. 14. Cagliari D, Dias NP, Galdeano DM, Dos Santos EA, Smagghe G, Zotti MJ. Management of pest insects and plant diseases by non-transformative RNAi. Front Plant Sci. 2019;10:1319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01319
  15. 15. Hogenhout SA, Ammar ED, Whitfield AE, Redinbaugh MG. Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2008;46(1):327–59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.46.120407.110114
  16. 16. Christiaens O, Whyard S, Vélez AM, Smagghe G. Double-stranded RNA technology to control insect pests: current status and challenges. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00451
  17. 17. Painter RH. Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. New York: Macmillan; 1951.
  18. 18. Authority EFS, Barro F, Braeuning A, Goumperis T, Lewandowska A, Moxon S, et al. Risk assessment considerations for RNAi-based genetically modified plants. EFSA J. 2025;23(3):e9321. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9321
  19. 19. Mound LA, Kibby G. Thysanoptera: An Identification Guide. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CAB International; 1998.
  20. 20. Hannon GJ. RNA interference. Nature. 2002;418(6894):244–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/418244a
  21. 21. Blackman RL, Eastop VF. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification and Information Guide. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2000.
  22. 22. Martin JH, Mound LA. An annotated checklist of the world's whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Zootaxa. 2007;1492(1):1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1492.1.1
  23. 23. Karley AJ, Douglas AE, Parker WE. Amino acid composition and nutritional quality of potato leaf phloem sap for aphids. J Exp Biol. 2002;205(19):3009–18. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.19.3009
  24. 24. Johnson KP, Dietrich CH, Friedrich F, Beutel RG, Wipfler B, Peters RS, et al. Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(50):12775–80. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815820115
  25. 25. Tjallingii WF. Salivary secretions by aphids interacting with proteins of phloem wound responses. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(4):739–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj088
  26. 26. Walling LL. Avoiding effective defenses: strategies employed by phloem-feeding insects. Plant Physiol. 2008;146(3):859–66. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.113142
  27. 27. Shakesby AJ, Wallace IS, Isaacs HV, Pritchard J, Roberts DM, Douglas AE. A water-specific aquaporin involved in aphid osmoregulation. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2009;39(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.08.008
  28. 28. Mathew LG, Campbell EM, Yool AJ, Fabrick JA. Identification and characterization of functional aquaporin water channel protein from alimentary tract of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;41(3):178–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.12.002
  29. 29. Rotenberg D, Jacobson AL, Schneweis DJ, Whitfield AE. Thrips transmission of tospoviruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2015;15:80–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.003
  30. 30. Walker GP. A beginner's guide to electronic monitoring of homopteran probing behavior. In: Walker GP, Backus EA, editors. Principles and Applications of Electronic Monitoring and Other Techniques in the Study of Homopteran Feeding Behavior. Lanham (MD): Thomas Say Publications in Entomology; 2000. p. 14.
  31. 31. Hogenhout SA, Bos JIB. Effector proteins that modulate plant-insect interactions. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2011;14(4):422–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2011.05.003
  32. 32. Fereres A, Moreno A. Behavioural aspects influencing plant virus transmission by homopteran insects. Virus Res. 2009;141(2):158–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.10.020
  33. 33. Himler AG, Adachi-Hagimori T, Bergen JE, Kozuch A, Kelly SE, Tabashnik BE, et al. Rapid spread of a bacterial symbiont in an invasive whitefly is driven by fitness benefits and female bias. Science. 2011;332(6026):254–6. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199410
  34. 34. Bruce TJA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM. Insect host location: a volatile situation. Trends Plant Sci. 2005;10(6):269–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.04.003
  35. 35. War AR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S, et al. Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behav. 2012;7(10):1306–20. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.21663
  36. 36. Wang JX, Han WH, Xie R, Zhang FB, Ge ZW, Ji SX, et al. Metabolic and molecular insights into Nicotiana benthamiana trichome exudates: an ammunition depot for plant resistance against insect pests. Plant Cell Environ. 2025;48(1):387–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15135
  37. 37. Stout MJ. Reevaluating the conceptual framework for applied research on host-plant resistance. Insect Sci. 2013;20(3):263–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01581.x
  38. 38. Peterson RKD, Varella AC, Higley LG. Tolerance: the forgotten child of plant resistance. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3934. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3934
  39. 39. Pieterse CMJ, Van der Does D, Zamioudis C, Leon-Reyes A, Van Wees SCM. Hormonal modulation of plant immunity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2012;28:489–521. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154055
  40. 40. Zarate SI, Kempema LA, Walling LL. Silverleaf whitefly induces salicylic acid defenses and suppresses effective jasmonic acid defenses. Plant Physiol. 2007;143(2):866–75. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.090035
  41. 41. Naalden D, Dermauw W, Ilias A, Baggerman G, Mastop M, Silven J, et al. Interaction of whitefly effector G4 with tomato proteins impacts whitefly performance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2024;37(2):98–111. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-04-23-0045-R
  42. 42. Zandalinas SI, Fritschi FB, Mittler R. Global warming, climate change and environmental pollution: recipe for a multifactorial stress combination disaster. Trends Plant Sci. 2021;26(6):588–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.011
  43. 43. Smith CM, Clement SL. Molecular bases of plant resistance to arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol. 2012;57(1):309–28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642
  44. 44. Wani SH, Choudhary M, Barmukh R, Bagaria PK, Samantara K, Razzaq A, et al. Molecular mechanisms, genetic mapping and genome editing for insect pest resistance in field crops. Theor Appl Genet. 2022;135(11):3875–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-022-04060-9
  45. 45. He WZ, Liu SS, Pan LL. Enhanced association of whitefly-begomovirus competence with plant-mediated mutualism. Pest Manag Sci. 2025;81(4):2126–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.8613
  46. 46. Whitfield AE, Falk BW, Rotenberg D. Insect vector-mediated transmission of plant viruses. Virology. 2015;479–480:278–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.026
  47. 47. Fiallo-Olivé E, Pan LL, Liu SS, Navas-Castillo J. Transmission of begomoviruses and other whitefly-borne viruses: dependence on the vector species. Phytopathology. 2020;110(1):10–7. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-19-0273-F
  48. 48. Czosnek H, Ghanim M. The circulative pathway of begomoviruses in the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci: insights from studies with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Ann Appl Biol. 2002;140(3):215–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2002.tb00175.x
  49. 49. Ng JCK, Falk BW. Virus-vector interactions mediating nonpersistent and semipersistent transmission of plant viruses. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2006;44(1):183–212. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143325
  50. 50. Whitfield AE, Ullman DE, German TL. Tospovirus-thrips interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2005;43(1):459–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140017
  51. 51. Chinnaiah S, Gautam S, Herron B, Workneh F, Rush CM, Gadhave KR. Novel strains of a pandemic plant virus, tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus, increase vector fitness and modulate virus transmission in a resistant host. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1257724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1257724
  52. 52. Wei J, He YZ, Guo Q, Guo T, Liu YQ, Zhou XP, et al. Vector development and vitellogenin determine the transovarial transmission of begomoviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(26):6746–51. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701720114
  53. 53. Morin S, Ghanim M, Sobol I, Czosnek H. The GroEL protein of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci interacts with the coat protein of transmissible and nontransmissible begomoviruses in the yeast two-hybrid system. Virology. 2000;276(2):404–16. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0549
  54. 54. Gottlieb Y, Zchori-Fein E, Mozes-Daube N, Kontsedalov S, Skaljac M, Brumin M, et al. The transmission efficiency of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci is correlated with the presence of a specific symbiotic bacterium species. J Virol. 2010;84(18):9310–7. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00423-10
  55. 55. Eigenbrode SD, Bosque-Pérez NA, Davis TS. Insect-borne plant pathogens and their vectors: ecology, evolution and complex interactions. Annu Rev Entomol. 2018;63:169–91. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043119
  56. 56. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Virus Metadata Resource: Master Species List 40 [Internet]. 2026. https://ictv.global/vmr
  57. 57. Kanakala S, Ghanim M. Implication of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci cyclophilin B protein in the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01702
  58. 58. Ghanim M, Morin S, Zeidan M, Czosnek H. Evidence for transovarial transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus by its vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Virology. 1998;240(2):295–303. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1997.8937
  59. 59. Sanches P, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. Endosymbionts modulate virus effects on aphid-plant interactions. ISME J. 2023;17(12):2441–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01549-z
  60. 60. Onstad DW, Knolhoff LM. Insect Resistance Management: Biology, Economics and Prediction. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-02359-1
  61. 61. Kliot A, Ghanim M. Fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance. Pest Manag Sci. 2012;68(11):1431–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3395
  62. 62. Rivero A, Vézilier J, Weill M, Read AF, Gandon S. Insecticide control of vector-borne diseases: when is insecticide resistance a problem? PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(8):e1001000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001000
  63. 63. Horowitz AR, Ghanim M, Roditakis E, Nauen R, Ishaaya I. Insecticide resistance and its management in Bemisia tabaci species. J Pest Sci. 2020;93(3):893–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01210-0
  64. 64. Li K, Wu N, Hu J, Hu X, Tang H, Xu W, et al. R79E mutation in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β1 subunit drives high-level resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in Bemisia tabaci. J Agric Food Chem. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c03658
  65. 65. Kampouraki A, Ilias A, Papapostolou KM, Malliaraki S, Pirgianakis I, Karakosta E, et al. Evolving resistance patterns in Tetranychus urticae and Bemisia tabaci in Greece. Pest Manag Sci. 2026;82(4):3544–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.70475
  66. 66. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC). IRAC mode of action classification scheme [Internet]. 2026. https://irac-online.org
  67. 67. Bass C, Puinean AM, Zimmer CT, Denholm I, Field LM, Foster SP, et al. The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;51:41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.05.003
  68. 68. Mouden S, Sarmiento KF, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Integrated pest management in western flower thrips: past, present and future. Pest Manag Sci. 2017;73(5):813–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4531
  69. 69. Nauen R, Bass C, Feyereisen R, Vontas J. The role of cytochrome P450s in insect toxicology and resistance. Annu Rev Entomol. 2022;67(1):105–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-070621-061328
  70. 70. Karunker I, Benting J, Lueke B, Ponge T, Nauen R, Roditakis E, et al. Over-expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6CM1 is associated with high resistance to imidacloprid in the B and Q biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2008;38(6):634–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.03.008
  71. 71. Casida JE, Durkin KA. Neuroactive insecticides: targets, selectivity, resistance and secondary effects. Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:99–117. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153645
  72. 72. Yin C, O'Reilly AO, Liu SN, Du TH, Gong PP, Zhang CJ, et al. Dual mutations in the whitefly nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β1 subunit confer target-site resistance to multiple neonicotinoid insecticides. PLoS Genet. 2024;20(2):e1011163. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011163
  73. 73. Mottet C, Caddoux L, Fontaine S, Plantamp C, Bass C, Barrès B. Myzus persicae resistance to neonicotinoids: unravelling the contribution of different mechanisms to phenotype. Pest Manag Sci. 2024;80(11):5852–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.8316
  74. 74. Balabanidou V, Grigoraki L, Vontas J. Insect cuticle: a critical determinant of insecticide resistance. Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2018;27:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.03.001
  75. 75. Bellés X. Beyond Drosophila: RNAi in vivo and functional genomics in insects. Annu Rev Entomol. 2010;55(1):111–28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085301
  76. 76. Huvenne H, Smagghe G. Mechanisms of dsRNA uptake in insects and potential of RNAi for pest control: a review. J Insect Physiol. 2010;56(3):227–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.10.004
  77. 77. Christiaens O, Smagghe G. The challenge of RNAi-mediated control of hemipterans. Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2014;6:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.009
  78. 78. Luo Y, Chen Q, Luan J, Chung SH, Van Eck J, Turgeon R, et al. Towards an understanding of the molecular basis of effective RNAi against a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2017;88:21–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.07.005
  79. 79. Tang B, Yang M, Shen Q, Xu Y, Wang H, Wang S. Suppressing the activity of trehalase with validamycin disrupts the trehalose and chitin biosynthesis pathways in the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2017;137:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.10.003
  80. 80. Rahmani S, Bandani AR. Gene silencing of V-ATPase subunit A interferes with survival and development of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2021;106(1):e21753. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.21753
  81. 81. Roy S, Saha TT, Zou Z, Raikhel AS. Regulatory pathways controlling female insect reproduction. Annu Rev Entomol. 2018;63:489–511. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043258
  82. 82. Kanakala S, Ghanim M. RNA interference in insect vectors for plant viruses. Viruses. 2016;8(12):329. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8120329
  83. 83. Kolanchi P, Marimuthu M, Venkatasamy B, Rajasekaran R, Krish KK, Sankarasubramanian H, et al. Chitosan nanogel-stabilized fusion dsRNA enables pathway-directed RNAi suppression of Bemisia tabaci. J Environ Chem Eng. 2026:123767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2026.123767
  84. 84. Khan F, Jin G, Kim Y. Spraying dsRNA with chitosan formulation improves control of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in a greenhouse. Insect Mol Biol. 2025;34(4):552–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/imb.12954
  85. 85. Mao YB, Cai WJ, Wang JW, Hong GJ, Tao XY, Wang LJ, et al. Silencing a cotton bollworm P450 monooxygenase gene by plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval tolerance of gossypol. Nat Biotechnol. 2007;25(11):1307–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1352
  86. 86. Petrick JS, Brower-Toland B, Jackson AL, Kier LD. Safety assessment of food and feed from biotechnology-derived crops employing RNA-mediated gene regulation to achieve desired traits: a scientific review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;66(2):167–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.03.008
  87. 87. Mitter N, Worrall EA, Robinson KE, Xu ZP, Carroll BJ. Induction of virus resistance by exogenous application of double-stranded RNA. Curr Opin Virol. 2017;26:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.207
  88. 88. Fletcher SJ, Reeves PT, Hoang BT, Mitter N. A perspective on RNAi-based biopesticides. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00051
  89. 89. Zotti MJ, Dos Santos EA, Cagliari D, Christiaens O, Taning CNT, Smagghe G. RNA interference technology in crop protection against arthropod pests, pathogens and nematodes. Pest Manag Sci. 2018;74(6):1239–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4813
  90. 90. Xu J, Xu X, Zhan S, Huang Y. Genome editing in insects: current status and challenges. Natl Sci Rev. 2019;6(3):399–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz008
  91. 91. Khajuria C, Ivashuta S, Wiggins E, Flagel L, Moar W, Pleau M, et al. Development and characterization of the first dsRNA-resistant insect population from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197059
  92. 92. Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Advances and prospects of RNAi technologies in insect pest management. In: Recent Advances in Entomological Research: From Molecular Biology to Pest Management. 2011. p. 347–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17815-3_20
  93. 93. Barzman M, Bàrberi P, Birch ANE, Boonekamp P, Dachbrodt-Saaydeh S, Graf B, et al. Eight principles of integrated pest management. Agron Sustain Dev. 2015;35(4):1199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0327-9
  94. 94. Bebber DP, Ramotowski MAT, Gurr SJ. Crop pests and pathogens move polewards in a warming world. Nat Clim Change. 2013;3(11):985–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1990
  95. 95. Trebicki P. Climate change and plant virus epidemiology. Virus Res. 2020;286:198059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198059
  96. 96. Lamichhane JR, Dachbrodt-Saaydeh S, Kudsk P, Messéan A. Toward a reduced reliance on conventional pesticides in European agriculture. Plant Dis. 2016;100(1):10–24. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-15-0574-FE
  97. 97. Qi L, Li J, Wang H, Li S, Yang L, Fang J, et al. Planthopper protein Nlsp5 is essential for salivary sheath formation and acts as a HAMP inducing plant resistance to insects. Plant Biotechnol J. 2025;23(9):4076–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70223
  98. 98. Douglas AE. Multiorganismal insects: diversity and function of resident microorganisms. Annu Rev Entomol. 2015;60:17–34. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020822
  99. 99. Feng H, Chen W, Hussain S, Shakir S, Tzin V, Adegbayi F, et al. Horizontally transferred genes as RNA interference targets for aphid and whitefly control. Plant Biotechnol J. 2023;21(4):754–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13992
  100. 100. Wei H, Huang L, Wang P, Zhang Z, Chen J, Du J, et al. Down-regulation of 14-3-3 genes suppress sugar metabolism in Bemisia tabaci MED and reduce transmission of tomato chlorosis virus. Pest Manag Sci. 2025;81(9):5763–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.8929

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.