Assessing Oral Acute Toxicity and Histopathological Effects of Strelitzia reginae Aiton Leaf Extracts in Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3092Keywords:
Strelitzia reginae, Danio rerio, Mineral content, GC-MS, Toxicity, HistopathologyAbstract
Strelitzia reginae, commonly known as the Bird of Paradise, is a decorative shrub endemic to southern Africa. This study marks the first comprehensive investigation into the safety of S. reginae leaf extract through oral acute toxicity assessments and histopathological examinations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). The interest in this research arises from the historical use of S. reginae components by various indigenous South African societies to treat conditions like swollen glands and sexual problems. GC-MS analysis was used along with traditional methods to look at the phytochemical parts of S. reginae. The results showed the presence of several substances, such as eicosane, hexacosane, 1-octadecene, and neophytadiene. Notably, the analysis also identified certain chemicals with potential cytotoxic properties, such as octacosane and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Drawing upon the biological similarities between Zebrafish and humans, who share a majority of their genes, this study represents the first attempt to evaluate the toxicity and histopathology of S. reginae using D. rerio as the test model, aligning with the OECD recommendations outlined in Article 203. The oral acute toxicity tests were done using ethanolic leaf powdered extracts of S. reginae. Higher concentrations (1200 mg/L) were toxic, but lower doses were less harmful to D. rerio. As observed in the histopathology examination, exposure to higher concentrations of S. reginae extract induced severe histological abnormalities in the Zebrafish's gills, liver, kidneys, intestines, and brain. This work contributes greatly to our understanding of S. reginae's safety profile and its potential therapeutic applications for enhancing well-being.
Downloads
References
Wannes WA, Mhamdi B, Sriti J, Jemia MB, Ouchikh O, Hamdaoui G. Antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts from myrtle (Myrtus communis var. italica L.) leaf, stem and flower. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(5):1362-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.002
Yu XL, Li YN, Zhang H, Su YJ, Zhou WW, Zhang ZP et al. Rutin inhibits amylin-induced neurocytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Food Funct. 2015;6(10):3296-306. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00500k
Thiagarajan SK, Rama Krishnan K, Ei T, Husna Shafie N,Arapoc DJ, Bahari H. Evaluation of the effect of aqueous Momordica charantiaLinn. extract on zebrafish embryo model through acute toxicity assay assessment.Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019;Article ID 9152757:pp.9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9152757
Arome D, Chinedu E. The importance of toxicity testing. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioScience.2014;vol. 4:pp. 146-48.
Okoye, TheophineChinwuba, Collins, Phillip FUzor, Okereke,Emeka K.Toxicological survey on African medicinal plants. 2014;pp.535-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00018-2
Borges RS, Pereira ACM, de Souza GC, Carvalho JCT. Histopathology of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in nonclinical toxicological studies of new drugs. In (Ed.), Zebrafish in Biomedical Research. IntechOpen.2019;.https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88639
dos Santos VF, Duarte JL, Pinho Fernandes C, Keita H, Rafael Rodríguez Amado J, Arturo Velázquez-Moyado J et al. Use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in experimental models for biological assay with natural products. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2016;10(42):883-91. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203718896
Howe K, Clark MD, Torroja CF, Torrance J, Berthelot C, Muffato M et al. The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome. Nature. 2013;496(7446):498-503. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12111
Heath AG. Water pollution and fish physiology. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203718896
Van Der Ven LTM, Van Denn Brandhof EJ, Vos JH, Power DM, Wester PW. Effects of the antithyroid agent propylthiouracil in a partial life cycle assay with zebrafish. Environmental Science & Technology. 2006;40(1):74-81. https://doi.org/10.1021/es050972c
Mele E, Girardo S, Pisignano D. Strelitzia reginae leaf as a natural template for anisotropic wetting and superhydrophobicity. Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids. 2012;28(11):5312-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la300243x
Pooley E. A field guide to wild flowers of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern region. Natal Flora Publications Trust, Durban. 1998.
Dyer RA. Strelitzia of the Eastern cape. The Eastern Cape Naturalist. 1977;(61):10-12.
Anilakumar KR, Kumar GP, Ilaiyaraja N. Nutritional, pharmacological and medicinal properties of Momordica charantia. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences.2015;4:75.https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJNFS.20150401.21
Xavier J, Kripasana K. Acute toxicity of leaf extracts of Enydra fluctuans Lour. in zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton). Scientifica. 2020;2020:3965376.https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3965376
Xavier J, Jose J. Study of mineral and nutritional composition of some seaweeds found along the coast of Gulf of Mannar, India. Plant Science Today. 2020;7. https//doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.4.912
Suresh A, Xavier J. Comprehensive phytochemical, anti-oxidant and GC-MS analysis of Strobilanthesjomyi P. Biju, Josekutty, Rekha & J.R.I.Wood. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 2023;22:227-38. https//doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2023.227.238
OECD.Test No. 203: Fish, acute toxicity test, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Section 2, OECDPublishing, Paris, France. 1992.
Jobi Xavier, Jayaram Reddy. Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extracts of leaf and fruit of two different varieties of M. Charantia in Danio Rerio. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2019;7(2):102-09.
Indrayan AK, Kumar N, Tyagi DK, Gaur A. Nutritive value of rhizome of the ginger resembling Alpinia allughas Rose. and characteristics of various extracted materials from the rhizome. J Indian Chern Soc. 2012;89:pp. 557-61.
Clapham DE. Calcium signaling. Cell. 2007;131(6):1047-58.https//doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.028
Bailey RL, Fulgoni VL, Keast DR, Dwyer JT. Dietary supplement use is associated with higher intakes of minerals from food sources. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(5):1376-81.https//doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.020289
Sloup V, Jankovská I, Nechybová S, Pe?inková P, Langrova I. Zinc in the animal organism: A review. Scientia AgriculturaeBohemica. 2017;48. 10.1515/sab-2017-0003. https//doi.org/10.1515/sab-2017-0003
Benson K. Zinc toxicosis in animals. Pet Poison Helpline & Safety Call International, LLC, Bloomington, MN. Merck Veterinary Manual. 2022.
Harris ED. Basic and clinical aspects of copper. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences.2003;40:547-86.https//doi.org/10.1080/10408360390250649
Wang ZY, He N, Wang YJ, Zhang J. Effects of copper on organisms: A review. AMR. 2013;340(3):726-31.https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.726-731.340
Longman Li, Xiaobo Yang. The essential element manganese, oxidative stress and metabolic diseases: Links and interactions. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018; Article ID 7580707:pp.11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7580707
Nkpaa KW et al. Ethanol via regulation of NF-kB/p53 signaling pathway increases manganese-induced inflammation and apoptosis in hypothalamus of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018;1:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1535-3
He WL, Feng Y, Li XL, Wei YY, Yang XE. Availability and toxicity of Fe (II) and Fe (III) in Caco-2 cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2008;9(9):707-12. https//doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0820023
Assi MA, Hezmee MN, Haron AW, Sabri MY, Rajion MA. The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health. Veterinary World. 2016;9(6):660-71. https//doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671
Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, Carocci A, Catalano A. The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(11):3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782
Singh N et al. Biochemical and molecular bases of lead-induced toxicity in mammalian systems and possible mitigations. Chem Res Toxicol. 2018;31:1009-21. https//doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00193
Yu S et al. Immunological dysfunction in chronic arsenic exposure: From subclinical condition to skin cancer. J Dermatol. 2018;45:1271-77.https//doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14620
Swamy MK, Arumugam G, Kaur R, Ghasemzadeh A, Yusoff MM, Sinniah UR. GC-MS based metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of different solvent extracts of Malaysian Plectranthusamboinicus leaves. Evid Based Complement Altern Med.2017.https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1517683.
Rukaiyat M, Garba S, Labaran S. Antimicrobial activities of hexacosane isolated from Sanseveria liberica (Gerome and Labroy) plant. Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research.2015;3(3):pp. 120-25.
Karanja E, Boga H, Muigai A, Wamunyokoli F, Kinyua J, Nonoh J. Growth characteristics and production of secondary metabolites from selected novel Streptomyces species isolated from selected Kenyan national parks. In: Scienti?c Conference Proceeding. 2012.
Samarasinghe BA, Kaliyadasa E, Marasinghe PA. Physicochemical properties and bioactivities of six Alpiniaspecies in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine. 2020.https//doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v11i4.1717
Yuandani, Jantan I, Rohani AS, Sumantri IB. Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Curcuma species and their bioactive compounds: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:643119.https//doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643119
Batista-Silva H, Dambrós BF, Rodrigues K, Cesconetto PA, Zamoner A, Sousa de Moura KRet al. Acute exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate disrupts calcium homeostasis, energy metabolism and induces oxidative stress in the testis of Danio rerio. Biochimie. 2020. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.05.002
Kakalis A, Tsekouras V, Mavrikou S, Moschopoulou G, Kintzios S, Evergetis E et al. Farm or lab? A comparative study of oregano's leaf and callus volatile isolates chemistry and cytotoxicity. Plants. 2023;12(7):1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071472
Zakaria F, Ibrahim WN, Ismail IS, Ahmad H, Manshoor N, Ismail Net al. LCMS/MS metabolite profiling and analysis of acute toxicity effect of the ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica on zebrafshmodel. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology. 2019;27(2).
Satpathy L, Parida SP. Acute toxicity assessment and behavioral responses induced by Kandhamalhaladi in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 2020. https//doi.org/10.33263/briac111.73687381
Carvalho JCT, Keita H, Santana GR, de Souza GC, dos Santos IVF, Amado JRR et al. Effects of Bothropsalternatus venom in zebrafish: A histopathological study. Inflammopharmacology. 2018;26(1):273-84. https//doi.org/10.1007/s10787-017-0362-z
Saeidnia S, Abdollahi M. Are medicinal plants polluted with phthalates? Daru. 2013 May 29;21(1):43. https//doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-21-43
Herr C, Nieden A, Koch HM, Schuppe HC, Fieber C, Angerer Jet al. Urinary di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites and male human markers of reproductive function. Int J Hyg Env Health. 2009;212:648-53. https//doi.org/10.1007/s00204-003-0522-3
Mazon AF, Cerqueira CCC, Fernandes MN. Gill cellular changes induced by copper exposure in the South American tropical freshwater fish Prochilodus scrofa. Environmental Research. 2002;88(1):52-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2001.4315
Seth PK. Hepatic effects of phthalate esters. Environmental health perspectives. 1982;45:27-34. https//doi.org/10.1289/ehp.824527
Borges RS, Keita H, Ortiz BLS, dos Santos Sampaio TI, Ferreira IM, Lima ES et al. Anti- inflammatory activity of nanoemulsions of essential oil from Rosmarinusofficinalis L.: in vitro and in zebrafish studies. Inflammopharmacology. 2018;26(4):1057-80. https//doi.org/10.1007/s10787-017-0438-9
Menke AL, Spitsbergen JM, Wolterbeek APM, Woutersen RA. Normal anatomy and histology of the adult zebrafish. Toxicologic Pathology. 2011;39(5):759-75. https//doi.org/10.1177/0192623311409597
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 01-04-2024 (2)
- 06-03-2024 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Danilyn S. Omnes, Jobi Xavier, Abhiram Suresh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
