Weed control methods and micronutrient sprays on weeds and sunflower growth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.4741Keywords:
black plastic mulching, micronutrient spraying, sunflower varieties, weed density reductionAbstract
An experiment was conducted during the spring seasons of 2022 and 2023 at Agricultural Research Station No. 1, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, located in Ramadi district, Anbar province, Iraq. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of weed control methods and micronutrient spraying on weed traits and growth characteristics of three sunflower varieties. The experiment followed a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with a split-split plot arrangement and three replications. The main plots included weed control methods (no control, Treflan herbicide treatment and black plastic mulching). At the same time, the sub-plots consisted of three micronutrient spraying treatments (0, first combination and second combination). The sunflower varieties Aqmar, Sakha and Flami included the sub-sub-plots. Results indicated that the mulching treatment significantly reduced weed density and dry weed weight and achieved values ??of (5.96 and 4.33 plant m-1, 11.67 and 8.22 plant m-1, 123.97 and 91.02 g plant-1) for the two seasons, respectively, while enhancing: plant height, leaf area, stem diameter and chlorophyll index. The second micronutrient spray formulation gave the highest averages for most traits. Among the cultivars, Sakha showed the lowest weed density and dry weed weight, Qamar recorded the tallest plants (189.04 and 211.12 cm) for both seasons and Flame showed superior vegetative growth traits. Significant interactions were observed between the study factors, where the mulching combination and Flamy cultivar gave the highest leaf area, stem diameter and chlorophyll content and the three-way interaction of mulching, the second micronutrient formulation and Flamy cultivar achieved the highest chlorophyll content. and the triple interaction of mulching, second micronutrient combination and Flami variety achieving the highest chlorophyll content. In conclusion, black plastic mulching effectively reduced weed density and improved sunflower growth, with the second micronutrient combination and Flame variety showing the best results.
Downloads
References
Hassan MA, Sarheed BR, Yaqub MT. Spatial distribution of the elements and assessment of the status of macro elements in the soils of some agricultural districts within Al-Ramadi. Earth Environ Sci IOP. 2021;761(1):012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/761/1/012015
Daba NA, Sharma J. Assessment of integrated weed management practices on weed dynamics, yield components and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Eastern Ethiopia. Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol. 2018;6(5):570–80. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i5.570-580.1773.
Obaid UII, Hassan MA, Raja AM, AL-Rafai MK. Evaluating the suitability of the lands of the Al-Tarrah project for irrigating the cultivation of wheat crop. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2023;1252(1):012071. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012071
Al-Bayati AHI, Al-Hiti MTY, Alalwany AA. Effect of cement plants emissions west of Iraq on neighboring lands suitability for wheat and olive trees cultivation. Indian J Ecol . 2021;48:28–37. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety7020041
Ali NS, Wahi HS, Shaker AA. Soil Fertility . 1st ed. Scientific Books House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution; 2014. https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.5.35
Al-Rawi KM, Khalafallah AM. Design and analysis of agricultural experiments. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Mosul - College of Agriculture and Forestry; 1980. p. 488.
Huang T, Wu Q, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Sun R, Hao R, et al. Effects of plastic film mulching on yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of different crops in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Res . 2024;312:109407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109407.
Furtado GDF, de Sousa JRM, Sousa J, Lacerda RDA, Souza ADS. Weed interference periods in sunflower. Rev Verde Agroecol Desenvolv Sustent . 2012;7:12-7.
Lins HA, Souza MDF, Albuquerque JRT, Santos MGD, Barros Junior AP, Silva DV. Weed interference periods in sesame crop. Cienciae Agrotecnologia. 2019;43:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054201943000819
Gomaa MA, Rehab IF, Abou Zied KA, Mohammed HMO. Assessment of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity under different weed control methods. J Adv Agric Res . 2022;27(2):305–14. https://doi.org/10.21608/jalexu.2022.129844.1056
Mane SV. Weed management in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) grown under coastal region of Maharashtra. J Indian Soc Coast Agric Res. 2017;35:31–3.
Mouillon P, Caldwell BA, Cordeau S, Pelzer CJ, Wayman S, Ryan MR. Crop density affects weed suppression in organically managed sunflower. Agron J . 2020;112(1):450–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20059
Štefani? E, Antunovi? S, Japundži?-Palenki? B, Zima D. Manipulation of sunflower population density and herbicide rate for economical and sustainable weed management. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2021;26(4):2751–8. https://doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.4/2751-2758
Vidyashree BS, Arthanari PM, Somasundaram E. Effect of biomulches on weed flora on irrigated sunflower. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;8(3):441–3.
Asif M, Nadeem MA, Aziz A, Safdar ME, Adnan M, Ali A, et al. Mulching improves weeds management, soil carbon and productivity of spring planted maize (Zea mays L.). Int J Botany Stud . 2020;5(2):57–61.
Singh R, Avasthe RK, Babu S, Sharma P, Vrushali MD, Qureshi AA. Performance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids under organic management conditions in mid hills of Sikkim. Ind J Hill Farm . 2018;31(2):243–7.
AL-Behadili AA, Abed ZA. Effectiveness of oxidation enzymes in the ratio of gluten to wheat bread via different treatments of weeds control. Atlantis. 2019;46(8):119 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23914.75203
Magani EI, Shave PA, Avav T. Evaluation of fluazifop-P-butyl and propanil for weed control in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria. J Exp Agric Int. 2012;680–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2012/1606
Hasan AI, AbdulKafoor AH, Ahmed Y, Al-Falahi ASI, Ghaffoori AT. The effect of chelated nano zinc on growth and yield of several genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). IOP Earth Environ Sci. 2023;1252(1):012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012036
AbdulKafoor AH, Abd Al-Janabi Y, Ali IM, Ramadan ASAA, AL-Neda ATS. Role of arginine in improving the traits of several wheat varieties. Plant Sci Today. 2024;11(3). https:/doi.org/10.14719/pst.3680
Mehmood A, Saleem MF, Tahir M, Sarwar MA, Abbas T, Zohaib A, Abbas HT. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth, yield and oil quality response to combined application of nitrogen and boron. Pak J Agric Res . 2018;31(1). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2018/31.1.86.97
Ahmed AA, AbdulKafoor AH. Response of vegetative growth traits of several soybean cultivars to spraying with the growth regulator triacontanol (TRIA). IOP Earth Environ Sci. 2023;1213(1):012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1213/1/012045
Mahdi SA, AbdulKafoor AH. Effect of spraying nano zinc on vegetative traits of some faba bean genotypes. Anbar J Agric Sci . 2024;22(1):613–24. https://doi.org/10.32649/ajas.2024.183766
Kandil EEE, Kordy AM. Effect of hand hoeing and herbicides on weeds, growth, yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). J App Sci Res. 9(4): 3075–82.
Al-Tamimi AHG. Effect of soil mulching and spraying with amino acids on growth and yield of cauliflower [Master's thesis]. College of Agriculture, University of Diyala; 2022.
Menajid MH, Sarheed BR, Sallume MO. Effect of organic residues source and NPK levels on some soil properties and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int J Agric Sci. 2021;17(1):223–8.
Sallume MO, Mahdi LE, Alani AR, Farhan KJ, Al-Dulaim KH. Effect of spraying humic acid and different types of zinc fertilizer on some growth and yield traits of wheat. IOP Earth Environ Sci. 2023;1252(1):012073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012073
Jessup RW, Abed ZA, Najeep HF, Al-Azawi NM. Genetic analysis of sorghum cultivars from USA using SSR markers. Plant Arch. 2020;20(1):1121–5. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16438.93769
Al-Mehemdi AFA, Abed ZA. Decision-making of selection using GGE biplot. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2016;49(1):208–21. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v47i1.622
Al-Kubaisi BNF. Effect of weed control and plant density on some growth characteristics, yield and quality of sesame crop (Sesamum indicum L.) [Master's thesis]. College of Agriculture - University of Anbar; 2014. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16438.93769
Ghazi TM, Abed ZA (2025). Estimation of some genetic parameters of the sunflower genotypes under drought stress. Bulg J Agric Sci. 22:426–30
Baraich AAK, Gandahi AW, Tunio S, Chachar Q. Influence of micronutrients and their method of application on yield and yield components of sunflower. Pak J Bot. 2016;48(5):1925–32.
Yasir MA, Abed ZA. Genetic parameters and heritability of sunflower genotypes as influenced by different nitrogen rates. IOP Earth Environ Sci. 2024;1371(5). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1371/5/052051
Yasir MA, Abed ZA. Genetic variability of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Genotypes under Nitrogen fertilizer Rates. IOP Earth Environ Sci.2024;1371 052051
Okab SI, Abed ZA. Gene expression of a nitrogen tolerance gene ZmNR1 under the influence of different levels of nitrogen in maize. Bionatura. 2023;8(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.21931/RB/CSS/2023.08.01.93
Houri WK. Effect of spraying with different concentrations of extracts from water hyacinth and wild eggplant on growth and yield of different sunflower varieties and associated weeds [Doctoral dissertation]. College of Agriculture, University of Anbar; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012062.
Alogaidi, F. F., Alshugeairy, Z. K., & Abed, Z. A (2024). Genetic Variation In Enzymes And Physiological Responses Of Wheat Cultivars Under Drought Conditions. Sab J Breed Gene. 56(3);1134–46 . http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.3.20
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 28-02-2025 (2)
- 24-02-2025 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Juniad A M A Dulaimy, Bassam R Sarheed , Adil H Abdulkafoor
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
