Integrated rice farming systems for improved growth, yield and pest reduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.5108Keywords:
azolla, duck, fish, green manure, riceAbstract
Soil health and environmental degradation are some of the major challenges to the sustainable production of organic rice cultivation. The study utilized farming systems components like Azolla, fish and duck as nutrient sources in rice cultivation during late samba 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu. The experiments were conducted with eleven treatments replicated thrice in a randomized block design, the treatments included green manure, fish, Azolla, duck and liquid bio fertilizers and their combinations with nano urea foliar spray were compared with RDF. The results demonstrated a significant positive impact of integrating farming system components on rice growth and productivity. GM- Rice + fish + Azolla + duck (PSB+KSB+ZSB) along with nano urea foliar spray (0.4 %) recorded the maximum growth and physiological parameters over other treatments. Similar results were also observed in yield attributes of rice viz., the number of panicles (457 m-2), panicle length (31.26 cm), panicle weight (3.94 g), and filled grains panicle-1 (331.5). The higher grain (6.06 t ha-1), straw yield (7.81 t ha-1), rice equivalent yield (REY) (22.55 t ha-1), system productivity (61.79 kg ha-1 day-1), sustainable yield index (0.881) and relative production efficiency (440.3 %) of rice were recorded in GM- Rice + fish + Azolla + duck (PSB+KSB+ZSB) along with nano urea foliar spray (0.4 %). Additionally, lower pest incidences and higher insect pest control efficiency, richness, diversity and evenness indices were observed in green manure, Azolla, fish and duck-adopted treatments. The findings of experiments revealed that the inclusion of integrated farming system components significantly improved the yield and reduced pest incidences in rice.
Downloads
References
IndiaStat. Selected state/season-wise area, production and productivity of rice in India (2023-2024). 2023 [cited 2024 Nov 15]. https://www.indiastat.com/table/agriculture/ selected-state-season-wise-area-production product/1456796
Rakholia R, Tailor J, Prajapati M, Shah M, Saini JR. Emerging Technology Adoption for Sustainable Agriculture in India-A Pilot Study. J Agric Food Res. 2024:101238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101238
Bashir MA, Liu J, Geng Y, Wang H, Pan J, Zhang D, Rehim A, Aon M, Liu H. Co-culture of rice and aquatic animals: An integrated system to achieve production and environmental sustainability. J Clean Prod. 2020; 249:119310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119310
Ibrahim LA, Shaghaleh H, Abu-Hashim M, Elsadek EA, Hamoud YA. Exploring the integration of rice and aquatic species: Insights from global and national experiences. Water. 2023; 15(15): 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152750
Shanmugam PM, Sangeetha SP, Prabu PC, Varshini SV, Renukadevi A, Ravisankar N, Parasuraman P, Parthipan T, Satheeshkumar N, Natarajan SK, Gopi M. Crop–livestock-integrated farming system: A strategy to achieve synergy between agricultural production, nutritional security, and environmental sustainability. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2024; 8:1338299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1338299
Wawire AW, Csorba Á, Tóth JA, Michéli E, Szalai M, Mutuma E, Kovács E. Soil fertility management among smallholder farmers in Mount Kenya East region. Heliyon. 2021; 7(3):e06488 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06488
Thakuria D, Talukdar NC, Goswami C, Hazarika S, Kalita MC, Bending GD. Evaluation of rice-legume-rice cropping system on grain yield, nutrient uptake, nitrogen fixation, and chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil. Biol Fertil. Soils. 2009; 45: 237-51.
Zhu Z, Ge T, Liu S, Hu Y, Ye R, Xiao M, Tong C, Kuzyakov Y, Wu J. Rice rhizodeposits affect organic matter priming in paddy soil: the role of N fertilization and plant growth for enzyme activities, CO2 and CH4 emissions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2018; 116: 369-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.11.001
Wang J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhao W, Müller C, Cai Z. Nitrification is the key process determining N use efficiency in paddy soils. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci . 2017; 180 (6): 648-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700130
Dabin Z, Pengwei Y, Na Z, Changwei Y, Weidong C, Yajun G. Contribution of green manure legumes to nitrogen dynamics in traditional winter wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China. Eur J Agron. 2016; 72: 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.012
Borah A, Das H. Liquid bio-fertilizers: a replacement tool for chemical fertilizer. Just Agriculture. 2023; 3(12): 230-1.
Bouizgarne B, Bakki M, Boutasknit A, Banane B, El Ouarrat H, Ait El Maalem S, Amenzou A, Ghousmi A, Meddich A. Phosphate and potash solubilizing bacteria from Moroccan phosphate mine showing antagonism to bacterial canker agent and inducing effective tomato growth promotion. Front Plant Sci. 2023; 14: 970382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.970382
Bhagat R, Walia SS, Sharma K, Singh R, Singh G, Hossain A. The integrated farming system is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to the sustainability of agri-food systems in the modern era of the changing climate: A comprehensive review. Food Energy Secur. 2024; 13 (1): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fes3.534
Hu L, Zhang J, Ren W, Guo L, Cheng Y, Li J, Li K, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Luo S, Cheng L. Can the co-cultivation of rice and fish help sustain rice production?. Sci Rep. 2016; 6(1): 28728. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28728
Wang C, Yang Q, Zhang C, Li X, Chen J, Zhang X, Chen J, Liu K. Rice-fish-duck system regulation of soil phosphorus fraction conversion and availability through organic carbon and phosphatase activity. Front Environ Sci. 2022; 10: 979234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.979234
Meng S, Hu G, Li D, Qiu L, Song C, Fan L, Zheng Y, Wu W, Chen J, Bing X. Research progress of rice-fish integrated farming. Agric Biotechnol. 2018; 7(4):129-35.
Adhikari K, Bhandari S, Acharya S. An overview of azolla in rice production: a review. Reviews in Food and Agriculture. 2020; 2 (1): 04-8. http://doi.org/10.26480/rfna.01.2021.04.08
Kumar A, Saharan BS, Parshad J, Gera R, Choudhary J, Yadav R. Revolutionizing Indian agriculture: the imperative of advanced biofertilizer technologies for sustainability. Discov Agric. 2024; 2(1): 24.
Yao Y, Zhang M, Tian Y, Zhao M, Zeng K, Zhang B, Zhao M, Yin B. Azolla biofertilizer for improving low nitrogen use efficiency in an intensive rice cropping system. Field Crops Res. 2018; 216: 158-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.020
Mofidian S, Sadeghi SM. Evaluation of integrated farming of rice and duck on rice grain yield in gilan, Iran. Acta Univ Agric Silvic Mendelianae Brun. 2015; 63(4): 1161-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041161
Mishra A, Mohanty RK. Productivity enhancement through rice–fish farming using a two-stage rainwater conservation technique. Agric Water Manag. 2004; 67(2): 119-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.02.003
Jadon P, Selladurai R, Yadav SS, Coumar MV, Dotaniya ML, Singh AK, Bhadouriya J, Kundu S. Volatilization and leaching losses of nitrogen from different coated urea fertilizers. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2018; 18 (4): 1036-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162018005002903
Ravi MV, Rao KN, Vishwanath J, Umesh MR. Effect of Nano Nitrogen and Nano Zinc on Growth and Yield of Paddy in Paddy-Paddy Cropping System. International Int J Environ Clim Chang. 2023; 13 (6): 244-58. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i61820
Prasad R, Bhattacharyya A, Nguyen QD. Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: recent developments, challenges, and perspectives. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8: 1014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01014
Munyuli MB, Luther GC, Kyamanywa S. Effects of cowpea cropping systems and insecticides on arthropod predators in Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Crop Prot. 2007; 26(2):114-26.
Xu F. Study on the economic and ecological benefits of rice-fish-duck production mode. Poultry Ind. 2010; 21: 45-46.
Widyaningrum I. Pest and Weed Suppressive Mechanisms in Complex Rice System at Malang, East Java, Indonesia. PhD dissertation:Wageningen University.
Singh JP, Salaria A, Singh K, Gangwar B. Diversification of rice-wheat cropping system through inclusion of basmati rice, potato and sunflower in Trans-Gangatic plains. Journal Farming Systems Research and Development. 2005; 11(1):12-18.
Kumari A, Kumar R, Sinha T, Kumari S, Kumar R. Effect of Diversification on System Productivity and Profitability under North Bihar Condition. Int J Environ Clim Chang. 2023; 13 (10): 3928-32. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i103067
Mukherjee P, Khan MM. Influence of rice growth stages and neighbouring plants on relative abundance and diversity indices of arthropod insect pests and natural enemies in rice ecosystem. Bangladesh J Entomol. 2014; 24 (1): 75-89.
Khan MM. Abundance and diversity of insect pests and natural enemies in coastal rice habitat. Bangladesh J Entomol. 2013; 23 (1): 89-104.
Gomez KA. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John NewYork: Wiley and Sons. 1984.
Da Silva ME, Mathe LO, Van Rooyen IL, Brink HG, Nicol W. Optimal growth conditions for Azolla pinnata R. brown: impacts of light intensity, nitrogen addition, pH control, and humidity. Plants. 2022; 11(8): 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081048
Marzouk SH, Semoka JM, Amuri NA, Tindwa HJ. Rice straw incorporation and Azolla application improves agronomic nitrogen-use-efficiency and rice grain yields in paddy fields. Front Soil Sci. 2024; 4: 1378065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1378065
Brouwer P, Schluepmann H, Nierop KG, Elderson J, Bijl PK, van der Meer I, de Visser W, Reichart GJ, Smeekens S, van der Werf A. Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO2 concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition. J Sci Food Agric. 2018; 98 (12): 4759-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9016
Seleiman M.F, Elshayb O.M, Nada A.M, El-leithy S.A, Baz L, Alhammad B.A, Mahdi A.H. Azolla Compost as an Approach for Enhancing Growth, Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Oryza sativa L. Agronomy. 2022; 12 (2): 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020416
Darthiya M, Mude A, Kommireddy P. Super Plants (Azolla) For Sustainable Rice Production. Just Agriculture. 2021; 1(8): 1-5.
Wang C, Yang Q, Zhang C, Li X, Chen J, Zhang X, Chen J, Liu K. Rice-fish-duck system regulation of soil phosphorus fraction conversion and availability through organic carbon and phosphatase activity. Front Environ Sci. 2022; 10: 979234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.979234
Geetha Jebarathnam Kuttibai T. A holistic climate resilient approach with rice-fish-duck-azolla systems. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 2023; 10 (10): 595.
Baigi MG, Pirdashti H, Abbasian A, Mazandarani GA. Combined effect of duck and Azolla on dry matter partitioning of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the integrated rice-duck farming. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2013; 2 (22):1023-8.
Xu Q, Zhang M, Wang C. Effects of integrated rice-fish farming on nutrient cycling and soil fertility in rice paddies. Agric Syst. 2017; 155: 1-7.
Long P, Huang H, Liao X, Fu Z, Zheng H, Chen A, Chen C. Mechanism and capacities of reducing ecological cost through rice-duck cultivation. J Sci Food Agric. 2013; 93 (12): 2881-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6223
Yadav S, Kumar S, Singh R. Effect of Liquid Biofertilizer on Growth Parameters of Rice Seedlings. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2021; 10(5): 1234-1240.
Sharma P, Gupta R, Verma S. Role of Biofertilizers in Enhancing Crop Growth: A Review. Agric Sci. 2020; 11(3): 145-154.
Chaudhary P, Singh S, Chaudhary A, Sharma A, Kumar G. Overview of biofertilizers in crop production and stress management for sustainable agriculture. Front Plant Sci. 2022; 13: 930340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.930340
Bhargavi G, Sundari A. Effect of nano urea on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) under SRI in the Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu. Crop Research. 2023; 58(1&2):12-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2023.CR-885
Velmurugan A, Subramanil T, Bommayasamy N, Ramakrishna MK, Swaranam TP. The effect of foliar application of nano urea (liquid) on rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 2021; 26:76-81.
Dhawne M.N, Shamkuwar G.R, Shamkuwar S.G, Landge N.H, Sable A.D, Tinpayle AD. Influence of foliar applications of Nano urea on morpho-physiological and yield parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Biol Forum2023; 15 (11): 548-553.
Safriyani E, Hasmeda M, Munandar, Sulaiman F, Holidi. Increasing the growth and production of irrigated rice through the integrated application of Rice–Duck–Azolla. Acta Agrobot. 2020; 73 (2). https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7322
Liu J, Shu A, Song W, Shi W, Li M, Zhang W, Li Z, Liu G, Yuan F, Zhang S, Liu Z. Long-term organic fertilizer substitution increases rice yield by improving soil properties and regulating soil bacteria. Geoderma. 2021; 404: 115287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115287
Zhen RH, wang QS, deng JP, du YL, bian XM, shen XK. Main ecological effects of rice-duck-azolla integrated compound system. J Ecol Rural Environ. 2006; 22 (3):11-4.
Islam SS, Azam MG, Adhikary SK, Wickramarachchi KS. Efficiency of integrated rice, fish and duck polyculture as compared to rice and fish culture in a selective area of Khulna District, Bangladesh. Pak J Biol Sci. 2004; 7 (4): 468-71.
Li M, Li R, Zhang J, Wu T, Liu S, Hei Z, Qiu S. Effects of the integration of mixed-cropping and rice–duck co-culture on rice yield and soil nutrients in southern China. J Sci Food Agric. 2020; 100 (1): 277-86.
Mian MH. Azobiofer: a technology of production and use of Azolla as biofertiliser for irrigated rice and fish cultivation. Biofertilisers in action. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra. 2002: 45-54.
Susanti WI, Cholidah SN, Agus F. Agro ecological Nutrient Management Strategy for Attaining Sustainable Rice Self-Sufficiency in Indonesia. Sustainability. 2024; 16 (2): 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020845
Adhikari K, Bhandari S, Acharya S. An overview of azolla in rice production: a review. Reviews in Food and Agriculture. 2020; 2 (1): 04-8. http://doi.org/10.26480/rfna.01.2021.04.08
Che, Z.; Zhu Ch Li, C.; Pu, W.; Lv, J. Benefit analysis of rice-duck-fish symbiosis model in Yuanyang county. Yunnan Agric Sci Technol. 2019; 3: 34-36.
Xie J, Hu L, Tang J, Wu X, Li N, Yuan Y, Yang H, Zhang J, Luo S, Chen X. Ecological mechanisms underlying the sustainability of the agricultural heritage rice-fish co-culture system. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011; 108 (50): 1381-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111043108
Singh S, Singh M. Economic evaluation of integrated farming systems in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Agric Econ. 2002; 57(1): 75-87.
Nayak PK, Nayak AK, Panda BB, Lal B, Gautam P, Poonam A, Shahid M, Tripathi R, Kumar U, Mohapatra SD, Jambhulkar NN. Ecological mechanism and diversity in rice based integrated farming system. Ecol Indic. 2018; 91: 359-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.025
Nayak PK, Nayak AK, Panda BB, Senapati A, Panneerselvam P, Kumar A, Tripathi R, Poonam A, Shahid M, Mohapatra SD, Kaviraj M. Rice-based integrated farming system improves the soil quality, bacterial community structure and system productivity under sub-humid tropical condition. Environ Geochem Health . 2024; 46 (2):65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01863-1
Zhang Y, Guan C, Li Z, Luo J, Ren B, Chen C, Xu Y, Ding J, Huang H. Review of rice-fish-duck symbiosis system in China-One of the globally important ingenious agricultural heritage systems (GIAHS). Sustainability. 2023; 15(3): 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031910
Teng Q, Hu XF, Cheng C, Luo Z, Luo F, Xue Y, Jiang Y, Mu Z, Liu L, Yang M. Ecological effects of rice-duck integrated farming on soil fertility and weed and pest control. J Soils Sediments. 2016; 16: 2395-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1455-9
Li M, Li R, Zhang J, Liu S, Hei Z, Qiu S. A combination of rice cultivar mixed-cropping and duck co-culture suppressed weeds and pests in paddy fields. Basic Appl Ecol. 2019; 40: 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2019.09.003
Liu Q, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zou J, Yang Y, Ge J, Yan H, He K, Yang C, Tahir R, Zhao L. Ecological performance of an integrated ex-situ rice-fish co-culture system. Aquaculture. 2024; 582: 740511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740511
Khumairoh U, Lantinga EA, Handriyadi I, Schulte RP, Groot JC. Agro-ecological mechanisms for weed and pest suppression and nutrient recycling in high yielding complex rice systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 2021; 313: 107385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107385
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 R Ranjith, K Subrahmaniyan, S Elamathi, R Manimaran, K Manikandan, T Sivasankari Devi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
