Synergistic interaction of Glomus mosseae T. and Trichoderma harzianum R. in the induction of systemic resistance of Cucumis sativus L. to Alternaria alternata (Fr.) K.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.1.629Keywords:
Bio-control, Cucumber, Fungus, Mycorrhiza, Pathogen, PeroxidaseAbstract
Due to the various negative impacts of chemical fungicides, the reduction of its applications in agricultural production process is widely recommended. Thus, the need and application of bio-agents in disease control has increased tremendously. The current study aimed at investigating the role of both bio-agents Glomus mosseae (mycorrhizal fungi) and Trichoderma harzianum in protection of Cucumis sativus (cucumber plants) against the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata which is an opportunistic pathogen and the causal agent of cucumber wilt disease. Results obtained from this work revealed the positive influence of using bio-agents treatments in the reduction of pathogenic effects of A. alternata. The results also showed that G. mosseae and T. harzianum combination had a positive synergistic influence in reducing the detrimental effects of A. alternata ny improving the biomass yield (e.g. fresh and dry weight of root); as well as, on disease severity on C. sativus. Bio-agents (G. mosseae and T. harzianum) increased resistance in C. sativus by raising the production of enzymes catalase and peroxidase. Conclusively, this research revealed that using a multifarious combination of bio-agents significantly (P =.05) increased the efficiency of biological control of A. alternata than using each of them exclusively. Thus, it is recommended that to get an effective result in the control of the pathogen A. alternata in crops as highlighted by the results of this work; a combination of two bio-agents should be used.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Abass MH, Hameed MA, Ahmed AN. First report of Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason as a potential pathogen on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Can J of Plant Path. 2013;35(1):75-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2012.732612
2. Chandrashekara KN, Chandrashekara C, Chakravathi M, Manivannan S. Biological Control of Plant Disease; book: Eco-friendly Innovative Approaches in Plant Disease Management, Chapter: 10, Publisher: International Book Distributors, 2012;147-166.
3. Prashar P, Kapoor N, Sachdeva S. Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus sp. with In-vitro Antagonistic Activity against Fusarium oxysporum from Rhizosphere of Tomato. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 2013;15:1501-12.
4. Dehariya K, Shukla A, Sheikh IA, Vyas D. Trichoderma and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Based Biocontrol of Fusarium udum Butler and Their Growth Promotion Effects on Pigeon Pea. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 2015;17: 505-17.
5. Xu XM, Jeffries P, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ. Combined Use of Biocontrol Agents to Manage Plant Diseases in Theory and Practice: A Review. Phytopathol. 2011;101:1024–31. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-10-0216
6. Samuels GJ. Trichoderma: a review of biology and systematics of the genus. Mycol Res. 1996;100:923-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80043-8
7. Harman GE. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathol. 2006;96:190-94. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0190
8. Woo SL, Scala F, Ruocco M, Lorito M. The molecular biology of the interactions between Trichoderma spp., pathogenic fungi, and plants. Phytopathol. 2006;96:181-85. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0181
9. Tripathi P, Singh PC, Mishra A, Puneet S, Chauhan S, Dwivedi S, et al. Trichoderma: a potential bioremediator for environmental cleanup. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy. 2013;15:541-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0553-7
10. Keswani C, Mishra S, Sarma B, Singh S, Singh H. Unraveling the efficient applications of secondary metabolites of various Trichoderma spp. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 2014;98:533-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5344-5
11. Linderman RG. Role of VAM fungi in biocontrol, pp. 1–26, in F. L. Pfleger and R. G. Linderman (eds.), Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. APS Press, 1994; St. Paul, MN.
12. Miransari M. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant growth under different types of soil stress. Plant Biol. 2010;12:563–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00308.x
13. Whipps JM. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can. J. Bot. 2004;82:1198–1227. https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-082
14. Lioussanne L. The role of the arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated rhizobacteria in the biocontrol of soilborne phytopathogens. Span. J. Agric. Res. 2010;8(S1):51–61. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/201008S1-5301
15. D’Alessandro M. et al. Volatiles produced by soil-borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions. Plant Cell Environ. 2013;37:813–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12220
16. Berta G. et al. Maize development and grain quality are differentially affected by mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting pseudomonas in the field. Mycorrhiza. 2014;24:161–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0523-x
17. Alejandro P. et al. The interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria synergistically enhance host plant defences against pathogens. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16697-4
18. FAO. The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture. Rome, ICARDA. 2005, cucumber production in protected agriculture. Aleppo, Syria. 2011.
19. Greenlife Crop Protection Africa. Cucumber Production. 2019. Available from: https://www.greenlife.co.ke/cucumber-production
20. Simmons EG. Typification of Alternaria, Stemphylium and Ulocladium. Mycologia. 1967;59:67-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1967.12018396
21. Simmons EG. Alternaria, an Identification Manual. CB S Biodiv. Ser. 2007;6:1-775.
22. Bell DK, Wells HD, Markham CR. In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma species against six fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathology. 1982;72(4):379-82. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-72-379
23. Wheeler BEJ. An introduction to plant disease. John Wiley and Sons. Ltd. London: 1970; 374p.
24. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984;105:121- 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
25. Kim K, et al. The isolation and purification of a specific "protector" protein which inhibits enzyme inactivation by a thiol /Fe (III)/O2 mixed-function oxidation system. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(10):4704-11.
26. Shafique HA, Sultana RN. Ara J. Effect of endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma harzianum on soil-borne diseases, Mycorrhizae and induction of systemic resistance in Okra grown in soil amended with Vernoniaan thelmintica (L.) seed’s powder Pak. J. Bot. 2015;47(6):2421-26.
27. Howell CR, Hanson LE, Stipanovic RD, Puckhober LS. Introduction of terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots and control of Rhizoctonia solani seed treatment with Trichoderma virens. Phytopathol. 2000;35:49-60.
28. Vinale F, Marra R, Scala F, Ghisalberti EL, Loritoand M, Sivasithamparam K. Major secondary metabolites produced by two commercial Trichoderma strains active against different phytopathogens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2006;43:143-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01939.x
29. Tucci M, Ruocco M, De Masi L, De Palma M, Lorito M. The beneficial effect of Trichoderma spp. on tomato is modulated by plant genotype. Molecular Plant Pathology 2011;12:341–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00674.x
30. Reglinski T, Rodenburg N, Taylor JT, Northcott GL, Chee AA, Spiers TM, et al. Trichoderma atroviride promotes growth and enhances systemic resistance to Diplodia pinea in Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings. For. Pathol. 2012;42:75–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00710.x
31. Eman FS, Abd El-Aziz Q, El-Deeb M. Bio-recycling of shrimp shellby Trichoderma viride for production of antifungal chitinase. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res, 2012;6(21):4538-45. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.148
32. Shukla A, Dehariya K, Vyas D, Jha A. Interactions between Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Fusarium oxysporum sp. ciceris: Effects on Fungal Development, Seedling Growth and Wilt Disease Suppression in Cicer arietinum L. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2014.884831
33. Siameto EN, Okoth S, Amugune NO, Chege NC. Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum isolates on soil borne plant pathogenic fungi from Embu District, Kenya. J. Yeast Fungal Res. 2010;1(3):47-54.
34. El-Fiki, AII, Mohamed FG, El-Deeb AA, Khalifa MMA. Some applicable methods for controlling sesame charcoal rot disease (Macrophomina phaseolina) under greenhouse conditions, Egypt. J. Phytopathol, 2004;32:87-101.
35. Metcalf DD, Wilson CC. The process of antagonism of Sclerotium cepivorum in white rot affected onion roots by Trichoderma koningii. Plant Pathol. 2001;50:249-257. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00549.x
36. Sharon E, Bar-Eyai M, Chet I, Hewrra-Estrella A, Kleifeld O, Spiegal Y. Biological control of the rootknot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathol. 2001;91:687-93. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.7.687
37. Shoresh M, Harman GE, Mastouri F. Induced Systemic Resistance and Plant Responses to Fungal Biocontrol Agents. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 2010;48:21–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114450
38. Sirin U. Determining the effects of Trichoderma harzianum and some mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and against Rhizoctania solani Kühn in Lilium under in vivo conditions. J. Biotechnol. 2011;10(67):15142-50. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2444
39. Hammond-Kosack KE, Jones JDG. Resistance gene-dependent plant defense responses. Plant Cell, 1996;8:1773-91. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.8.10.1773
40. Katatny MH, Somitsch W, Robra KH, El-Katatny MS, Gubitz GM. Production of chitinase and B-1,3- glucanase by Tridoderma harzianum for control of the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2000;38:173-80.
41. Jayalakshmi R, Raju S, Usha R. Sreeramula, K. Trichoderma harzianum L., as a potential source for lytic enzymes and elicitor of defense responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cicero. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2009;1:44-52.
42. Gailite A, Steinite I, Ievinsh G. Ethylene is involved in Trichoderma induced resistance of bean plants against Pseudomonas syringae. Biology, 2005;691:59-70.
43. Hamid FR. Study efficiency of isolates of Trichoderma spp. In inducing resistance against Rhizoctonia solani in four variety of cotton. M. Sc. Thesis. Coll. Educ., Univ. Baghdad, Iraq: 2002. 233pp.
44. Hibar K, Daami M, El-Mahjoud M. Introduction of resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Radices lycopersici by Trichodermas spp. Tunisian, J. Pl. Protect. 2007; 2:47-58.
45. Pedranzani H, Rodríguez-Rivera M, Gutiérrez M, mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates physiology and performance of Digitaria eriantha plants subjected to abiotic stresses by modulating antioxidant and jasmonate levels. – Mycorrhiza. 20Porcel R, Hause B, Ruiz-Lozano JM. Arbuscular.16;26(2):141–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-015-0653-4
46. Chu XT, Fu JJ, Sun YF, Xu YM, Miao YJ, Xu YF, et al. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on cold stress-induced oxidative damage in leaves of Elymus nutans Griseb. - South Afri. J. of Bot. 2016;104:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.10.001
47. Jiang QY, Tan SY, Zhuo F, Yang DJ, Ye ZH, Jing YX. Effect of Funneliformis mosseae on the growth, cadmium accumulation and antioxidant activities of Solanum nigrum. – Appl. Soil Ecol. 2016;98:112–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.10.003
48. Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF, Alqarawi AA, Al-Huqail A, Egamberdieva D, Wirth S. Alleviation of cadmium stress in Solanum lycopersicum L. by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi via induction of acquired systemic tolerance. - Saudi J. of Biol. Sc. 2016;23(2):272–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.11.002
49. Sarkar J, Ray A, Chakraborty B, Chakraborty U. Antioxidative changes in Citrus reticulata L. induced by drought stress and its effect on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. - European Journal of Biological Research. 2016;6(1):1–13.
50. Singh BN, Singh A, Singh, BR. Trichoderma harzianum elicits induced resistance in sunflower challenged by Rhizoctonia solani. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2013;116(3):654-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12387
51. Guler NS, Pehlivan N, Karaoglu SA, Guzel S, Bozdeveci A. Trichoderma atroviride ID20G inoculation ameliorates drought stress-induced damages by improving antioxidant defence in maize seedlings. - Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 2016;38(6):132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2153-3
52. Gajera HP, Katakpara ZA, Patel SV, Golakiya BA. Antioxidant defense response induced by Trichoderma viride against Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem causing collar rot in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). - Microbial Pathogenesis. 2016;91:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.010
53. Srivastava R, Khalid A, Singh US, Shama AK. Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, fluorescent Pseudomonas and Trichoderma harzianum formulation against Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. lycopersici for the management of tomato wilt. – Biol. Control. 2010;53:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.11.012
54. Yuan S, Li M, Fang Z, Liu Y, Shi W, Pan B, et al. Biological control of tobacco bacterial wilt using Trichoderma harzianum amended bioorganic fertilizer and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae. Biological Control. 2016;92:164–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.10.013
55. Duc NH, Mayer Z, Pék Z, Helyes L, Posta K. Combined Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Pseudomonas Fluorescens And Trichoderma Spp. For Enhancing Defense Enzymes and Yield of Three Pepper Cultivars. Appl. Ecol. and Env. Res. 2017;15(3):1815-29. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1503_18151829
2. Chandrashekara KN, Chandrashekara C, Chakravathi M, Manivannan S. Biological Control of Plant Disease; book: Eco-friendly Innovative Approaches in Plant Disease Management, Chapter: 10, Publisher: International Book Distributors, 2012;147-166.
3. Prashar P, Kapoor N, Sachdeva S. Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus sp. with In-vitro Antagonistic Activity against Fusarium oxysporum from Rhizosphere of Tomato. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 2013;15:1501-12.
4. Dehariya K, Shukla A, Sheikh IA, Vyas D. Trichoderma and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Based Biocontrol of Fusarium udum Butler and Their Growth Promotion Effects on Pigeon Pea. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 2015;17: 505-17.
5. Xu XM, Jeffries P, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ. Combined Use of Biocontrol Agents to Manage Plant Diseases in Theory and Practice: A Review. Phytopathol. 2011;101:1024–31. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-10-0216
6. Samuels GJ. Trichoderma: a review of biology and systematics of the genus. Mycol Res. 1996;100:923-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80043-8
7. Harman GE. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathol. 2006;96:190-94. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0190
8. Woo SL, Scala F, Ruocco M, Lorito M. The molecular biology of the interactions between Trichoderma spp., pathogenic fungi, and plants. Phytopathol. 2006;96:181-85. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0181
9. Tripathi P, Singh PC, Mishra A, Puneet S, Chauhan S, Dwivedi S, et al. Trichoderma: a potential bioremediator for environmental cleanup. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy. 2013;15:541-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0553-7
10. Keswani C, Mishra S, Sarma B, Singh S, Singh H. Unraveling the efficient applications of secondary metabolites of various Trichoderma spp. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 2014;98:533-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5344-5
11. Linderman RG. Role of VAM fungi in biocontrol, pp. 1–26, in F. L. Pfleger and R. G. Linderman (eds.), Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. APS Press, 1994; St. Paul, MN.
12. Miransari M. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant growth under different types of soil stress. Plant Biol. 2010;12:563–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00308.x
13. Whipps JM. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can. J. Bot. 2004;82:1198–1227. https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-082
14. Lioussanne L. The role of the arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated rhizobacteria in the biocontrol of soilborne phytopathogens. Span. J. Agric. Res. 2010;8(S1):51–61. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/201008S1-5301
15. D’Alessandro M. et al. Volatiles produced by soil-borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions. Plant Cell Environ. 2013;37:813–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12220
16. Berta G. et al. Maize development and grain quality are differentially affected by mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting pseudomonas in the field. Mycorrhiza. 2014;24:161–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0523-x
17. Alejandro P. et al. The interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria synergistically enhance host plant defences against pathogens. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16697-4
18. FAO. The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture. Rome, ICARDA. 2005, cucumber production in protected agriculture. Aleppo, Syria. 2011.
19. Greenlife Crop Protection Africa. Cucumber Production. 2019. Available from: https://www.greenlife.co.ke/cucumber-production
20. Simmons EG. Typification of Alternaria, Stemphylium and Ulocladium. Mycologia. 1967;59:67-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1967.12018396
21. Simmons EG. Alternaria, an Identification Manual. CB S Biodiv. Ser. 2007;6:1-775.
22. Bell DK, Wells HD, Markham CR. In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma species against six fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathology. 1982;72(4):379-82. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-72-379
23. Wheeler BEJ. An introduction to plant disease. John Wiley and Sons. Ltd. London: 1970; 374p.
24. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984;105:121- 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
25. Kim K, et al. The isolation and purification of a specific "protector" protein which inhibits enzyme inactivation by a thiol /Fe (III)/O2 mixed-function oxidation system. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(10):4704-11.
26. Shafique HA, Sultana RN. Ara J. Effect of endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma harzianum on soil-borne diseases, Mycorrhizae and induction of systemic resistance in Okra grown in soil amended with Vernoniaan thelmintica (L.) seed’s powder Pak. J. Bot. 2015;47(6):2421-26.
27. Howell CR, Hanson LE, Stipanovic RD, Puckhober LS. Introduction of terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots and control of Rhizoctonia solani seed treatment with Trichoderma virens. Phytopathol. 2000;35:49-60.
28. Vinale F, Marra R, Scala F, Ghisalberti EL, Loritoand M, Sivasithamparam K. Major secondary metabolites produced by two commercial Trichoderma strains active against different phytopathogens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2006;43:143-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01939.x
29. Tucci M, Ruocco M, De Masi L, De Palma M, Lorito M. The beneficial effect of Trichoderma spp. on tomato is modulated by plant genotype. Molecular Plant Pathology 2011;12:341–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00674.x
30. Reglinski T, Rodenburg N, Taylor JT, Northcott GL, Chee AA, Spiers TM, et al. Trichoderma atroviride promotes growth and enhances systemic resistance to Diplodia pinea in Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings. For. Pathol. 2012;42:75–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00710.x
31. Eman FS, Abd El-Aziz Q, El-Deeb M. Bio-recycling of shrimp shellby Trichoderma viride for production of antifungal chitinase. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res, 2012;6(21):4538-45. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.148
32. Shukla A, Dehariya K, Vyas D, Jha A. Interactions between Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Fusarium oxysporum sp. ciceris: Effects on Fungal Development, Seedling Growth and Wilt Disease Suppression in Cicer arietinum L. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2014.884831
33. Siameto EN, Okoth S, Amugune NO, Chege NC. Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum isolates on soil borne plant pathogenic fungi from Embu District, Kenya. J. Yeast Fungal Res. 2010;1(3):47-54.
34. El-Fiki, AII, Mohamed FG, El-Deeb AA, Khalifa MMA. Some applicable methods for controlling sesame charcoal rot disease (Macrophomina phaseolina) under greenhouse conditions, Egypt. J. Phytopathol, 2004;32:87-101.
35. Metcalf DD, Wilson CC. The process of antagonism of Sclerotium cepivorum in white rot affected onion roots by Trichoderma koningii. Plant Pathol. 2001;50:249-257. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00549.x
36. Sharon E, Bar-Eyai M, Chet I, Hewrra-Estrella A, Kleifeld O, Spiegal Y. Biological control of the rootknot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathol. 2001;91:687-93. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.7.687
37. Shoresh M, Harman GE, Mastouri F. Induced Systemic Resistance and Plant Responses to Fungal Biocontrol Agents. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 2010;48:21–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114450
38. Sirin U. Determining the effects of Trichoderma harzianum and some mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and against Rhizoctania solani Kühn in Lilium under in vivo conditions. J. Biotechnol. 2011;10(67):15142-50. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2444
39. Hammond-Kosack KE, Jones JDG. Resistance gene-dependent plant defense responses. Plant Cell, 1996;8:1773-91. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.8.10.1773
40. Katatny MH, Somitsch W, Robra KH, El-Katatny MS, Gubitz GM. Production of chitinase and B-1,3- glucanase by Tridoderma harzianum for control of the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2000;38:173-80.
41. Jayalakshmi R, Raju S, Usha R. Sreeramula, K. Trichoderma harzianum L., as a potential source for lytic enzymes and elicitor of defense responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cicero. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2009;1:44-52.
42. Gailite A, Steinite I, Ievinsh G. Ethylene is involved in Trichoderma induced resistance of bean plants against Pseudomonas syringae. Biology, 2005;691:59-70.
43. Hamid FR. Study efficiency of isolates of Trichoderma spp. In inducing resistance against Rhizoctonia solani in four variety of cotton. M. Sc. Thesis. Coll. Educ., Univ. Baghdad, Iraq: 2002. 233pp.
44. Hibar K, Daami M, El-Mahjoud M. Introduction of resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Radices lycopersici by Trichodermas spp. Tunisian, J. Pl. Protect. 2007; 2:47-58.
45. Pedranzani H, Rodríguez-Rivera M, Gutiérrez M, mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates physiology and performance of Digitaria eriantha plants subjected to abiotic stresses by modulating antioxidant and jasmonate levels. – Mycorrhiza. 20Porcel R, Hause B, Ruiz-Lozano JM. Arbuscular.16;26(2):141–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-015-0653-4
46. Chu XT, Fu JJ, Sun YF, Xu YM, Miao YJ, Xu YF, et al. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on cold stress-induced oxidative damage in leaves of Elymus nutans Griseb. - South Afri. J. of Bot. 2016;104:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.10.001
47. Jiang QY, Tan SY, Zhuo F, Yang DJ, Ye ZH, Jing YX. Effect of Funneliformis mosseae on the growth, cadmium accumulation and antioxidant activities of Solanum nigrum. – Appl. Soil Ecol. 2016;98:112–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.10.003
48. Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF, Alqarawi AA, Al-Huqail A, Egamberdieva D, Wirth S. Alleviation of cadmium stress in Solanum lycopersicum L. by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi via induction of acquired systemic tolerance. - Saudi J. of Biol. Sc. 2016;23(2):272–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.11.002
49. Sarkar J, Ray A, Chakraborty B, Chakraborty U. Antioxidative changes in Citrus reticulata L. induced by drought stress and its effect on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. - European Journal of Biological Research. 2016;6(1):1–13.
50. Singh BN, Singh A, Singh, BR. Trichoderma harzianum elicits induced resistance in sunflower challenged by Rhizoctonia solani. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2013;116(3):654-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12387
51. Guler NS, Pehlivan N, Karaoglu SA, Guzel S, Bozdeveci A. Trichoderma atroviride ID20G inoculation ameliorates drought stress-induced damages by improving antioxidant defence in maize seedlings. - Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 2016;38(6):132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2153-3
52. Gajera HP, Katakpara ZA, Patel SV, Golakiya BA. Antioxidant defense response induced by Trichoderma viride against Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem causing collar rot in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). - Microbial Pathogenesis. 2016;91:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.010
53. Srivastava R, Khalid A, Singh US, Shama AK. Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, fluorescent Pseudomonas and Trichoderma harzianum formulation against Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. lycopersici for the management of tomato wilt. – Biol. Control. 2010;53:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.11.012
54. Yuan S, Li M, Fang Z, Liu Y, Shi W, Pan B, et al. Biological control of tobacco bacterial wilt using Trichoderma harzianum amended bioorganic fertilizer and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae. Biological Control. 2016;92:164–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.10.013
55. Duc NH, Mayer Z, Pék Z, Helyes L, Posta K. Combined Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Pseudomonas Fluorescens And Trichoderma Spp. For Enhancing Defense Enzymes and Yield of Three Pepper Cultivars. Appl. Ecol. and Env. Res. 2017;15(3):1815-29. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1503_18151829
Downloads
Published
03-02-2020
How to Cite
1.
Matrood AAA, Khrieba MI, Okon OG. Synergistic interaction of Glomus mosseae T. and Trichoderma harzianum R. in the induction of systemic resistance of Cucumis sativus L. to Alternaria alternata (Fr.) K. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2020 Feb. 3 [cited 2024 Dec. 22];7(1):101-8. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/629
Issue
Section
Research Articles
License
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
