Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Plant Science Today (PST)

Research Articles

Early Access

Apoptosis induction by Cassia angustifolia leaf extract in breast cancer cell line and intracellular expression of inflammatory cytokine

DOI
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.10735
Submitted
18 July 2025
Published
24-12-2025

Abstract

Cassia angustifolia is a famous and important medicinal plant around the world. It is used for the treatment of a lot of diseases to reduce inflammation in the skin and other parts of the body. Breast cancer has been distributed at a high rate in recent years among women and be most threatening to life. In this study the activity of Cassia angustifolia leaf extract was investigated as anticancer for breast cancer and immune response enhancement. WRL68, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell line were treated with different doses of C. angustifolia leaf extract. Macrophage RAW 246.7 cell line was treated with C. angustifolia ethanol leaf extract for enhanced IL8, INF gamma and IL6 intracellular expression. Results showed that C. angustifolia ethanol leaf extract showed no toxic effect and did not affect the viability of WRL-68 liver cell line, while inhibiting the viability of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell line a dose-dependent manner as presented. Also, influence on the intracellular expression of inflammatory cytokines as IL8, INF- gamma and IL6 were revealed enhanced significant the expression these cytokines within treated RAW cells with C. angustifolia leaf extract. To conclude, C. angustifolia ethanol leaf extract has anti-proliferation agent and enhancement of immune response by enhancing the intracellular expression of IL8, IFN-gamma and IL6 cytokines in the treated macrophage RAW cell line.

References

  1. 1. Arzanova E, Mayrovitz HN. The epidemiology of breast cancer. Exon publications. 2022:1–19. https://doi.org/10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer-epidemiology
  2. 2. Jung W, Kang E, Kim SM, Kim D, Hwang Y, Sun Y, et al. Factors associated with re-excision after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer. Journal of breast cancer. 2012;15(4):412. http://doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2012.15.4.412
  3. 3. McCahill LE, Single RM, Bowles EJA, Feigelson HS, James TA, Barney T, et al. Variability in reexcision following breast conservation surgery. Jama. 2012;307(5):467–75. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.43
  4. 4. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brooks D, Saslow D, Brawley OW. Cancer screening in the United States, 2010: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2010;60(2):99–119. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20063
  5. 5. Rosedale M. Confronting the unexpected: temporal, situational and attributive dimensions of distressing symptom experience for breast cancer survivors. 2009;37(1):E28–33. https://10.1188/10.ONF.E28-E33
  6. 6. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford university press; 2015.
  7. 7. Richard TS, Kamdje AHN, Mukhtar F. Medicinal plants in breast cancer therapy. J Dis Med Plants. 2015;1:19–23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jdmp.20150101.13
  8. 8. Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Marwat SK, Shaheen S, et al. Medico-botanical and chemical standardization of pharmaceutically important plant of Tricholepis chaetolepis. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;5(8):1471–7.
  9. 9. Sultana S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Khan M, Arshad M. Authentication of herbal drug Senna (Cassia angustifolia): a village pharmacy for Indo-Pak Subcontinent. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.446
  10. 10. Hero F. Antibacterial effect of aqueous extracts of spices and herbs against bacteria isolated from frozen meat. 2014.
  11. 11. Al-Marzoqi AH, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Determination of metabolites products by Cassia angustifolia and evaluate antimicrobial activity. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016;8(2):25–48. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2015.0367
  12. 12. Naqishbandi A. Plants used in Iraqi traditional medicine in Erbil-Kurdistan region. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014;18(3):811–5. https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2014.0038
  13. 13. Singh S, Singh SK, Yadav A. A review on Cassia species: Pharmacological, traditional and medicinal aspects. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. 2013;1(3):291–312.
  14. 14. Hussein H, Al-Khafaji NMS, Al-Mamoori AH, Al-Marzoqi AH. Evaluation of antibacterial properties of crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid extracts of Cassia senna against gram-negative bacteria. 2018.
  15. 15. Agarwal S, Pandey V. Antioxidant enzyme responses to NaCl stress in Cassia angustifolia. Biologia plantarum. 2004;48(4):555–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOP.0000047152.07878.e7
  16. 16. Tripathi Y. Cassia angustifolia, a versatile medicinal crop. International tree crops journal. 1999;10(2):121–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1999.9752999
  17. 17. Trayes KP, Cokenakes S. Breast cancer treatment. American family physician. 2021;104(2):171–8.
  18. 18. Alharbi KS, Shaikh MAJ, Almalki WH, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Alzarea SI, et al. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology. 2022;41(4). https://doi.org/10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2022042281
  19. 19. Tan G, Gyllenhaal C, Soejarto D. Biodiversity as a source of anticancer drugs. Current drug targets. 2006;7(3):265–77. https://doi.org/10.2174/138945006776054942
  20. 20. Alharbi KS, Almalki WH, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Meraya AM, Nagraik R, et al. Role of medicinal plant-derived nutraceuticals for breast cancer. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022;46(12):e14387. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14387
  21. 21. Gupta G, Al-Malki WH, Kazmi I, Thangavelu L, Gupta PK, Jha NK, et al. The role of HGF/MET in liver cancer. Future medicinal chemistry. 2021;13(21):1829–32. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2021-0128
  22. 22. Ahmed SI, Hayat MQ, Tahir M, Mansoor Q, Ismail M, Keck K, et al. Flavonoids from Cassia angustifolia. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2016;16:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1443-z
  23. 23. Abood WN. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Cassia angustifolia leaf extract. 2024. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3159
  24. 24. Adhikary MD, Chaudhuri BN, Guchhait P, Das S. Antifungal activities of Cassia angustifolia leaf ethanolic extract. Sch Acad J Biosci. 2023;7:249–53. https://doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2023.v11i07.004
  25. 25. Haruna WC, Simeon JO, Builders MI, Tosin JO. Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on heart and lipid profile of rats. 2020.
  26. 26. Ismail Abdullah Z, Ibrahem Al-Lehebe N. Effect of Solanum melongena peel extracts on glucose level in mice. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2025;19(2):317–32. https://doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.19.2.1005611
  27. 27. Al-Lehebe NI, Hameed HN, Al-Sadoon MB. Effect of Castanea sativa extracts on lipoxygenase activity. Plant Sci Today. 2022;9(4):963–9. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1853
  28. 28. Bhakshu LM, Raju RV. Phytochemical appraisal of Cassia angustifolia. Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacy of Medicinal Plants. 2023:35.
  29. 29. Al-Qubaisi M, Rozita R, Yeap S-K, Omar A-R, Ali A-M, Alitheen NB. Selective cytotoxicity of goniothalamin. Molecules. 2011;16(4):2944–59. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16042944
  30. 30. Abdullah A-SH, Mohammed AS, Abdullah R, Mirghani MES, Al-Qubaisi M. Cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica kernel extract on breast cancer. BMC Complementary and alternative medicine. 2014;14:1–10.
  31. 31. Gambelli F, Di P, Niu X, Friedman M, Hammond T, Riches DW, et al. Phosphorylation of TNFR1 protects macrophages. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004;279(3):2020–9. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M309763200
  32. 32. Porwal O, Ozdemir M, Kala D, Anwer ET. Medicinal plants as natural immunomodulators. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2021;11(6):324–31. http://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6.5125
  33. 33. George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS statistics 29 step by step. Routledge; 2024.
  34. 34. Jia H, Wang X, Liu W, Qin X, Hu B, Ma Q, et al. Cimicifuga dahurica extract inhibits breast cancer cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021;277:114057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114057
  35. 35. Al-fayyadhy AA, Ezzat NS, Aboo NI. Isatin spiro compounds in atherosclerosis rats. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2024:1–11. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJVS.2024.291667.2114
  36. 36. Al-Bajari SA, Al-Lehebe NI, Al-Alsadoon LH. Serum antioxidants, trace elements and leptin in epilepsy patients. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2019;10(2). https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00390.5
  37. 37. Taniguchi K, Karin M. NF-κB, inflammation, immunity and cancer. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2018;18(5):309–24.
  38. 38. Laghari AQ, Memon S, Nelofar A, Laghari AH. Flavonoid-rich fractions from Cassia angustifolia. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2011;2(8):871. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2011.28100
  39. 39. Omer HA, Caprioli G, Abouelenein D, Mustafa AM, Uba AI, Ak G, et al. Phenolic profile and enzyme inhibitory activity of Cassia and Senna species. Molecules. 2022;27(17):5590. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175590
  40. 40. Mahmoud SS, Torchilin VP. Hormetic/cytotoxic effects of Nigella sativa extracts on MCF-7 cells. Cell biochemistry and biophysics. 2013;66:451–60.
  41. 41. Nordin ML, Abdul Kadir A, Zakaria ZA, Abdullah R, Abdullah MNH. Cytotoxic and antioxidative effects of Ardisia crispa. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2018;18:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2153-5
  42. 42. Alsemari A, Alkhodairy F, Aldakan A, Al-Mohanna M, Bahoush E, Shinwari Z, et al. Cytotoxic properties of Trigonella foenum-graecum. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;14:1–9.
  43. 43. Yap KM, Sekar M, Seow LJ, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Mat Rani NNI, et al. Mangifera indica as a medicinal plant for breast cancer. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 2021:471–503. https://doi.org/10.2147/BCTT.S316667
  44. 44. Kamble SS, Gacche RN. Anti-breast cancer and antioxidant properties of medicinal plants. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2019;25:13–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2018.11.006
  45. 45. Rajabi M, Mousa SA. Angiogenesis in cancer treatment. Biomedicines. 2017;5(2):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines5020034
  46. 46. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002;420(6917):860–7.
  47. 47. Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, Thuwajit C, Hermoso MA. Chronic inflammation and cytokines in tumor microenvironment. Journal of immunology research. 2014;2014:149185.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.