Assessing the relationship between hardseedness and seed morphometrics in Blackgram
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.5928Keywords:
hard seed, imbibition rate, kharif, summer seasonAbstract
Seed dormancy in black gram (Vigna mungo) was studied about seed size (weight, length, width) and their impact on hard seed formation and imbibition rate during the summer and Kharif seasons at NPRC, Vamban, Pudukkottai. The seeds of blackgram obtained during the summer season showed a significant negative correlation with hard seed occurrence (r = -0.639, P ? 0.01) and a positive correlation with imbibition rate (r = 0.451, P ? 0.05), Whereas seed width had a weaker negative correlation with hard seed occurrence (r = 0.357) and a positive correlation with imbibition rate (r = 0.273). In addition, the strongest correlation was found between hard seed occurrence and imbibition rate (r = 0.802, P ? 0.01). The seed length of the blackgram harvested during the kharif season had a stronger negative correlation with hard seed occurrence (r = -0.790, P ? 0.01) and a positive correlation with imbibition rate (r = 0.555, P ? 0.01). Seed width also showed significant correlations with hard seed occurrence (r = -0.673, P ? 0.01) and imbibition rate (r = 0.613, P ? 0.01). At the same time, the obtained seed weight correlations were generally weak. The results also proved a seasonal difference in the hard seedness of blackgram, which confirmed the occurrence of hard seed during the summer compared to the Kharif season. Thus, the study's findings highlight the importance of seed morphometrics and imbibition in predicting the presence of hard seeds in blackgram.
Downloads
References
Kamani MH, Meera MS. Assessment of black gram milling by-product as a potential source of nutrients. J Food Sci Tech. 2021;58:3844–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04845-0
Singh BB, Mitter V, Singh N, Srinivasan K. Hard seededness in khesari (Lathyrus sativus) germplasm. Ind J Plant Gen Res. 1996;9(2):273–76.
Lambat A, Lambat P, Babhulkar V, Gadewar R, Charjan S, Parate R. The effect of stratification and scarification on germinability of black gram seeds. Int J Res Biosci Agric Tech. 2017;1:26–7.
Baskin CC, Baskin JM. Seeds: Ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press; 2014.
Baskin JM, Baskin CC. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Sci Res. 2004;14(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2003150
Morrison DA, Auld TD, Rish S, Porter C, McClay K. Patterns of testa-imposed seed dormancy in native Australian legumes. Ann Bot. 1992;70(2):157–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088452
Thanos CA, Georghiou K, Kadis C, Pantazi C. Cistaceae: A plant family with hard seeds. Israel J Pl Sci. 1992;41(4-6):251–63.
Meisert A. Physical dormancy in Geraniaceae seeds. Seed Sci Res. 2002;12(2):121–8. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2002104
Pozhilarasi S, Menaka C, Yuvaraja A, Djanaguiraman M, Raja K, Vanitha C. Impact of seed hardness on quality in variety VBN- 8 of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) during maturation. Plant Sci Tod (Early Access). https:/doi.org/10.14719/ pst.5104
Pozhilarasi S, Menaka C, Yuvaraja A, Senthil K, Djanaguiraman M, Raja K, et al. Exploration of the metabolites and structural anatomy of seed coat dormancy in black gram vbn-8 using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. J Anim Plant Sci. 2025;35(1):1–14.
Yaklich RW, Vigil EL, Wergin WP. Pore development and seed coat permeability in soybean. Crop Sci. 1986;26(3):616–24. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600030041x
Ragus LN. Role of water absorbing capacity in soybean germination and seedling vigour. Seed Sci Tech. 1987;15(1):285–96.
Souza FHD, Marcos Filho J, Nogueira MCS. Características físicas das sementes de Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. associadas à qualidade fisiológica e ao padrão de absorção de água: I. Tamanho. Rev Brasil de Sem. 1996;18(1):33–40. https://doi.org/10.17801/0101-3122/rbs.v18n1p33-40
Imrie BC, Shanmugasundaram S. Source of variation in yield in international mungbean trials. Field Crops Res. 1987;16(3):197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(87)90059-1
Juan LJ, Utley RT, Adams CC, Vettese?Dadey M, Workman JL. Differential repression of transcription factor binding by histone H1 is regulated by the core histone amino termini. The EMBO J. 1994;13(24):6031–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06949.x
Brochmann C. Pollen and seed morphology of Nordic Draba (Brassicaceae): Phylogenetic and ecological implications. Nordic J Bot. 1992;12(6):657–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb01843.x
Nick-Webb, Jenkins D. Win DIAS User Manual. Delta T Devices Ltd; 2000.
Pompelli MF, Jarma-Orozco A, Rodriguez-Páez LA. Imbibition and germination of seeds with economic and ecological interest: Physical and biochemical factors involved. Sustainability. 2023;15(6):5394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065394
Wasala SK, Guleria SK, Sekhar JC, Mahajan V, Srinivasan K, Parsad R, et al. Analysis of yield performance and genotype × environment effects on selected maize (Zea mays) landrace accessions of India. Ind J Agric Sci. 2013;83(3):287–93.
Hudson AR, Ayre DJ, Ooi MKJ. Physical dormancy in a changing climate. Seed Sci Res. 2015;25(2):66–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258514000403
Rolston MP. Water impermeable seed dormancy. The Bota Rev. 1978;44(3):365-–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02957854
Ramsay G. Inheritance and linkage of a gene for testa?imposed seed dormancy in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Plant Breeding. 1997;116(3):287–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb00998.x
Tyler JM. Effect of impermeable seed coat on germination of seed from early maturing soybean. Seed Tech. 1997;19(1):45–50.
Paul D, Chakrabarty SK, Dikshit HK, Singh Y. Variation for hardseededness and related seed physical parameters in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Indi J Gene Pl Breed. 2018;78(3):333–41. https://doi.org/10.31742/IJGPB.78.3.7
Taira H. Quality of soybeans for processed foods in Japan. Japan Agric Res Quarter. 1990;24(3):224–30.
Acosta Y, Pérez L, Escalante D, Pérez A, Martínez-Montero ME, Fontes D, et al. Heteromorphic seed germination and seedling emergence in the legume Teramnus labialis (L.f) Spreng (Fabaceae). Botany. 2020;98(7):371–9. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0008
Kigel J, Rosental L, Fait A. Seed physiology and germination of grain legumes. In: Grain Legumes. Springer; 2015. p. 327–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2797-5_11
Abdullah WD, Powell AA, Matthews S. Association of differences in seed vigour in long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis) with testa colour and imbibition damage. J Agric Sci. 1991;116(2):259-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600077662
Lechowska K, Kubala S, Wojtyla ?, Nowaczyk G, Quinet M, Lutts S, et al. New insight on water status in germinating Brassica napus seeds in relation to priming-improved germination. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030540
Saha PK, Takahashi N. Seed dormancy and water uptake in Crotalaria sericea Retz. Ann Bot. 1981;47(3):423–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086036
Afza H, Palupi ER, Ilyas S, Herlina L. Evaluation of hard seed in Indonesia local mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Earth Environ Sci-IOP Publishing; 2023;1255:012015). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012015
Wang X, Zhang H, Song R, Sun M, Liu P, Tian P, et al. Multiple omics datasets reveal significant physical and physiological dormancy in alfalfa hard seeds identified by multispectral imaging analysis. Crop J. 2023;11(5):1458–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2023.03.003
Sautu A, Baskin JM, Baskin CC, Deago J, Condit R. Classification and ecological relationships of seed dormancy in a seasonal moist tropical forest, Panama, Central America. Seed Sci Res. 2007;17(2):127–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258507708127
Dai L, Chen Y, Wei X. Hard seed characteristics and seed vigor of Ormosia hosiei. Agriculture. 2023;13(5):1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051077
Bewley JD, Black M. Seeds: Physiology of development and germination. 3rd ed. Chan: Springer; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4693-4
Moshtaghi-Khavaran A, Khomari S, Zare N. Soybean seed germination and seedling growth in response to deterioration and priming: Effect of seed size. Plant Breeding and Seed Science. 2014;70(1):55–67. https://doi.org/10.1515/plass-2015-0013
Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Linde M, MacGregor EA, Osipova V, et al. Aids to management of headache disorders in primary care on behalf of the European Headache Federation and Lifting the Burden: The global campaign against headache. Journal Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):1–52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0899-2
Wen Z, Lu X, Wen J, Wang Z, Chai M. Physical seed dormancy in legumes: Molecular advances and perspectives. Plants. 2024;13(11):1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111473

Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 C Menaka, S Pozhilarasi, A Yuvaraja, M Djanaguiraman, C Vanitha, K Raja

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licence details of published articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Plant Science Today is an open access journal. There is no registration required to read any article. All published articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).