Surgery and Medicinal Plants: A review of important indigenous medicinal plants of Iran for burn wound healing
Surgery and Medicinal Plants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.552Keywords:
Surgery, Wound, Burn, Medicinal plants, IranAbstract
Surgical Science is one of the branches of medical science that deals with surgical and medicinal interventions, which can cure surgical wounds, cuts, burns and so on. The accelerated recovery process has always been a concern for surgeons and physicians. Standard local antibiotic drugs such as silver nitrate, mafenide acetate, sulfadiazine silver and AgNO3 are also used to treat wounds which are associated with some complications. Considering the fact that no effective herbal remedy has been introduced for wound healing, the purpose of this review is to investigate and identify indigenous Iranian herbs used for wound healing after surgery, especially burn wounds. In this systematic review paper, published articles in the period 1952 to 2017 with keywords of surgery, wound healing, burns, herbs, etc. from databases such as SID, MEDLIB, ProQuest, Magiran, Europe PubMed Central and Google Scholar. Abstract and title of all articles were studied and non-relevant articles were deleted and remaining articles were used for review. Based on the results of the study, Malva sylvestris, Camellia sinensis, Aloe vera, Cydonia oblonga, Scrophularia striata, Centella asiatica, Arnebia euchroma, Calendula officinalis and Hypericum perforatum are the most important herbal remedies for burn restoration. The following is an explanation of the most important herbal remedies for native burn wounds in Iran.
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References
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9. Abbaspour A. Burn emergencies. 1st Ed. Abbaspour; 1996; p. 41-43 [in Persian].
10. Wyatt D, McGowan DN, Najarian MP. Comparison of a hydrocolloid dressing and silver sulfadiazine cream in the outpatient management of second degree burns. J Trauma 1990;30(7):857-867. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199007000-00016
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12. Froushani SMA, Zarei L, Ghaleh HEG, Motlagh BM. Estragole and methyl-eugenol-free extract of Artemisia dracunculus possesses immunomodulatory effects. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2016;6(5):526-534.
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15. Shokri Z, Khoshbin M, Koohpayeh A, Abbasi N, Bahmani F, Rafieian-Kopaei, M, Beyranvand F. Thyroid diseases: Pathophysiology and new hopes in treatment with medicinal plants and natural antioxidants. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2018;12(3):473-482.
16. Abbasi N, Mohammadpour S, Karimi E, Aidy A, Karimi P, Azizi M, Asadollahi K. Protective effects of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss essential oil on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice: Involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid antagonists. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 2017;31(3):683-689.
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19. Pirbalouti AG, Azizi S, Koohpayeh A, Hamedi B. Wound healing activity of Malva sylvestris and Punica granatum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010; 67(5):511-516.
20. Barros L, Carvalho AM, Ferreira IC. Leaves, flowers, immature fruits and leafy flowered stems of Malva sylvestris: a comparative study of the nutraceutical potential and composition. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(6):1466-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.012
21. Ghasemi Pirbalouti AG, Yousefi M, Nazari H, Karimi I, Koohpayeh A. Evaluation of burn healing properties of Arnebia euchroma and Malva sylvestris. Electronic Journal of Biology 2009;5(3):62-66.
22. Nasiri E, Hosseinimehr SJ, Azadbakht M, Akbari J, Enayati-Fard R, Azizi S. The healing effect of Arnebia euchroma ointment versus silver sulfadiazine on burn wounds in rat. World J Plast Surg. 2015;4(2):134-44. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2014-0068
23. Asadi S, Zamiri A, Ezzati S, Parsaei P, Rafieian M, Shirzad H. [Effect of alcoholic extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the healing process in surgical and burn wounds in rats]. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2011;18(1):1-9.
24. Fatemi MJ, Nikoomaram B, Rahimi AA, Talayi D, Taghavi S, Ghavami Y. Effect of green tea on the second degree burn wounds in rats. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 2014;47(3):370.
25. Malekhosseini A, Ghaffarzadegan R, Alizadeh SA, Ghaffarzadegan RR, Haji Agaei R, Ahmadlou M. [Effect of aloe vera gel, compared to 1% silver sulfadiazine cream on second-degree burn wound healing]. Complement Med J Fac Nurs Midwifery 2013;3(1):418-28.
26. Heck E, Head M, Nowak D, Helm P, Baxter C. Aloe vera (gel) cream as a topical treatment for outpatient burns. Burns 1981;7(4):291-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(81)90112-1
27. Klein AD, Penneys NS. Aloe vera. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;18(4):714-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70095-X
28. Alizadeh H, Rahnema M, Nasiri Semnani S, Ajalli M, Rostamkhani R. Effect of Cydonia oblonga seed's extract and silver nanoparticles on wound healing in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus] JBUMS. 2013;5(1):32-38.
29. Mousavi Z, Meshki M, Hemmati A, Salehi Veisi M, Rafiei R. [Evaluation of the efficacy of Quince mucilage on wound healing]. Iran J Dermatol. 2006;9(3):260-3.
30. Tajoddini A, Rafieian-kopaei M, Namjoo A, Sedeh M, Ansari R, Shahinfard N. [Effect of ethanolic extract of Cydonia oblonga seed on the healing of second-degree burn wounds]. Armaghane Danesh. 2013;17(6):494-501.
31. Bas E, Recio MC, Abdallah M, Máñez S, Giner RM, Cerdá-Nicolás M, Rios J. Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediators' production and anti-inflammatory effect of the iridoid scrovalentinoside. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(3):419-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.038
32. Díaz AM, Abad MJ, Fernández L, Silván AM, De Santos J, Bermejo P. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia scorodonia: in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci. 2004; 74(20):2515-2526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.008
33. Tanideh N, Haddadi MH, Rokni-Hosseini MH, Hossienzadeh M, Mehrabani D, Sayehmiri K, Koohi-Hossienabadi O. The healing effect of Scrophularia striata on experimental burn wounds infected to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rat. World journal of Plastic Surgery 2015;4(1):16.
34. Fernández MA, García MD, Sáenz MT. Antibacterial activity of the phenolic acids fractions of Scrophularia frutescens and Scrophularia sambucifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;53(1):11-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01419-5
35. Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Samukawa K, Satake N, Sakanaka M. Facilitating action of asiaticoside at low doses on burn wound repair and its mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;584(2-3):415-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.036
36. Wu F, Bian D, Xia Y, Gong Z, Tan Q, Chen J, Dai Y. Identification of major active ingredients responsible for burn wound healing of Centella asiatica herbs. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;848093. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/848093
37. Fu XO, Lu DW. Stimulation of shikonin production by combined fungal elicitation and in situ extraction in suspension cultures of Arnebia euchroma. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1999;24(5):243-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(98)00104-5
38. Ogurtan Z, Hatipoglu F, Ceylan C. The effect of Alkanna tinctoria Tausch on burn wound healing in rabbits. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2002;109(11):481-485.
39. Nasiri E, Hosseinimehr SJ, Azadbakht M, Akbari J, Enayati-Fard R, Azizi S, Azadbakht M. The healing effect of Arnebia euchroma ointment versus silver sulfadiazine on burn wounds in rat. World J Plast Surg. 2015;4(2):134-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2014-0068
40. Aliasl J, Barikbin B, Khoshzaban F, Naseri M, Sedaghat R, Kamalinejad M, Talei D, Emadi F, Akbari Z, Aliasl F, Jalaly NY. Effect of Arnebia euchroma ointment on post-laser wound healing in rats. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2015;17(1):41-45. https://doi.org/10.3109/14764172.2014.968583
41. Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Rahimi R. Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306(7):601-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6
42. Chandran PK, Kuttan R. Effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract on acute phase proteins, antioxidant defense mechanism and granuloma formation during thermal burns. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008;43(2):58-64. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2008043
43. Momeni E, Aroi N, Aroi M, Jafari Barmak M, Mahmoudi R, Malekzadeh JM, Mohammadi J, Talebianpour MS, Mohammadi R, Mohammad Hosseini S. [The effect of Hypericum perforatum extract and 1% silver sulfadiazine on second degree burn wound healing in male rats]. Armaghane-danesh. 2014;19(7):625-632.
44. Sayar H, Gergerlioglu N, Seringec N, Ozturk P, Bulbuloglu E, Karabay G. Comparison of efficacy of topical phenytoin with hypericin in second-degree burn wound healing: an experimental study in rats. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2014;20:36-46. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR.890337
45. Herndon D. Total burn care. 4th Ed. Edinburgh: Saunders. S. 2012.
46. Papageorgiou VP, Assimopoulou AN, Ballis AC. Alkannins and shikonins: a new class of wound healing agents. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2008;15(30):3248-3267. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986708786848532
47. Barros L, Carvalho AM, Ferreira IC. Leaves, flowers, immature fruits and leafy flowered stems of Malva sylvestris: a comparative study of the nutraceutical potential and composition. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(6):1466-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.012
48. Lee JY, Jang YW, Kang HS, Moon H, Sim SS, Kim CJ. Anti-inflammatory action of phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata root. Arch Pharm Res. 2006;29(10):849-858. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02973905
49. Kourounakis AP, Assimopoulou AN, Papageorgiou VP, Gavalas A, Kourounakis PN. Alkannin and shikonin: effect on free radical processes and on inflammation - a preliminary pharmacochemical investigation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2002;335(6):262-266. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4184(200208)335:6%3C262::AID-ARDP262%3E3.0.CO;2-Y
50. Nie S, Xie M, Fu Z, Wan Y, Yan A. Study on the purification and chemical compositions of tea glycoprotein. Carbohydrate Polymers 2008;71(4):626-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.005
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2. Vinothapooshan G, Sundar K. Wound healing effect of various extracts of Adhatoda vasica. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Science 2010;1:530-536.
3. Bahadori M. [Pathology and staining methods]. Tehran University Pub. 1990; p. 216-17 (Persian).
4. Nasiri E, Hoseini Mehr S, Azadbakht M, Madani S. Survey of the burn wound healing by Iranian traditional medicine from the herbalists or herbal medicine vendors in the Mazandaran province. J Med Plants 2013;12(48):136-49.
5. Forjuoh SN. Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention. Burns 2006;32(5):529-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002
6. Seyyedi M. Burns. 1st Ed. Tehran: Eshtiagh; 1997; p. 24-26 [in Persian].
7. Malekmohammadi M, Abdol Tehrani H, Aghdami N. Skin structure and wound healing phases. Dermatol Cosmet. 2011;2(4):229-244.
8. Holmes JH, Heimbach DM. Burns. In: Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Pollock RE. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery. 8th Ed. New York: McGraw- Hill: 2005; p. 204-28.
9. Abbaspour A. Burn emergencies. 1st Ed. Abbaspour; 1996; p. 41-43 [in Persian].
10. Wyatt D, McGowan DN, Najarian MP. Comparison of a hydrocolloid dressing and silver sulfadiazine cream in the outpatient management of second degree burns. J Trauma 1990;30(7):857-867. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199007000-00016
11. Huong JS, Wang YH, Ling TY, Chuang SS, Johnson FE, Huang SS. Synthelic TGF antagoniset accelerates wound healing and reduces scarring. The FASEB Journal 2002;16:1269-1270. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0103fje
12. Froushani SMA, Zarei L, Ghaleh HEG, Motlagh BM. Estragole and methyl-eugenol-free extract of Artemisia dracunculus possesses immunomodulatory effects. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2016;6(5):526-534.
13. Abbasi N, Azizi Jalilian F, Abdi M, Saifmanesh M. A comparative study of the antimicrobial effect of Scrophularia striata Boiss. extract and selective antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Pesudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2007;6 (SUPPL. 1): 10-18.
14. Bahmani M, Khaksarian M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Abbasi N. Overview of the therapeutic effects of Origanum vulgare and Hypericum perforatum based on Iran’s ethnopharmacological documents. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2018;12(7):1-4. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2018/34177.11728
15. Shokri Z, Khoshbin M, Koohpayeh A, Abbasi N, Bahmani F, Rafieian-Kopaei, M, Beyranvand F. Thyroid diseases: Pathophysiology and new hopes in treatment with medicinal plants and natural antioxidants. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2018;12(3):473-482.
16. Abbasi N, Mohammadpour S, Karimi E, Aidy A, Karimi P, Azizi M, Asadollahi K. Protective effects of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss essential oil on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice: Involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid antagonists. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 2017;31(3):683-689.
17. Tajbakhsh M, Karimi A, Tohidpour A, Abbasi N, Fallah F, Akhavan MM. The antimicrobial potential of a new derivative of cathelicidin from Bungarus fasciatus against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Microbiology 2018;56(2):128-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7444-5
18. Bahmani M, Taherikalani M, Khaksarian M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Ashrafi B, Nazer M, Soroush S, Abbasi N, Rashidipour M. The synergistic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum and their active components carvacrol and hypericin against Staphylococcus aureus. Future Sci OA. 2019;5(3):FSO371. https://doi.org/10.4155/fsoa-2018-0096
19. Pirbalouti AG, Azizi S, Koohpayeh A, Hamedi B. Wound healing activity of Malva sylvestris and Punica granatum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010; 67(5):511-516.
20. Barros L, Carvalho AM, Ferreira IC. Leaves, flowers, immature fruits and leafy flowered stems of Malva sylvestris: a comparative study of the nutraceutical potential and composition. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(6):1466-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.012
21. Ghasemi Pirbalouti AG, Yousefi M, Nazari H, Karimi I, Koohpayeh A. Evaluation of burn healing properties of Arnebia euchroma and Malva sylvestris. Electronic Journal of Biology 2009;5(3):62-66.
22. Nasiri E, Hosseinimehr SJ, Azadbakht M, Akbari J, Enayati-Fard R, Azizi S. The healing effect of Arnebia euchroma ointment versus silver sulfadiazine on burn wounds in rat. World J Plast Surg. 2015;4(2):134-44. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2014-0068
23. Asadi S, Zamiri A, Ezzati S, Parsaei P, Rafieian M, Shirzad H. [Effect of alcoholic extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the healing process in surgical and burn wounds in rats]. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2011;18(1):1-9.
24. Fatemi MJ, Nikoomaram B, Rahimi AA, Talayi D, Taghavi S, Ghavami Y. Effect of green tea on the second degree burn wounds in rats. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 2014;47(3):370.
25. Malekhosseini A, Ghaffarzadegan R, Alizadeh SA, Ghaffarzadegan RR, Haji Agaei R, Ahmadlou M. [Effect of aloe vera gel, compared to 1% silver sulfadiazine cream on second-degree burn wound healing]. Complement Med J Fac Nurs Midwifery 2013;3(1):418-28.
26. Heck E, Head M, Nowak D, Helm P, Baxter C. Aloe vera (gel) cream as a topical treatment for outpatient burns. Burns 1981;7(4):291-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(81)90112-1
27. Klein AD, Penneys NS. Aloe vera. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;18(4):714-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70095-X
28. Alizadeh H, Rahnema M, Nasiri Semnani S, Ajalli M, Rostamkhani R. Effect of Cydonia oblonga seed's extract and silver nanoparticles on wound healing in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus] JBUMS. 2013;5(1):32-38.
29. Mousavi Z, Meshki M, Hemmati A, Salehi Veisi M, Rafiei R. [Evaluation of the efficacy of Quince mucilage on wound healing]. Iran J Dermatol. 2006;9(3):260-3.
30. Tajoddini A, Rafieian-kopaei M, Namjoo A, Sedeh M, Ansari R, Shahinfard N. [Effect of ethanolic extract of Cydonia oblonga seed on the healing of second-degree burn wounds]. Armaghane Danesh. 2013;17(6):494-501.
31. Bas E, Recio MC, Abdallah M, Máñez S, Giner RM, Cerdá-Nicolás M, Rios J. Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediators' production and anti-inflammatory effect of the iridoid scrovalentinoside. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(3):419-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.038
32. Díaz AM, Abad MJ, Fernández L, Silván AM, De Santos J, Bermejo P. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia scorodonia: in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci. 2004; 74(20):2515-2526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.008
33. Tanideh N, Haddadi MH, Rokni-Hosseini MH, Hossienzadeh M, Mehrabani D, Sayehmiri K, Koohi-Hossienabadi O. The healing effect of Scrophularia striata on experimental burn wounds infected to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rat. World journal of Plastic Surgery 2015;4(1):16.
34. Fernández MA, García MD, Sáenz MT. Antibacterial activity of the phenolic acids fractions of Scrophularia frutescens and Scrophularia sambucifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;53(1):11-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01419-5
35. Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Samukawa K, Satake N, Sakanaka M. Facilitating action of asiaticoside at low doses on burn wound repair and its mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;584(2-3):415-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.036
36. Wu F, Bian D, Xia Y, Gong Z, Tan Q, Chen J, Dai Y. Identification of major active ingredients responsible for burn wound healing of Centella asiatica herbs. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;848093. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/848093
37. Fu XO, Lu DW. Stimulation of shikonin production by combined fungal elicitation and in situ extraction in suspension cultures of Arnebia euchroma. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1999;24(5):243-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(98)00104-5
38. Ogurtan Z, Hatipoglu F, Ceylan C. The effect of Alkanna tinctoria Tausch on burn wound healing in rabbits. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2002;109(11):481-485.
39. Nasiri E, Hosseinimehr SJ, Azadbakht M, Akbari J, Enayati-Fard R, Azizi S, Azadbakht M. The healing effect of Arnebia euchroma ointment versus silver sulfadiazine on burn wounds in rat. World J Plast Surg. 2015;4(2):134-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2014-0068
40. Aliasl J, Barikbin B, Khoshzaban F, Naseri M, Sedaghat R, Kamalinejad M, Talei D, Emadi F, Akbari Z, Aliasl F, Jalaly NY. Effect of Arnebia euchroma ointment on post-laser wound healing in rats. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2015;17(1):41-45. https://doi.org/10.3109/14764172.2014.968583
41. Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Rahimi R. Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306(7):601-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6
42. Chandran PK, Kuttan R. Effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract on acute phase proteins, antioxidant defense mechanism and granuloma formation during thermal burns. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008;43(2):58-64. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2008043
43. Momeni E, Aroi N, Aroi M, Jafari Barmak M, Mahmoudi R, Malekzadeh JM, Mohammadi J, Talebianpour MS, Mohammadi R, Mohammad Hosseini S. [The effect of Hypericum perforatum extract and 1% silver sulfadiazine on second degree burn wound healing in male rats]. Armaghane-danesh. 2014;19(7):625-632.
44. Sayar H, Gergerlioglu N, Seringec N, Ozturk P, Bulbuloglu E, Karabay G. Comparison of efficacy of topical phenytoin with hypericin in second-degree burn wound healing: an experimental study in rats. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2014;20:36-46. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR.890337
45. Herndon D. Total burn care. 4th Ed. Edinburgh: Saunders. S. 2012.
46. Papageorgiou VP, Assimopoulou AN, Ballis AC. Alkannins and shikonins: a new class of wound healing agents. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2008;15(30):3248-3267. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986708786848532
47. Barros L, Carvalho AM, Ferreira IC. Leaves, flowers, immature fruits and leafy flowered stems of Malva sylvestris: a comparative study of the nutraceutical potential and composition. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(6):1466-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.012
48. Lee JY, Jang YW, Kang HS, Moon H, Sim SS, Kim CJ. Anti-inflammatory action of phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata root. Arch Pharm Res. 2006;29(10):849-858. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02973905
49. Kourounakis AP, Assimopoulou AN, Papageorgiou VP, Gavalas A, Kourounakis PN. Alkannin and shikonin: effect on free radical processes and on inflammation - a preliminary pharmacochemical investigation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2002;335(6):262-266. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4184(200208)335:6%3C262::AID-ARDP262%3E3.0.CO;2-Y
50. Nie S, Xie M, Fu Z, Wan Y, Yan A. Study on the purification and chemical compositions of tea glycoprotein. Carbohydrate Polymers 2008;71(4):626-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.005
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02-06-2019
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Sharifian M, Hasanvand A, Basati G, Abbaszadeh S. Surgery and Medicinal Plants: A review of important indigenous medicinal plants of Iran for burn wound healing: Surgery and Medicinal Plants. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2019 Jun. 2 [cited 2024 Nov. 4];6(2):264-9. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/552
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